Mivi Sitima, Russia ndi US

Development wa asilikali ndi luso danga makumi asanu anali makamaka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zipangizo intercontinental kuti zingakhale zovulaza chikhalidwe njira. Komabe, anthu akhala anasonkhanitsa zinachitikira tingaphunzire mu chitukuko cha mtundu wapadera wa zipolopolo, kaphatikizidwe makhalidwe a ndege ndi mivi. Iwo anali atakhala mu zoyenda ndi zotakasika madzi kapena injini olimba, koma ntchito Nyamulani ndege mchitidwe kale mu Pulani yonse. Zinali mizinga wovuta. Russia (ndiye USSR), iwo sanali yofunika mofanana ndi intercontinental koma ntchito chikuchitika pa iwo. Kupyolera zaka zambiri, zakhala bwino. zitsanzo zingapo za mtundu wa chida kale mu nkhokwe kapena posachedwapa malo awo mu tithe cholepheretsa aggressors angathe. Amayambitsa mantha ndi kwathunthu ulesi ndi mtima wofuna kuukira dziko lathu.

"Tomahawk" ndi nyutironi bomba - Mipingo kutulo

Mu Mipingo mochedwa propaganda Soviet tcheru kwambiri kwa mitundu iwiri latsopano zida American. The nyutironi bomba lomwe likuoneka Pentagon "onse mwapang'onopang'ono anthu", monga katundu wawo kupha akhoza kupikisana yekha ndi "Tomahawk". Izi zipolopolo selachian ndi ndege woonda yochepa anatha zimalowa pa mipherezero pa gawo Soviet amaona pothawa machitidwe kudziwika mu gullies ndi mabedi mtsinje ndi zina matendawa, zachilengedwe a matanthwe a pansi padziko. Ndi zosasangalatsa kwambiri kumva chiopsezo chawo, ndipo anthu Soviet anali anakwiya kwambiri ndi chakuti imperialists wonyenga kachiwiri jambulani chitukuko dziko lamadyerero mu wozungulira atsopano a mtundu mikono, ndi chifukwa ilo linali mizinga wovuta. Russia anali ndi chinachake kuyankha kuti kuopseza ndi. Only anthu ena kuuzidwa kwambiri kudziwa kuti zoona, zinthu zimenezi kale akupangidwa ku Soviet Union, komanso zinthu si zoipa.

American nkhwangwa

The zinachitika onse mivi ano sitima akhoza kutchulidwa German ndege chipolopolo V-1 (V-1). Kunja, izo akufanana American "Tomahawk", analenga zaka makumi anayi pambuyo: ndege chomwecho molunjika ndi yopapatiza fuselage, zosavuta primitiveness okoma. Koma pali kusiyana, ndi zina zambiri. Zipolopolo, anapambana mutu English Sitima mzinga, - si mzinga okonzeka ndi mapiko, ndi chinthu china. Kuphweka kunja Amabisa zovuta luso chiwembu, chinthu chachikulu chimene ndi kompyuta wapamwamba-kudya, nthawi yomweyo kutenga kusankha kusintha njira ndi okwera, kuti apewe ngozi ndi mavuto. M'pofunika ndege pa okwera otsika kwambiri pa mtengo wokwanira kutsatira mawu ena anadabwa, - liwiro mlandu yobereka kuti chandamale. Ndipo kunali kofunika kuti ntchito bwino "maso" mwa "nsombazo". Rada wokwera mu mphuno za projectile ndi, anaona mavuto onse ndi kudutsa zokhudza ubongo pakompyuta, amene kusanthula mpumulo ndi anapereka ulamuliro chizindikiro zigwiriro (slats, kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke, ailerons, ndi zina zotero.). Full supersonic sitima chida America sanali kupeza: mu m'maulamuliro Kuchepetsa "Tomahawk" chimadza kokha mbali yomaliza ya njira yodutsamo, koma samaletsa iye oopsadi lero, makamaka m'mayiko amene mulibe mpweya ndi zida machitidwe wangwiro chitetezo.

Soviet X-90

Sizikudziwika kuti ena anachititsa boma Soviet kupereka kumasonyeza chiyambi cha KR chitukuko. Mwina nzeru ponena za chiyambi cha kafukufuku American m'dera lino, koma n'zotheka kuti lingaliro, limene linabuka mu kuya kwa mabungwe chinsinsi kafukufuku winawake mukumufuna kuchokera ku Unduna wa chitetezo. Lang'anani, mu 1976 ntchito inayambika ndipo tsiku akamaliza lakhazikitsidwa ndi zazing'ono - zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kuyambira pachiyambi, okonza athu apita njira yosiyana kuposa anzawo a US. Subsonic liwiro iwo sanali kutinyengerera. Roketi amayenera kugonjetsa malire kuteteza mdani angathe kukhala okwera ndi kopitilira muyeso-otsika. Ndipo pa liwiro supersonic. prototypes loyamba zinali mapeto a zaka khumi, amene anasonyeza mayeso polygon zotsatira zabwino (kwa 3 M). malo Chinsinsi mosalekeza bwino ndipo mu zaka khumi zotsatira akhoza kuwuluka mofulumira kuposa anayi velocities kale phokoso. Mu 1997 chokha, gulu dziko wakhala kuona chozizwitsa cha luso pa MAKS chionetsero mu Nyumba Research ndi Yopanga Association "Rainbow". Modern Russian sitima mivi ndi olowa mwachindunji ya Soviet KH 90. Ngakhale dzina uli wopulumutsidwa, koma anati zida lasintha ambiri. Mchitidwe m'munsi zinali zosiyana.

The kukhazikitsidwa kwa chombo ichi amayenera kuchitidwa ndi Lachiwiri 160, yaikulu njira zoponya mabomba amatha kunyamula bomba Bay 12-mita zipolopolo zake ndi ndege ndi yopindika. Chonyamulira akanali yemweyo.

"Koala"

Modern Russian sitima mivi X-90 "Koala" anali mbandakucha wamfupi kusiyana makolo ake: m'litali ndi zosakwana mamita 9. Mumadziwika za izo, makamaka chakuti linakhalapo kwambiri (osandiuza mfundo) nkhawa komanso mkwiyo wa bwenzi lathu American. chifukwa anali kuopa kochulukira projectile osiyanasiyana (3500 km), umene uli yokhala waphwanya mfundo za INF Pangano (Zokhwimirapo-osiyanasiyana). Koma kuti sakuopa wa United States, ndi chakuti awa njira mivi sitima (monga iwo woyitanidwa, ngakhale nyanja, iwo sangakhoze kuthetsa) wokhoza "kuthyolako" onse malire chida chitetezo dongosolo kuti United States pang'onopang'ono koma kunapita kwa malire Russian.

chitsanzo alandira kale ake "NATO" lakuti: Koala AS-X-21. Ife timachitcha icho mosiyana, ndicho hypersonic experimental ndege (Gael).

Mfundo ambiri a kanthu ake imakhala chakuti adasiya bomba kumalo a Lachiwiri 160 pa msinkhu wa makilomita 7 20 limakuwongola mapiko ankadziwana ndi mchira, ndiyeno kuthamanga accelerator Iyamba Kuthamanga projectile kuti supersonic, ndipo zitatha izo kukudza Launch olimbana chachikulu. Mlingo wa kuchepa revenues kwa mpaka 5 M, ndi Gael ake iri yofulumira kwa cholinga, zimene kale kuonedwa linatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. KR kukakumana ili pafupi zosatheka.

"Uranus", panyanja ndi ndege

mivi Anti sitima ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafika. njira yodutsamo awo, monga ulamuliro, ofanana nkhondowo Inde Anzawo lapansi. Chitukuko cha zida mu Soviet Union chinkhoswe mu Maofesi "Star". Mu 1984, mlengi mkulu G. I. Hohlovu anali tasked ndi kupanga njira zovuta za kulimbana ndi mdani pamwamba panyanja zolinga kusamuka kwa tonnes mpaka zikwi zisanu (ie wochepa) mu zikhalidwe za countermeasures yogwira pakompyuta ndi zinthu zovuta nyengo. The chifukwa cha khama timu anali X 35 "Uranus", malinga ndi makhalidwe ake, ziri limafanana ndi magawo a American KR "Harpoon" ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito akafuna salvo. Uthunthu ndi 120 kukafika kugonja. zovuta ali okonzeka ndi dongosolo la kudziwika, chizindikiritso ndi malangizo, anakhazikitsa osati pa mayunitsi a nkhondowo wa yapamadzi, komanso mpweya onyamula (Helicopters Ka 27, Ka 28, MiG 29, Lamulungu 24, Lamulungu 30, Lamulungu 35, Lachiwiri-142, Yak-141 ndi ena), zomwe kwambiri amawapatsa mphamvu ya zida. Kuyambira anachita pa kopitilira muyeso-otsika okwera (200 m), miyala odana ndi chombo cha mtundu akutsatiridwa pa liwiro la zoposa 1,000 Km / h pa mafunde pafupifupi (5 mpaka 10 m, ndi mu gawo lomaliza la njira yodutsamo ndipo sanena dontho kuti mamita atatu). Popeza miyeso wamng'ono wa projectile (4 mamita m'litali, 40 cm), zikhoza kapadera kuti kukakumana kuti mabvuto kwambiri.

"Mazana X"

Pambuyo mpweya chitetezo, onse Soviet ndi American, anafikira mu chitukuko cha mphamvu yapamwamba, pa ntchito svobodnopadayuschih zipolopolo anasiya pafupifupi m'mayiko onse. Kapezekedwe ka bwino quality, odalirika ndi amphamvu zoponya mabomba njira chinachititsa atsogoleri a asilikali kufunafuna ntchito kwa iwo, ndipo wapezeka. Mu US B-52, ndi mu Soviet Union Lachiwiri 95 anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zouluka launchers chida. Mu nineties ndi onyamula chachikulu cha Russian zipolopolo mwatsatanetsatane ndi njira milandu kwa ndege chandamale popanda ankawoloka malire a chitetezo, zitsulo X-101. Limodzi ndi iwo anayamba pafupifupi mwathunthu ziwembu zofanana, ndipo amatha kunyamula zokwana nyukiliya. Onse CD panopa ikudziwika kudziwa makhalidwe awo ntchito anaika okha owerengeka anthu. Koma tikudziwa kuti chitsanzo watsopano utumiki analandira, kumasiyana chodziwa nkhondowo utali wozungulira (makilomita oposa zikwi zisanu) ndi zidzasintha molondola kugonjetsedwa (mamita 10). Warhead X-101 ali mkulu-zachiwawa kugawikana stuffing, ndipo ndi zofunika kwambiri izi kwa iye. spetszaryada chonyamulira sangakhale olondola: kuphulika mphamvu za makumi a kilotons mamita angapo lamanja kapena lamanzere simumasewera udindo waukulu. Chifukwa X-102 (a chonyamulira nyukiliya) n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa mtunda.

"Mbalame" strategy

zinthu zonse, kuphatikizapo mitundu ya zida Tingaone kokha mbali chitsanzo. Pali ziphunzitso zosiyana chitetezo, ndipo pa nthawi imene mayiko ena akufuna mtheradi ulamuliro padziko lonse, pamene ena ndikungofuna kudziteteza ku proclivities zotheka aukali. Ngati mukuziyenereza mivi sitima, Russia ndi United States, Ndizachidziwikire kuti magawo luso zida American musalumphe ziri ndi mphamvu ya sankalemekeza. mbali zonse ziwiri kubetcherana pa kuwonjezeka mu utali wozungulira nkhondowo, amene pang'onopang'ono akutenga CD ku gulu kupezerapo, kuwapatsa koposa "pa njira." Ganizo kukhala wokhoza kuthetsa kusemphana geopolitical kutsatira mwadzidzidzi destructional amenye, osati ulendo woyamba wa mutu wa Pentagon akazembe - yokwanira kukumbukira zolinga mabomba a Soviet lalikulu malo mafakitale ndi chitetezo, anayamba mu makumi anai mochedwa ndi magulu oyambirira, atangotha mwamawonekedwe okwanira US zokwana nyukiliya.

AGM-158B yaitali osiyanasiyana, USA

Zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya zida mu United States ndi mwambo kwambiri m'dziko. Amakhoma misonkho ndi kudziwa kuti ndalama lolipiridwa ndi iwo bajeti, boma wakhala umboni wina wa US ulamuliro padziko lonse. Muyezo wa kulamulira ukuwonjezeka chipani, adzaponye chisanko mukusangalala. Kotero izo zinali mu 2014 pamene US njira mphamvu alandira latsopano KR AGM-158B airborne, analengedwa mu pulogalamu chitetezo olowa Air pamwamba Standoff chida yaitali osiyanasiyana, chidule JASSM-PITIRIRA ZITATU, kutanthauza kuti mankhwala cholinga kukapha padziko lapansi ndipo ali yaitali osiyanasiyana ofunsira. Ambiri kulengeza chida latsopano, kungoona deta lofalitsidwa, mu zosatheka kuposa X-102. Osiyanasiyana AGM-158B ndege lili yosokoneza, zosiyana - kuchokera 350 mpaka 980 Km, kutanthauza kudalira ake kulemera kwa warhead lapansi. Ambiri mwina, ndi utali wozungulira weniweni wa mtengo nyukiliya iye mofanana ndi X-102, ndiko 3500 Km. Russia ndi US mivi sitima ndi pafupifupi liwiro, kulemera ndi miyeso. Kambiranani za American ukulu zamakono Sikuti komanso chifukwa cha kulondola bwino, izo nzoona, monga taonera, kufunika kwambiri moti wa amenye nyukiliya, iye alibe.

Other KR mu Russia ndi US

X-101 ndi X-102 - si mizinga sitima yekha mu nkhokwe Russian. Pambali tcheru ndi ena zitsanzo akuchita okonzeka Pulsejet 16 ndi X 10 HN (mpaka anakumana), odana KS-1, DAC 2, DAC 5, kabotolo ndi mkulu-zachiwawa ozama warhead kapena oskolochno- kapena zochitika nyukiliya zachiwawa. Mungakumbukire masiku zambiri KR X-20, X-22 ndi X 55, omwe anakhala zinachitika ya X-101. Ndiyeno pali "chiswe," "udzudzu", "ametusito", "Malachite", "Basalt", "lubwe", "onekisi", "Yakhont" ndi nthumwi zina za "mwala" zino. Izi mivi sitima Russia kwa zaka zambiri ali mu utumiki Air Force ndipo yapamadzi, anthu kudziwa za iwo kwambiri, koma osati onse.

Achimereka komanso ndi m'badwo ochepa mivi sitima kale kuposa AGM-158B. Izi mwatsatanetsatane "Katswiri» MGM-1, "Shark» SSM-A-3 "Greyhound» AGM 28, anatchula "harpoon", "Quick Hawk" konsekonse zapansi. Musataye mu United States ndi ku anadalira "Tomahawk", koma ntchito pa adzapeza X-51, luso kuuluka pa liwiro hypersonic.

M'mayiko ena

Ngakhale akutali, kumene pafupifupi akatswiri asilikali kulankhula kokha zopeka Mbali ina Wonenedwa wa Russian kapena American nkhondo, akatswiri ndi asayansi ntchito kukhala ake mivi sitima yekha. Osati chochitika chabwino kwambiri kumenyana pa kayendetsedwe Falkland Islands, Argentina upezeke kuonetsetsa ndalama zomangamanga "taba AM-1." Pakistan "Hatf Baber-VII 'akhoza kuthamanga kwa makhazikitsidwe pansi, sitima ndi sitima zankhondo, ali subsonic liwiro (pafupifupi 900 Km / h) ndi osiyanasiyana 700. Km. Iye anapereka ngakhale kuti, kuwonjezera pa ochiritsira, warhead nyukiliya. Mu China, mitundu itatu opangidwa KR (YJ 62, YJ 82, YJ-83). Taiwan akukumana "Syunfenom 2E". Ntchito mkati, nthawi zina bwino kwambiri ku Ulaya (Germany, Sweden, France), komanso mu UK, cholinga omwe si upambana mivi sitima, Russia kapena United States, ndi kupeza chida champhamvu makamu awo. Kupanga chotero zida zovuta ndi zina zamakono ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi zomwe patsogolo m'munda umenewu amapezeka kokha mayiko amphamvu.