Mphamvu khalidwe. amafuna Quality kwa magetsi

Mphamvu khalidwe chofunika kusonyeza zizindikiro kachulukidwe kuyeza mains. Magwiridwe chofunika kukhalabe kugwilizana GOSTs makhalidwe monga fluctuation wa voteji ndi pafupipafupi. Malinga ndi mfundo za ogula zikugwirizana magawo zofunika kusintha, lomwe kuti nthawi zolakwika awo kwambiri atsogolere bwino za magetsi a.

Izi zimakhudza makhalidwe a mains chiyani?

mphamvu khalidwe zimadalira chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zimene kusintha ntchito owonjezera malire a malamulo. Choncho, voteji mwina mpweya chifukwa ngozi pa substation lapansi. mfundo Low kuwonekera maola madzulo kapena m'chilimwe, pamene anthu kunyumba monga TV, mbaula ya magetsi, mpweya dongosolo.

mphamvu khalidwe mogwirizana ndi mfundo boma zosiyanasiyana pang'ono. Pa Intaneti osauka kwambiri okwanira, ogula ndi ntchito owongolera voteji. Control wa makhalidwe anatumizidwa ku CPS, sipangakhalenso kufika pamene pali zikusiyana.

Mphamvu khalidwe amadalira zifukwa zotsatirazi:

• Diurnal yofanana kugwirizana ndi ogula osasamba kapena kulumikiza ndi mphamvu ya mafunde mu malo nyanja.
• Kusintha mpweya yozungulira: chinyezi, mapangidwe ayezi pa mawaya okwanira.
• kusintha mphepo, pamene mphamvu zokolola vetroviki.
• Quality Kulumikizana, izo amavala pa nthawi.

N'chifukwa chiyani makhalidwe waukulu mains chiyani?

A kachulukidwe mtengo kupatuka ndi zolakwa magawo zakonzedwa malinga GOST. Mphamvu khalidwe zinalembedwa chikalata 32144-2013. Iwo anatenga koletsedwa Chiwerengerochi chifukwa ngozi ya zipangizo moto ogula komanso malfunctions a makhazikitsidwe magetsi tcheru kusintha voteji. The chipangizo otsiriza wamba mu zipatala, malo kafukufuku maofesi a asilikali.

magawo Quality wa magetsi anakongoletsa mu 2013 mogwirizana ndi citukuko ca malonda msika mphamvu ndi zikamera zipangizo zatsopano zamagetsi. Kuchitira magetsi okwanira ake ayenera kukhala ngati mankhwala amakwaniritsa ena. Kukachitika mwachindunji makhalidwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito wosamalira utsogoleri udindo. Ngati vuto la kusinthasintha ukubwera voteji anakhudzidwa kapena idzakhudzidwa anthu, angathe kale ochita.

Kodi chimachitika ogula pamene inu kukana zakudya zabwinobwino?

mphamvu khalidwe magawo bwanji nthawi ya ntchito zipangizo zikugwirizana, kawirikawiri amakhala ovuta kupanga. Kugwa mizere zokolola, kuchuluka mowa mphamvu. Popeza galimoto kutsinde makokedwe yafupika pamene kugwa chizindikiro amayamikira mains. Shortens moyo utumiki wa nyali, ndi kamwazi wowala a nyale kumakhala kosavuta kuposa kapena akuthwanima, kotero zingamvekere mankhwala mu greenhouses. A zotsatira kwambiri mu njira ya zochita zina amuzolengedwa.

Malinga ndi malamulo a kuchepa sayansi voteji pa katundu zonse pa galimoto kutsinde amatsogolera kuwonjezeka mofulumira panopa. Izi, mu zingathandize kuti wonongeka wa masiwichi chitetezo. Chifukwa, kutchinjiriza chimasungunula kwambiri lamoto mafyuzi, pa zikachitika kusokoneza galimoto kumulowetsa mosasintha zamagetsi zinthu. Ndi mavuto ngati amenewa, mita yamagetsi akuyamba sapota pa liwiro apamwamba. Mwiniwake wa malo ukuvutika zomvetsa.

Yosayambitsa kuti aziona mains ndi

Kuti mulinso alendo? Mphamvu khalidwe anatsimikiza ndi maonekedwe a Intaneti atatu gawo ndi ambiri m'madera zoweta 50 Hz:

• Kuimba voteji kupatuka mtengo Mzimuyo ukulu khalidwe limene ogula akhoza opareshoni popanda kulephera. Wokwera pa m'munsi yachibadwa malire 220 ndi 209 ndi pamwamba ndi 231 V.
• Kuchuluka kwa voteji athandizira ndi kusiyana pakati pa mfundo panopa ndi matalikidwe. Mamita dontho mkombero chizindikiro.
• Kukulowa lagawidwa mlingo yochepa mkati mphindi 10 ndi wokhalitsa anatsimikiza maola 2. Limasonyeza digiri ya anthu diso kudziwa akuthwanima kuwala imene kunkachitika chifukwa fluctuation ya magetsi.
• The zimachitika voteji akufotokozedwa kuchira nthawi ndi mtengo osiyanasiyana malingana chifukwa cha mantha a.
• The koefishienti kwa poona khalidwe la mains kuti: kupotozedwa sinusoidal mfundo zosakhalitsa overvoltage, zigawo amgwirizano wa asymmetry wa zoipa ndi ziro zinayendera.
• voteji kuviika nthawi imeneyi chimafotokozera kumanganso chizindikiro anapereka malinga GOST.
• Mains zotsatira pafupipafupi kupatuka kuwononga mbali magetsi ndi mawaya.

Latch athandizira kupatuka kuchuluka

Mphamvu khalidwe akuyesera kuti yoyenera chipembedzo ananenera, alembedwa mu malamulo. Kumvetsera zolakwika kuti wapatsidwa miyezo U monga f. Ngati pali zolakwika, mukhoza kulankhula ndi akuluakulu supervisory, kubweretsa kwa udindo katundu wa magetsi.

General zofunika mphamvu khalidwe chizindikiro zikuphatikizapo zolakwika voteji amene m'magulu awiri:

• ntchito Normal pamene kupatuka ndi ± 5%.
• Malire a chovomerezeka mode oscillation amamasulidwa ku ± 10%. Izi adzakhala 220 V osachepera pakhomo la 198 V ndi munthu pazipita 242 V.

voteji kuchira ayenera zimachitika nthawi imeneyi ayi kuposa mphindi ziwiri.

Yendetsani chala kuti kusintha mains

mchikhalidwe mphamvu khalidwe chizindikiro ichi zodzaliyang'anira, monga zigawo zikuluzikulu oscillation voteji. Kusonyeza kusiyana pakati chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi matalikidwe pakhomo. Popeza kuti tolerances wa zopatuka kuika chizindikiro woyenera malire ± 5%, kuchuluka kwa akafuna Kuchepetsa mwina upambana ± 10%. The chakudya maukonde 220 mwina kwanthawi zambiri kapena zosakwana 22 V, ndi 380 ntchito bwinobwino mmalire a ± 38 V.

Chifukwa voteji kugwedezeka oscillation masamu ndi mawu awa ΔU = U _Max -U _Mph, zotsatira mu zafotokozeredwa% malinga kuwerengetsera _{ΔU = ((U Max -U Mph} mfundo ) / U mwadzina) * 100%.

Kusakhazikika mtengo athandizira

mphamvu khalidwe muyeso dongosolo zikuphatikizapo kukulowa. chizindikiro ichi analanda wapadera chipangizo - flickermeter, amene amachotsa pafupipafupi ayankhe. Zotsatira analandira akuyerekezedwa ndi tilinazo limaoneka lokongola la thupi chamawonedwe.

GOST anakhazikitsa malire kusintha kukulowa:

• Yochepa fluctuation chigawo sayenera kuposa 1,38.
• kusintha yaitali angagwe mu mtengo 1.0.

Pankhani malire chapamwamba chizindikiro dera la nyali incandescent, izo chofunika kuti chifukwa anali ku malire zotsatirazi:

• kusinthasintha yochepa mu - ndi chizindikiro anayamba 1.0.
• Yaitali chizindikiro kusintha - 0,74.

kusiyana chogwirika

Mphamvu khalidwe miyezo ndi miyeso ngati chigawo monga nyemba voteji. Iye anafotokoza zabwino lakuthwa, zotsika kwa magetsi mu imeneyi anasankha. Chifukwa zodabwitsazi angakhale munthawi yomweyo kusinthitsa wa ambiri owerenga, zotsatira za kulowelela mu atomu chifukwa thunderstorms.

nthawi ya kuchira voteji, sikumangotikhudza ogula:

• Amachititsa kusinthasintha - mkuntho umenewu ndi zina zachilengedwe mu atomu kusokonezedwa. Nthawi pochira osapitirira 15 microseconds.
• Ngati nyemba anali chifukwa si yunifolomu kusinthitsa wa ogula, nthawi ndi nthawi yaitali ndipo ndi wofanana 15 MS.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ngozi pa substations kumachitika chifukwa kumenya kwa mphezi mu unsembe. Pomwepo akuvutika wochititsa kutchinjiriza. Ukulu wa overvoltage angafikire mazana kilovolts. Kuti tichite zimenezi, chipangizo chitetezo, koma nthawi zina musaime, ndipo pali kuthekera yotsalira. Pa nthawi imeneyi, vuto sadzafika chifukwa kutchinjiriza kukana.

Nthawi mavuto mtengo athandizira

The chizindikiro anayeza anafotokoza monga kuviika voteji anaika mwa malire ± 0,1U _mwadzina imeneyi ya makumi angapo a milliseconds. Kwa maukonde 220 amaloledwa kusintha chizindikiro 22 V, 380 V ngati si zoposa 38 V. Kuya mavuto ndi kuchita masamu malinga ndi _{mawu akuti: ΔU N = (U mwadzina -U} Mph) / U mwadzina.

nthawi Spadla kuchita masamu malinga ndi _{mawu akuti: Δt N = T K -t N} , apa T _K - ndi nthawi imene voteji wabwezeretsedwa, ndipo T _N - mfundo za chiyambi, nthawi pamene voteji dontho zinachitika.

Mphamvu khalidwe polojekiti pamafunika kuganizira pafupipafupi yatsoka zakulephera, anafotokozedwa ndi _{njira: Fn = (m (ΔU N} , Δt n) / M) * 100%. apa:

• mamita (ΔU _N, Δt _n) limanenedwa ngati chiwerengero cha recessions mu nthawi yoikika pamene kuya ndi nthawi ΔU _N Δt _N.
• M - okwana recessions mphambu m'nthawi anasankha.

N'chifukwa chiyani mtengo wa mavuto ndi

Chizindikiro athandizira variable kutalika kuchepa chofunika kuwunika kudalirika kwa mphamvu chakudya mu mawu kachulukidwe. Pa mlingo uwu, zingakhudze pafupipafupi ngozi pa substation chifukwa chosasamala ndodo, mphezi. The chifukwa cha mipata kafukufuku ali zanyengo kwa mlingo wa kulephera maukonde mu funso.

Ziwerengero limakupatsani kuyandikira mfundo za mtendere wa kusowa magetsi. wosamalira magetsi kupereka deta kwa analimbikitsa zodzitetezera pa maofesi.

kupatuka pafupipafupi

Compliance pafupipafupi mwa zina malire zokhudzana ndi zofunika anakhumba makasitomala. Ndi kuchepetsa amalimbikitsa ndi 1%, imfa ya oposa 2%. Izi anamasuliridwa mu mtengo zachuma, yafupika zokolola amakampani. Chifukwa anthu ambiri, izi zimabweretsa kuchuluka ndalama chiphaso pa malipiro a magetsi.

kupatsidwa ulemu galimoto rotational liwiro zimadalira mains pafupipafupi. Kutentha kwa Kutentha zinthu ndi ntchito zing'onozing'ono pamene kuchepetsa chizindikiro ndi zosakwana 50 Hz. Pamene makhalidwe mpweya akhoza kuonongeka ogula kapena njira zina osati anaikira makokedwe mkulu.

ndi kupatuka pafupipafupi zingakhudze zamagetsi ntchito. Popeza phokoso TV chophimba limapezeka pa kusintha chizindikiro pa ± 0.1Hz. Kuwonjezera zopindika zithunzi, kumaonjezera ngozi ya achire wa kufufuza zinthu pansi. Njira yochitira ndi zolakwika mphamvu khalidwe mutuluka kugwiritsira malo okwanira mfundo kuti athe basi kubwezeretsa voteji mu nthawi yoikidwiratu.

koefishienti

Ntchito yachibadwa a kapezedwe anayambitsa kuwunika zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Non-sinusoidal voteji waveform. sine yoweyula kukhota chifukwa ogula wamphamvu: heaters magetsi, convection mauvuni, makina kuwotcherera. Mu nkhani ya zolakwika za chizindikiro ichi amachepetsa moyo utumiki wa windings injini, akusokoneza ndi kulandirana zokha, kulephera kwa dongosolo pagalimoto pa ulamuliro thyristor.
• Zosakhalitsa overvoltage ndi quantifying kusintha athandizira mfundo zimachitika.
• N-TH amgwirizano ali sinusoidal khalidwe analandira pa makhalidwe athandizira voteji. Mfundo masamu kuwapeza deta tebulo lililonse amgwirizano.
• The asymmetry phindu athandizira pa n'zosiyana kapena akuyambira ziro n'kofunika kuganizira wokhudza osati likamaomba magawo a. zinthu izi zimachitika kwambiri pa imfa ya mains olumikizidwa ku nyenyezi kapena kansalu.

Mitundu ya chitetezo kusintha sizimadziwika mu kotunga

Kuwonjezera mphamvu khalidwe ayenera idzachitika pa mawu ena malamulo. Koma chitetezo cha zida ogula amafunika kumanga ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

• Stabilizers kuonetsetsa yokonza mphamvu ya athandizira variable ku malire mwachindunji. Quality mphamvu zimatheka ngakhale zolakwika phindu athandizira ndi oposa 35%.
• katundu Uninterruptible mphamvu apangidwa kukhala umoyo wa ogula mu nthawi yoikidwiratu imene nthawi. Mphamvu zida ndi chifukwa mphamvu kusungidwa mu batire yake. Pamene magetsi azima, bespereboynik amatha kukhala umoyo wa zida lonse ofesi kwa maola angapo.
• Zida kuteteza kukakhala mphamvu ntchito pa mfundo za kulandirana lapansi. Pambuyo phindu athandizira chopitirira malire anapereka dera lotseguka amapezeka.

mitundu yonse ya chitetezo ali ndi pamodzi kupereka chokwanira kuti zipangizo zodula kapena zapamwamba sizisintha pa ngozi pa substation lapansi.