Pakati pa zinthu ophiphiritsa polambira, mkate wopanda chotupitsa lofunika kwambiri. Iwo amagwirizana ndi thupi la Ambuye ndi mgonero kuti chinsinsi cha nsembe ya Yesu Khristu kunabweretsa mwa Iye chifukwa cha chipulumutso cha anthu. Ndi yaikulu phindu mpatuko, mkate wopanda chotupitsa, koma mkate wakhala mwambo kale kupachikidwa. History miyambo ndi ntchito zake amabwerera zaka.
kutanthauza
Choyamba, kulingalira ndendende mkate wopanda chotupitsa - ndichiyani? mawu ali mizu Greek ndipo limatanthauza "nsembe". dzina lake chachiwiri - mkate mapemphero a, mapemphero. Cholinga - ntchito pa ukalisitiya kwa kudzipereka ndi kudya limodzi ndi vinyo monga particles thupi ndi mwazi wa Khristu. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mwambo Proskomedia mkate wopanda chotupitsa. Kodi zikutanthauza: Pa mapemphero apadera kukumbukira kubadwa ndi imfa ya Khristu anakumbukira Akhristu onse, amoyo ndi akufa. Mwambo maziko, kuwonjezera mawu a Yesu pa Mgonero Womaliza, ndi kuika chozizwitsa pamene Iye anadyetsa ndi mikate pang'ono njala. Koma kale kubadwa kwa Khristu mu malemba Old Testament otchulidwa nsembe mikate yopanda chofufumitsa. Kuti anayenera kukhala mkate, ananena mosapita m'mbali .. chofufumitsa, mwachitsanzo yisiti. Izi zinalembedwa "M'buku la Levitiko." Chilamulo cha zikopa (kuguba kachisi) komanso anagwiritsa ntchito mkate lopatulika, mwatsopano, yophika mu njira yapadera. Awiri gawo kusonyeza anthu, pachiyambi padziko lapansi ndi apamwamba wakumwamba.
mpatuko wakale
Pa Akhristu okhulupirira oyamba anawabweretsa ku mpingo kapena nyumba ya kulambira chakudya, mafuta, makandulo sera, imene anali koyenera kuti mapemphero ndi miyambo ina kapena mautumiki chabe. Zinali kuvomerezedwa ndi wopanda chotupitsa mkate. Kuti panalibe mkate wamba, ndi wapadera, wophiphiritsa, kutsimikizira ngati mfundo monga Mwachitsanzo, za zakudya wamba - Agapov. Kumayambiriro kwa Chikhristu, mu nthawi ya ukapolo, izo analandira mamembala onse a mipingo m'deralo kwa amadya anzake a chakudya. Patebulo kukhala mfulu kudzanso ndi akapolo. Agape ankaimba udindo wa Mgonero Womaliza, pamene amakondwelela Ukaristia, choncho chakudya anali mosamalitsa achipembedzo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo ananenetsa kuti nkhope ya Khristu, onse ngofanana, kaya ndi chikhalidwe. Anasonkhana nampsompsona dziko, napemphera, iwo anatumiza uthenga kwa ena mu mpingo wofanana ndi anthu ammudzi. Kenako, pamene ngati "mgonero" anayamba kuchita popanda chipembedzo, otchedwa prosphora osati abweretsa chakudya konse, koma mkate zofunikira mu Ukalistia.
mkate kukoma
Nanga akukonzekera mgonero mkate? Chinsinsi angakhale osiyana, koma luso ndi chimodzimodzi kwa onse. Ndi otsimikiza kuti mubwere ndi ufa wa tiligu, mchere, madzi, yisiti kapena alum. No zina mafuta - mkaka, whey, batala - mikate si chofunika. Ndipo kukoma kwake akhale chabe mchere pang'ono. Pa kutumphuka chapamwamba mkate ntchito zithunzi wapadera ophiphiritsa pa mitu achipembedzo. Prosphora zigwirizana ndi magawo awiri - amachepetsa zimene unalembedwa. tanthauzo yawo yopatulika limasonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa dziko la umunthu ndi Ambuye. Ufa, mkate ndi mchere kugwirizana ndi Utatu Woyera, ndi alum - ndi mzimu wa moyo. St. Simeon Solunsky, amagwira ntchito fanizo zotsatirazi: ufa ndi yisiti (mtanda) - ndi moyo wa madzi - ubatizo wake, ndi mchere - mawu lalikulu la Mulungu. Yesu anaitana ophunzira ake "mchere". A ndondomeko kuphika akuwafanizira ndi pawiri la Ambuye ndi ife, anthu, "umunthu." Chifukwa mkate maluwa yankhungu pa udindo wa mgonero mkate palibe wabwino.
Chinsinsi ndi ayamikira
Kodi n'zotheka kuphika mgonero mkate? Chinsinsi, amene Mulungu anamugwiritsa ntchito masiku akale, malangizowa limapangidwa: chiwiya chako chokandiramo ufa amachita nawo Kuwonjezera madzi woyera, kenako mapemphero kuphika, kuimba masalimo ntchito mokokomeza imagwiridwa mu akazi, makamaka kwa oitanidwa. Iwo amatchedwa prosfornitsami. zimachitika motere. Pakuti munthu wina kuphika chipani chofunika ufa wosalala tirigu mu 1200 izo bwinobwino Perez kuti anali zobiriwira, wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Mu mafupa a chiuno, chimene muti uukande, kutsanulira madzi pang'ono woyera. Ndiye kutsanulira 400 magalamu ufa ndi kutsanulira pa madzi owira pamwamba pake. Pa zimene akuchita: choyamba, kuyesa tirigu zilipo anawapatsa kukoma, kotero kuti shuga mkate uwu osati ... Kachiwiri, kuti prosphora yaitali yankhungu. Misa zofunika kusakaniza ndi kusiya kwa kuziziritsa pang'ono. Komanso mchere madzi woyera kuchepetsedwa (supuni pang'ono), wasefukira mu slurry ufa ndi anawonjezera 25 ga yisiti iwo kusungunuka ndi bwino n'kuukanda. Tsopano beseni kuphimba ndi kusiya Brew kwa theka la ola kukwera. Dosypte otsala ufa, knead mobwerezabwereza tiyeni mtanda kubwera. Patapita kanthawi ananenera, ngati misa wauka bwino kwa ayenera kutenga mkate kwambiri yopanda chofufumitsa. Kodi kochita ndi izo - kuwerenga.
mankhwala kuphika
Ikani mtanda pa kompyuta, zikunenedwa bwino owazidwa ufa. Pereka mapangidwe 3 cm wandiweyani. Dulani therefrom wa amatha kuumba wapadera mabwalo a diameters akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. Tweak manja awo, kuti aliyense woyembekezera mkate zolondola yopanda chofufumitsa. Kodi kochita ndi izo tsopano, zambiri ndendende, ndi iwo? Kuphimba ndi yonyowa pokonza waffle thaulo pamwamba - youma, ndipo theka la ola kumanzere kwa "mpumulo". Ntchito yosindikiza kenako zibonga ang'onoang'ono, kulumikiza ndi chachikulu chisanafike yonyowa pamwamba ndi madzi pang'ono. Kuti pamene adzaphika mu mayeso si opanda ntchito, aliyense prosphora woyera kwenikweni olasidwa. Kenako Ikani pa pepala floured kuphika ndi malo uvuni preheated. Monga uvuni mgonero mkate? Iwo browned, koma kupsereza. Time - 15 20 Mphindi. Mikate yomalizidwa anaika patebulo, kuphimba ndi matawulo youma, yonyowa ndi youma ndi chinachake ofunda. Mu mawonekedwe prosphora ayenera kuziziritsa. Iwo anaikidwa mu mtanga wapadera ndi ntchito zina. Kusunga mu firiji.
Mawu amoyo a pemphero
Monga tanenera kale, dongosolo lonse ntchito ndi mtanda limodzi ndi pemphero. Mkate wopanda chotupitsa - mkate wopatulika, ndi Mulungu chinthu chilichonse zitayenda bwino. Pemphero loyamba ndi mwambo ntchito iliyonse, "Ambuye, ndithandizeni!" Ndi poyambirira pa chiyambi cha ntchito. Pa kuphatikiza iyenera kuwerengedwa mapemphero pyatochislennye, kunena Saint Spyridon, Nikodemo ndi Prokhorov, komanso kuti Ambuye. Pamene prosphora atabayidwa, kanthu limodzi ndi miyambo "dzina la Atate, Mwana ..." Pamene pali ophika buledi, tiyenera kuwerenga: "Tikuoneni Maria ..." anatsiriza ntchito chiyamiko wopita kwa Mulungu. Palinso pemphero kuvomereza mgonero mkate.
yosindikiza wopatulika
Pa kumtunda kwa mkate wopatulika likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zojambula wapadera - "kusindikiza". Monga izo zikuwoneka? Mafanizo a maphunziro a mtanda - chetyrohkonechnogo, equilateral. Pa bala chosula Maina a Khristu - IC XC, ndi patsinde - mawu "kupambana" mu Greek: Nick. Mwachibadwa, kuti dzanja la anthu onse kumeneku motalika kwambiri, makamaka ngati mukufuna kuphika ambiri mankhwala. Mtundu kuthandiza kukutumikirani kusindikiza kwa mkate wopatulika. Kugula zingakhale mu mabenchi mpingo. Reprints anapanga kuoneka bwino pa mayeso. Ndipo pamene mkate wopanda chotupitsa kale anaphika, zojambula zikuwoneka zabwino pa browning wa.
nsembe Mwanawankhosa
Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi ya utumiki ntchito mkate si lonse, ndi tinthu ake. "Nkondo" (pokumbukira mmene kuwoloka chida ichi chinali kubaya ndi mtima wa Khristu) lagawidwa zidutswa za mkate wopanda chotupitsa, zomwe zinasonyeza Mwanawankhosa wa Mulungu, nsembe, anabweretsa mwa Yesu kwa anthu. Kawirikawiri Proskomedia anaphika 5 Khlebtsov. Limodzi ntchito monga Mwanawankhosa, ndi pa mapemphero a amaperekera mgonero wa okhulupirika. zina zidzasankhidwa wansembe kukumbukira Amayi a Mulungu. Particles mgonero chakudya, kuganizira, ofera oyera a drafters ya mapemphero a. Koma nambala iyi lolunjika pa gawo mwamwambo chabe utumiki. Zosoŵa za m'kachisi, kubera zosamalira ambiri prosphoras chipembedzowo ambiri anatumikira zapisochek "thanzi" ndi "wogoneka."
Moyenera ntchito mkate wopatulika
Monga ulamuliro, mpingo kuyesera kubweretsa kunyumba kwa mpingo mgonero mkate magawo aliyense m'banjamo akhoza kudya. Koma ntchito yake ndi Lamulo malamulo angapo. Choyamba, kudya mkate umenewu pamaso pa chakudya chachikulu, osati kuphatikiza iwo. Chachiwiri, khala wowona kupemphelerapo pamaso panu kuyika chidutswa mkamwa mwake. Kotero, kubwerera ku chipembedzo ndi ayikeni pa tebulo nsalu yoyera. Pa mbale anagona mgonero mkate. Mu galasi kapena chikho, kutsanulira madzi pang'ono woyera - za 3 sips. Ndiye wamkulu mu banja ayenera kuwerenga pemphero lomwelo, limene lakonzedwa mkate woyera. Umayamba ngati izi: "Ambuye Mulungu, tiyeni mphatso wako wopatulika, madzi wanu woyera chopinga machimo anga, ukumuwalitsira malingaliro anga, kulimbitsa mzimu ndi thupi la asilikali ..." Popeza kuwerenga mawu opatulika awa, banja lililonse akuyenera kubweretsa mbale zing'onozing'ono. Iye ayenera pansi isagwe kapena chakhumi, kuika tinthu pa kamwa, kutafuna pang'onopang'ono, kumwa kuyeretsedwa madzi. Ine ndikuganiza pa mfundo iyi, ndithudi, ndi zofunika kuti chidziko, ndipo Ambuye Yesu, Mpingo Woyera, kumverera membala ake. Ndipotu, mkate wopanda chotupitsa - mkate wa kumwamba, muyenera kuchita ndi kudzichepetsa ndiponso kuopa Mulungu. More George Zadonsk analalikira kuti kudya ndi madzi zapivanie woyera abwino ntchito zabwino, kuteteza anthu kuti maganizo oipa ndiponso zochita za mayesero chodetsedwa ndi zina kuipitsidwa.
Ameneyo ndi chidwi nkhani mu mkate mgonero - Orthodox ndi Akatolika.