Mfumukazi Anne Leopoldovna: yochepa mbiri ndi ulamuliro

Tsoka la mkazi uyu zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Mdzukulu wa ku Russia Tsar Ivan V, Anna Leopoldovna okha kwa kanthawi anali wolamulira wa boma lalikulu mu dziko - Russia. Iye anafa pamene iye anali zaka twente-seveni zokha, ndipo zotsiriza aona maso ake - ichi yopapatiza zenera laling'ono la nyumba ina imene anakhala m'ndende kwa izo, ndipo sakonda kuonekera kuseri kwa mitambo amavula yovuta kumpoto. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha zokhumba nyumba, zomwe zinachititsa wamkazi anakwera wachifumu wa Peter I - Elizaveta Petrovna.

Achinyamata John V heiress

Tisanayambe kulankhula za amene Anna Leopoldovna mu mbiri Russian, iyenera kumveketsedwa zimene ubale izo zinkayenera kuti Romanovs nyumba. Iwo likukhalira kuti yosavuta. Amadziwika kuti kuyambira 1682 kuti 1696 pa mpando wachifumu Russian anakhala awiri basi mwayekha - Peter ine ndi m'bale wake Yohane V, amene anali ndi ana aakazi asanu: Mary, Theodosia, Catherine, Praskovya ndi Anna. Yotsirizira adzakhala 1730, Mfumukazi ndipo adzachita ufumu kwa zaka khumi. Mkazi wina, mwana wa Yohane V, Catherine, mayi wa heroine a nkhani yathu - wolamulira m'tsogolo, regent Anne Leopoldovna, omwe motero ali ndi nthumwi zonse kunachitika wa akulamulira Nyumba ya Romanov. Choncho, mwana wake Ivan anali ndi ufulu wonse ufumu.

Anabadwa Anna Leopoldovna December 18, 1718 mu yaing'ono German m'tauni ya Rostock. bambo ake anali Karl Leopold Duke wa Mecklenburg-Schwerin, ndi mayi ake, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, Russian Mfumu John mwana V ndi Mfumukazi Ekaterina Ivanovna. Mu wolamulira wam'tsogolo wa Russia linafika pamene anali ndi zaka zinayi, ndipo apa iye analandira Orthodoxy. Amayi ake anali mwana wa mng'ono wanga wokondedwa amene analamulira mu zaka za Mfumukazi Anny Ioannovny, ndipo iye kusamalira analeredwa, kupatsa mmodzi wa kanjedza wotchuka kwambiri wa Academy of Sciences - Kondraty Ivanovich Genningeru. Kuyambira 1731, anayamba maphunziro ake, koma iwo inatenga zaka zinayi zokha, monga m'chaka cha 1735-TH panali nkhani zachikondi kuti inatha ntchito yake.

Namwaliyu pomupembedza kukhonda ukwati

Mu likulu la ufumu watsopano Achisaxon nthumwi anafika - Werengani Moritz Carl Linar. Izi kudzikondweretsa European wokongola panthawi imeneyo inali zaka sate-firii, ndi wamng'ono Mfumukazi Anne Leopoldovna anakondana popanda kukumbukira. Mlangizi ake Kondraty Ivanovich anali wadziwa ndi mwamphamvu chinathandiza chitukuko cha buku la. Posakhalitsa panali mphekesera za ukwati zotheka. Koma vuto ndi kuti Anna anali kale boma mkwatibwi - Duke Anton Ulrich, amene ndinaganizira izo, motsogozedwa ndi chidwi anthu, Mfumukazi. Kuphunzira za kudziletsa chifuniro cha mwana wa mng'ono wanga wamng'ono, Russian autocrat adakwiya, ndipo anatuma mthenga-wonyenga mwa Russia, ndipo anagwirizana wa intrigue - Kondrati Ivanovich - amachotsedwa pa nchitozi. Komabe, zochitika sali pa panobe, koma nkhaniyi akupitirira.

zaka zinayi pambuyo zotchulidwa zinachitika pa ukwati Anny Leopoldovny ndi choncho sakondedwa ndi bwenzi lake - Antonom Ulrihom, Duke wa Brunswick-Lüneburg. Zikondwerero wodzipereka umenewu, ankasiyana chimwambo zapadera, nakhala pamsonkhano waukulu wa anthu. Pa mawu ukwati asiyane anati Bishop Ambrose (Yushkevich) - munthu amene ankapita yofunika kwambiri mu chipembedzo ndi ndale moyo wa dziko pa ulamuliro wa Elizabeth. Patapita chaka chimodzi, achinyamatawo mwana wamwamuna, pa Ivan ikutchedwa ubatizo.

Mapeto a ulamuliro Anny Ioannovny

Zinali 1740. Mu mbiri Russian, iye walandira angapo zochitika zofunika, chofunika kwambiri chomwe chinali imfa ya Mfumukazi Anny Ioannovny, amene anadza 17 (28) October. Mu chifuniro chake, iye ananena wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, mwana wakhanda Anny Leopoldovny - Ivan regent kuti iye anaika Ernsta amalikonda Ioganna Biron. Pa kufika zaka zoyenera wolowa wamng'ono anali kukhala Russian tsars John VI.

Tikumbukenso kuti, monga mwana wa Tsar Ivan ndi V, amene anafa Mfumukazi kutifotokozera anamuda m'bale wake Peter Ine ndi mphamvu zonse zotsutsana, munthu wa ana ake anatenga pa mpando wachifumu. Pachifukwa ichi, mu chifuniro chake ananena kuti mwambo wa imfa ya wolandira mutu ufulu korona apatsira lotsatira yakale mwana wa mphwanga lake lapamtima - Anna Leopoldovna. Za ofuna malo regent kwa Mfumu zazing'ono iye mosakayikira. Iwo anali yaitali lake lapamtima - Biron.

Koma tsoka akanati linakana. Kwenikweni kwa masiku choyamba cha ulamuliro wake ankatsutsa, m'magulumagulu padziko makolo a adzakhale aang'ono. Panali ngakhale chiwembu kugonjetsa osatchuka kuti anthu wogwira ntchito zosakhalitsa. Pa mutu wa mwalowa panali mwamuna Anny Leopoldovny - Anton Ulrich. Komabe, achiwembuwo anali oipa, ndipo posakhalitsa zolinga zawo anadziwika kwa Office wa mkulu wa chinsinsi cha A. I. Ushakovu. Izi wakupha mbuye anali munthu mokwanira sagacious ndi pakuwoneratu zotheka zokhumba d'etat, izo zinali zochepa chifukwa chakuti yekha yokhala "ankawazazira" achiwembuwo.

anachotsedwa ntchito osakhalitsa

Koma ulamuliro Biron a amwalira. Usiku wa pa November 9, 1740 kuchipinda kumene anapuma mwamtendere regent ndi mkazi wake, chitseko chinatseguka mwadzidzidzi. Iye pamodzi ndi gulu la asilikali, kutsogozedwa ndi Field polimbana Hristoforom Minihom, ndi analumbira mdani wa Biron ndi kutsatira Anna Leopoldovna. Zoyambazo wamphamvu zonse ankakonda adawona m'gulu, ndinazindikira kuti imeneyi ndi mapeto, osati kukhala ndi mantha, ndipo anakwera pansi pa kama, pokhala wotsimikiza kuti aphedwe. Komabe, iye anali kulakwitsa. Regent kuika mu aŵiri ndi anatengedwa kuti brig lapansi.

Pasanapite nthawi ndi bwalo limene Biron akuimbidwa mlandu wa milandu yosiyanasiyana. Kumene, ambiri a iwo anali anatulukira. Chiweruziro ndi kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi mzimu wa nthawi - quartering. Komabe, pamene munthu wosauka atachira, atamva kuti iye analengeza chikhululukiro, ndi chilango m'malo mwa mawu onena Pelym ili atatu zikwi a mailosi kuchokera St. Petersburg. Koma mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth wokondedwa madam anasamutsa iye Yaroslavl, ndipo kenako kuchititsa Biron Peter III ku likulu, nam'bwezera iye kwa mendulo onse ndipo kanali. Mu zaka zina zingapo, Catherine Wachiwiri anabwezeretsa regent wakale ufulu pa a iye pamene Duchy wa Courland.

Kubwera kwa mphamvu ndi zikamera wa amakonda oopsa

Choncho, wosakondedwayo ntchito osakhalitsa anachotsedwa yachifumu, ndipo boma gulu inalandidwa ndi mayi korona kalonga. Regent anali Anna Leopoldovna. Romanovs kuchititsa mtundu wa mfumu Yohane V mzere, mongoyembekezera anaonekera pamwamba pa boma la Russia. Pa chiyambi cha 1741 lotsatira mu moyo mtsikanayo anali chochitika mokondwera: mu Petersburg anabwera yemwenso Achisaxon nthumwi Carl Linar - linali akale osati kuti mtima ukhale pansi chikondi. Pomwepo anatengera Anna Leopoldovna, nthawi yomweyo anakhala ankakonda ake.

Monga wolamulira anali atakwatiwa, ndiye ubale wake ayenera kutsatira mfundo zina. Linar anakakhala nyumba pafupi ndi Chilimwe Garden, komwe pa nthawiyo ankakhala Chilimwe Palace, Anna. Kuonetsetsa chowiringula zokwanira kukhalapo kwake mu nyumba yachifumu, iye yoikidwiratu wokonda ake oberkamergerom. Posachedwapa chifundo apamwamba imafalira moti ndiwotani anali kupereka ziwiri pamwamba Russian madongosolo - Andreya Pervozvannogo ndi Aleksandra Nevskogo. Pakuti iye analandira nyota awo, khoti ongoganizira chabe.

Komabe, posakhalitsa Anna Leopoldovna analola wokonda iye adzalowerera pa zochitika lalikulu boma ndipo sanadye zochita iliyonse popanda kufunsa iye. Pamene connivance ake Linar anakhala wofunika polimbana ndi chipani bwalo, wofunitsitsa kuchita Russia mu nkhondo ya Kusinthana Austria. Masiku amenewo, mayiko a ku Ulaya anayesetsa, kulengeza wapathengo chifuniro cha ku Austria Mfumu Charles VI ya, alande chuma cha m'nyumba ya Habsburg mu Europe. khalidwe la Achisaxon nthumwi anachititsa kusakhutira akuluakulu okalamba, amene ankaopa zikamera wa nkhope latsopano Biron wake.

Kulekanitsidwa Linar

Kuti mwanjira yodzibisa utenga maganizo chomangira zolowa, Anna Leopoldovna (Mfumukazi, pambuyo pa zonse) kupita ku mochenjera, omwe Komabe, palibe munthu anakhoza kusokeretsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndi m'chilimwe cha 1741 Linara hoops ndi wake m'chipinda-mdzakazi wa ulemu ndi bwenzi lapamtima la Baroness Juliana Mengden. Koma, kukhala mkwatibwi, iye Koma sanathe mwalamulo kulowa utumiki Russian, monga nzika anakhalabe Saxony. Kuti mupeze chilolezo kofunika, November chaka chomwecho Linar anapita ku Dresden.

Asanachoke, iye ndi munthu wa masomphenya, Anna Leopoldovna anachenjeza za Pofuna zotheka kugwila mphamvu ya mbali ya mwana wamkazi Peter Ine ndi Elizabeth. Komabe, iye anali woti akubwera posachedwa ndi kutenga chirichonse pansi pa ulamuliro. Mu omaliza iwo sanadziwe kuti kunena tiwonana muyaya. Pamene atalandira chilolezo anakhumba ku boma la Saxony, Linar mu November chaka chomwecho, anabwerera St. Petersburg, ndiye mu Königsberg iye akhadikhira uthenga wa kumangidwa Anny Leopoldovny ndi inalowa mpando wachifumu wa Elizabeth. mantha koipa akwaniritsidwa ...

Mwana wamkazi wa Petro mutu wa asilikali olondera

Zokhumba d'etat zinachitika pa usiku wa November 25 (December 6) mu 1741. Pa nthawi waukulu mphamvu yandale analengedwa ndi Peter Wamkulu Alonda. Akhoza mtimayo ndi dethrone, iye kale ankaona mphamvu zake February 1725. Pamenepo bayonets wake anayamba kulamulira, mkazi wamasiye wa Peter I - Catherine I. Ndipo tsopano, ntchito chakuti Anna Leopoldovna, limene linandipatsa kusakhutira ambiri ndi ulamuliro, ndi lamphamvu la Alonda Elizabeth anakwanitsa kukopa kwa mbali ili ku St. Petersburg Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Usiku umenewu kwa Russian wolamulira 31 wazaka kukongola Elizaveta Petrovna, limodzi ndi grenadiers mazana atatu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anaonekera mu Zima Palace. Popanda kukumana kukana kulikonse, anafika kuchipinda kumene anapuma mwamtendere Anna Leopoldovna ndi mwamuna wake. Mantha regent analengeza za chiwonongeko chake ndi kumangidwa. Mboni za chochitika ichi Kenaka, anawuzidwanso kuti Elizabeth anatenga manja ali mu chipinda chomwecho ndi mtulo mwadzidzidzi wolowa phokoso wazaka mfumuyo, m'khutu mofewa: ". The mwana Kalanga" Iye ankadziwa limanena.

Njira ya Mtanda dzulo wolamulira

Choncho, Brunswick banja amugwira, kuphatikizapo Anna Leopoldovna. Mfumukazi Elizabeth sanali munthu wankhanza. Amadziwika kuti pachiyambi iye anali pamwamba kutumiza akaidi awo ku Ulaya ndi zochepa - kotero, osachepera, kunanenedwa mu Ndondomeko, chimene iye ananena yekha Mfumukazi. Letsani mfumukazi Anna Leopoldovna ndi banja wakhala mongoyembekezera anatumizidwa ku Riga Castle, komwe anakhala chaka pokonzekera ufulu analonjeza. Koma mwadzidzidzi latsopano Zima Palace Hostess mapulani anasintha. chakuti St. Petersburg anatulukira chiwembu, amene cholinga anali kulanda Elizabeth ndi kutulutsidwa kwa wolowa yovomerezeka Ivan Antonovich.

Kunapezeka kuti banja la Brunswick adzapitiriza mbendera achiwembuwo n'kotheka, potero mwina ngozi zina. Tsoka Anny Leopoldovny anali kuthetsedwa. Mu 1742, akaidiwo kunditumiza ku Dünamünde linga (pafupi Riga), ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri mu Renenburgskuyu linga, amene anali m'chigawo cha Ryazan. Koma ngakhale pano iwo sadakhalitse nthawi yaitali. Patapita miyezi ingapo anabwera lamulo apamwamba kuzitsogolera Arkhangelsk kwa m'ndende patsogolo mu obisika Solovetsky. Mu yophukira slush, mvula, Anna Leopoldovna ndi banja lake watsoka anatumizidwa ku kumpoto.

Koma m'chaka kuti frosts oyambirira ndi zitunda ayezi lilibe mwawi kuwolokera ku Solovki. akaidiwo kuyikidwa mu Kholmogory, mu nyumba ya bishopu, ndi vigilantly kulondera, kuchotsa mwawi kulankhulana ndi dzikoli. Apa iwo basi kosatha ndi mwana wake, ndi wolowa. Ivan Antonovich olekanitsidwa iwo ndipo anaikidwa mbali ina ya nyumbayi, ndipo kenako makolo sanali za iye nkhani iliyonse. Pakuti mobisa kwambiri zazing'ono wakale Mfumu analamulidwa kuitana dzina labodza Gregory.

Imfa ndi belated maulemu

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, wodzala ndi chisoni ndi zoŵaŵa, kuchichepetsa thanzi la atsikana. Anaumba regent ndi wolamulira Russia ndi mphamvu zonse, anafera m'ndende 8 (19) mu March 1746. Chifukwa boma la imfa analengeza malungo puerperal, kapena ngati iwo kuti mu masiku akale, "ognevitsa". Ngakhale pansi kumangidwa, koma osati razluchonnaya ndi mwamuna wake, Anna anabereka kanayi zambiri ana, mfundo za amene sanapulumuke.

Komabe, nkhani Anny Leopoldovny likupitirirabe. Thupi lake anali kuwatumiza ku likulu la dziko ndi chofunika kwambiri m'manda mu necropolis a Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Maliro unachitikira motsatira malamulo zotchulidwa malamulo a maliro a anthu a nyumba akulamulira. Kuyambira pamenepo, mndandanda boma la limati olamulira Russian kwenikweni otchulidwa ndi Anna Leopoldovna. Romanov nthawi nsanje kulambira chikumbukiro a m'banja lake, ngakhale iwo amene imfa nawonso mbali.

"Iron Chigoba" mbiri Russian

Makamaka momvetsa chisoni tsoka la Ivan - wolowa ufumu, amene anabereka Anna Leopoldovna. Bio izo zachitika mu njira yakuti limene lachititsa mbiri yakale kuzitcha izo Russian chimodzi "Iron chigoba". Mwamsanga pambuyo kulanda mphamvu ndi Elizabeth wachita zinthu zonse zitheka kuonetsetsa kuti dzina la wolowa wachifumu wa kutsitsidwa izo aiwala. Linalandidwa kuchokera kufalitsidwa ndalama ndi fano lake, kuwonongedwa zikalata kuti dzina lake ndi pansi ululu wa Chilango chaukali yoletsedwa kukumbukira kuti Iye.

Elizaveta Petrovna, anagwira mphamvu mwa zokhumba yachifumu, adawopa n'zotheka kukhala kapolo wa chiwembu lotsatira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1756, iye analamulidwa kupulumutsa khumi wazaka mkaidi Schlisselburg linga ndipo muli ngozi mu chipinda chayekha. Pali mnyamatayo akumanidwa ngakhale dzina lawo latsopano Gregory ndipo kuwuzidwa kupita kokha monga "mkaidi odziwika bwino." Kutiletsa kukhudzana ake ndi ozungulira. lamulo ili liri mosamalitsa anaona kuti mu zaka zonse m'ndende wandende sanawone umodzi nkhope ya munthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa nthawi anasonyeza zizindikiro za matenda okhudza ubongo.

Top kuyendera mkaidi msanga

Pamene m'malo Elizabeth anafika mfumukazi yatsopano, Catherine II, ndipo anagwira mphamvu ndi thandizo la Alonda, ali kuti ulamuliro wake wamkulu umayenda, iye ankaganiza kuti n'zotheka ukwati amene anali mu linga la wolowa woyenera kuti Ivan. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, anapita ku Shlisselburgsky ndende. Komabe, atakawona zimene digiri ya kuwonongeka thupi ndi maganizo wafika zaka za yandekha, Ivan, anazindikira kuti ukwati akakhala naye palibe funso. Mwa njira, Mfumukazi ananena kuti mkaidi kudziwa chiyambi wake wachifumu, kuti kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndipo akufuna kusiya moyo wake amonke.

ulamuliro Catherine Wachiwiri anali kutali m'mbali, ndipo pamene anali mu linga la Ivan ndi ambiri ayesetsa kulanda boma ndi cholinga kulera ku mpando wachifumu. Anatiyangata, Mfumukazi analamula kuti yomweyo kupha mkaidi, ngati pali owononga kuti amasulidwe. Ndipo mu 1764, zinthu izi zachitika. Chiwembu wina unachokera mu m'gulu la asilikali a linga Shlisselburg. Iwo ankapita ndi msilikali V. Ya Mirovich. Koma chitetezo cha casemates ndi kukwaniritsidwa ntchito yake: Ivan Antonovich anamva iwo ndi bayonets. Imfa linasokonekera moyo wake waufupi ndi yoopsya ya 5 (16) mu July 1764.

Choncho anathetsa moyo wa awa mbewu ya kulamulira Nyumba ya Romanov - adzakhale chomveka wachifumu John VI ndi mayi wake Anna Leopoldovna, kanthawi yonena amene anali ngati mutu wa kukambirana. Iyayi olamulira onse Russia amayembekezeka angafe. Ankhanza, Kupanda kusamala kulimbirana zina anazitsanulira mwa mavutowa ndi monga m'modzi ano adakumbukira. Mu ulamuliro wa Anna Leopoldovna analowa mbiri ya Russia monga gawo la nthawi, amatchedwa "M'badwo wa okondedwa."