Meister Eckhart: yonena, mabuku, maulaliki ndi mfundo zauzimu

Meister Eckhart (1260 - 1327) - German lachinsinsi, katswiri ndi nzeru zapamwamba amene ankaphunzitsa kwakukulu chipembedzo: kuona Mulungu mu zonse. Esoteric zinachitikira ndi nzeru yeniyeni wauzimu anamuika otchuka, komanso zinachititsa kuti atamunamizira chisokonezo ndi kusaka m'deralo. Ngakhale kuti zolemba zake zinaletsedwa monga achikunja, amakhalabe ndi gwero lofunika zinachitikira lachinsinsi mwa mwambo Mkhristu, nthumwi amene ali Silesius, Nikolay Kuzansky, Beme Yakob, Ekhart Meyster, Kierkegaard, Frantsisk Assizsky, ndi ena.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

Eckhart Von Hochheim anabadwa mu Tambahe pafupi Gotha ku Thuringia chapakati Germany lero. Papita ndi mbali yaikulu ya chigawo cha zipembedzo ku Ulaya. odziwika bwino mafanizo ena achipembedzo amene anabadwira, ndi Mechthild wa Magdeburg, Tomás Myuntser ndi Martin Lyuter.

Unakhalabe zambiri deta zodalirika moyo woyambirira wa Eckhart, koma zikuoneka kuti pa zaka 15, anachoka kwawo kulowa Order Republic kufupi Erfurt. Order anakhazikitsidwa mu kum'mwera kwa France mu 1215 St. Dominique kulalikira, mamembala ake ophunzitsidwa kukhala mphunzitsi ndipo wolankhulayo. Mu 1280 Eckhart anatumizidwa ku Cologne kulandira maphunziro apamwamba, kuphatikizapo zaka 5 kuphunzira nzeru ndi zamulungu zaka 3. Pakati pa makalasi ndi maola 3 tsiku kuwerenga moyo kumene kumakhala Amonke, pemphero, Orationes Secretae ndipo anali chete kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu Cologne Urquhart anakumana ndi lachinsinsi-ankaonetsetsa Albert Wamkulu, Doctor wa Science ndi mphunzitsi Fomy Akvinskogo - wotchuka zaumulungu wa mpingo. Ndi 1293 Eckhart potsiriza kudzozedwa ngati Wansembe.

Kuphunzira mu Paris

Mu 1294 iye anali azikaphunzira "mawu" Petra Lombardskogo ku Paris. University of Paris linali likulu la maphunziro akale, kumene anali kupeza mwayi kwa ntchito zonse zofunika ndipo zikuoneka kuwerenga ambiri a iwo. Mu Paris anakhala lecturer pa kunyumba Republic wa Saint-Jacques, ndipo kenako anaikidwa abbot wa agulupa mu Erfurt sakhala patali ndi kumene anabadwira. mbiri yake monga wazamulungu ndi Isanafike ayenera mwachita bwino, chifukwa anapatsidwa kutsogolera dera Saxony, imene panali 48 mchitidwe umenewu. Eckhart ankaona zabwino ndi kothandiza woyang'anira, koma chilakolako chachikulu chinali malangizo onse ndiponso kulalikira.

Mu May 1311 Eckhart anaitanidwa kuphunzitsa Paris. Guwalo linali chitsimikiziro wina wa mbiri. Alendo kawirikawiri amapatsidwa mwayi ndinaitanidwa kawiri kuphunzitsa Paris. positi anamupatsa udindo wa Meister (ku Latin Magister - "mbuye", "mphunzitsi"). Mu Paris, Eckhart zambiri tisayambe kutsutsana otentha ndi Franciscans achipembedzo.

Mbali yaikulu ya ntchito yake anali kuphunzitsa anthu a Order Republic, ndi anthu osaphunzira. Iye anapindula mbiri mphunzitsi wamphamvu yotithandiza maganizo a ophunzira ake. Meister Eckhart ulaliki nyimbo ndi zachinsinsi kudzazidwa mchitidwe omwe sanatchulidwe kapena saganizira ziphunzitso za makolo m'Baibulo ndi mpingo. Iye akanatha wosalira mfundo zovuta kufotokoza iwo mu chilankhulo chomveka kuti anthu wamba ngati. Izi kuchuluka kutchuka lake lenileni ndi ulaliki wake anali wotchuka kwambiri.

Mu 1322 Eckhart, wotchuka kwambiri mlaliki wa nthawi, anagwidwa Cologne, kumene analankhula wotchuka kwambiri.

umulungu wa munthu

nzeru Eckhart kwagogomezeredwa umulungu wa munthu. Iye watchulidwa kugwirizana wauzimu pakati pa moyo ndi Mulungu. Imodzi mwa mfundo zake wotchuka limati: "Diso ndi chomwe ine ndikuwona Mulungu ndi diso chomwecho chimene Mulungu Akundiona ine. Maso anga ndi maso a Mulungu -. diso limodzi ndi diso limodzi ndi kudziwa wina, ndi chikondi wina "

Izi amatikumbutsa mawu kuti Yesu ndi atate wake - wina. mawu Eckhart amaonetsanso mmene nzeru zake ndi zogwirizana ndi zongoganiza Eastern, kugogomeza ubwenzi wa Mulungu.

malingaliro capacious

Meister Eckhart anali wodzipereka lachinsinsi, chifukwa adaphunzitsa kufunika kuletsa maganizo akhale womvera pamaso pa Mulungu. "Pofuna kukhazikitsa bata maganizo zinthu zonse ndi zotheka. Kodi maganizo bata? Lezani mtima ndi malingaliro kanthu nkhawa chilichonse osati kudutsa, free ku nsinga chodzikonda zokhazokha merges ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu ndipo ali wakufa kwa iye yekha. "

detachment

Eckhart akhaapfundzisambo kufunika detachment. Ngati ziphunzitso zina esoteric, nzeru Meister ankaganiza kuti amafuna kupatukana maganizo zododometsa za chidziko, monga chilakolako, mwachitsanzo.

Wolimba detachment amatsogolera munthu m'chifanizo cha Mulungu. "Pofuna kudzazidwa ndi zimene zifunika kukhala opanda pake kwa Mulungu; kukhala opanda pake kwa zinthu zimene ayenera kudzazidwa ndi Mulungu. "

Ponseponse Mulungu

Meister Eckhart ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu alipo mu zamoyo zonse, ngakhale kuti kusiyana pakati pa Mtheradi Mulungu, kuti sangakwanitsedi mitundu yonse ndi kuwonekera kwa Mulungu m'dziko lapansi. "Tiyenera kupeza Mulungu yemweyo mu chirichonse ndipo zonse kupeza Mulungu yemweyo mu chirichonse."

Ngakhale Eckhart anali chachinsinsi, iyenso kuimba utumiki woganizira ena dziko kuthandiza kuthetsa odzikonda a munthu.

Atamunamizira zosokonezeka

Ndi kuwuka kwa kutchuka, ena udindo wapamwamba akuluakulu a mpingo anayamba kuona anaphunzitsa zinthu zosokonezeka. Makamaka, bishopu wamkulu wa Cologne, ankadera nkhawa kuti otchuka maulaliki Eckhart anthu wamba ndi osaphunzira ndi abodza, "omwe ungachititse kuti zolakwa za omvera ake."

Mu 1325, nthumwi ya Papa Nicholas Strasbourg, pa pempho la Papa Yohane XXII kufufuzidwa mlaliki ntchito ndipo analengeza wokhulupirika awo. Koma mu 1326 Meister Eckhart inali yololedwa mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi, ndipo mu 1327 bishopu wamkulu wa Cologne analamula ndondomeko inquisitorial. Mu February 1327 mlaliki woyamba anapereka mfundo mokhudza zikhulupiriro zawo. Iye anakana kuti iye anali kuchita chinachake cholakwika, ndi kutsimikizira poyera wosalakwa. Monga Meister Eckhart ankanena maulaliki wauzimu ndi mfundo ankafuna kulimbikitsa anthu wamba Chimonko amayesetsa kuchita zabwino ndi kukhala ndi kukonda Mulungu. Mwina ntchito chinenero wotsutsa chi Orthodox, koma zolinga zake zinali zabwino ndipo ankafuna kuphunzitsa anthu mfundo zofunika kwambiri zauzimu za ziphunzitso za Kristu.

"Ngati kuphunzitsa mbuli, iwo sadzakhala konse kuphunzira, ndipo palibe a iwo adzatha kudziwa luso la amoyo ndi akufa. Mbuli kuphunzitsa chiyembekezo cha kuwapatutsa kwa mbuli kuti anthu otsalira. "

"Chifukwa cha chikondi apamwamba moyo wa anthu onse ayenera adzaukitsidwa ndi osakhalitsa chodzikonda gwero la chikondi zonse, kuti Mulungu: munthu adzakhalanso wolamulira chilengedwe, pokhala Mulungu ndi kuukitsa kwa Mulungu."

Imfa mu zogona papa

Pambuyo anapezeka wolakwa pa Bishopu wamkulu wa Cologne, Meister Eckhart anapita ku Avignoni, pamene Papa Yohane XXII kukhazikitsa khoti kuti afufuze apilo mlaliki. Apa Eckhart anafa 1327 pamaso pa Papa anabwera chisankho chomaliza. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, mutu wa Mpingo wa Katolika otchedwa ena chisokonezo Meister, anapeza zinthu 17 zimene zimasemphana ndi Chikatolika, ndi wina 11 amene amaganiziridwa izi. Amaganiza kuti anali kufuna kulamulira pa ziphunzitso lachinsinsi. Komabe, zinanenedwa kuti Eckhart sazisintha maganizo ake ngakhale pang'ono kuphedwa, kotero iye ndi amene anakhalabe wopanda chilema. Osanyengelera ichi chinali kusangalatsa otsutsa wake ndi anthu.

chikoka Eckhart

Pambuyo pa imfa ya mlaliki wotchuka mbiri yake wakhala logwedezeka ndi kumudzudzula Papa ena a mabuku ake. Koma iye anali akadali otchuka mu Order Republic. Ekhart Meyster, amene mabuku sizinachitike mlandu mbali anapitiriza maganizo a otsatira awo kudzera m'mabuku awo. Ambiri mafani ake amakhala kayendedwe ka anzake a Mulungu, analipo m'madera m'madera a. Atsogoleri atsopano anali zochepa kwakukulu kuposa Eckhart, koma iwo anali kuphunzitsa.

Lachinsinsi Meister zikuwoneka ayenera kuti ntchito chilengedwe cha anonymous 14 m'ma ntchito "Theology wa Germanicus." Ntchito imeneyi kunathandiza kwambiri matchalitchi. "Theology wa Germanicus" unali wofunika kwambiri, chifukwa anatsutsa ntchito ya akuluakulu a tchalitchi ndi anatsindika kufunika kwa kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi Mulungu. malingaliro ankalankhulira ndi Martin Luther, pamene iye anatsutsa ulamuliro aboma wa Roma Katolika.

Chitsitsimutso cha chiphunzitso

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi makumi awiri, osiyanasiyana miyambo wauzimu wa kumene atchukitsa ziphunzitso komanso zotsatira, Meister Eckhart. Zilembedwe za ntchito zake ntchito ngakhale Papa Yohane Paulo II: «Kodi Eckhart anaphunzitsa ophunzira ake: zonse zimene Mulungu akufuna inu kwambiri - kutulukamo nokha ndi kulola Mulungu kukhala Mulungu mwa inu. Mungaganize kuti ndi kudzilekanitsa zolengedwa, lachinsinsi tchuthi anthu kumbuyo. The Eckhart yemweyo ananena kuti, pa mwake, lachinsinsi mozizwitsa kupezeka pa mlingo kokha kumene angathe kukwaniritsa moona icho, ndiye Mulungu. "

Akatolika ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso cha mlaliki German limafanana ndi mwambo yaitali ndipo ndi ofanana ndi nzeru za Fomy Akvinskogo - dokotala wa mpingo ndi anzake Republic. Eckhart ndi ntchito yofunika pa mwambo wa kunsonga kwa uzimu Mkhristu ndi zongoganiza.

Meister Eckhart anabwezedwa wotchuka angapo akatswiri German, amene anayamikira ntchito yake. Zikuphatikizapo Frants Pfayfer, amene tinalisindikizanso ntchito zake mu 1857, ndipo Schopenhauer, amene anamasulira "Upanishads" ndipo poyerekeza ziphunzitso za Meister ndi malemba a Indian ndi Chisilamu esoteric. Malinga ndi iye, Buddha, Eckhart, ndipo iye - onse kuphunzitsa chomwecho.

Beme Yakob, Ekhart Meyster, ndi zachinsinsi ena achikhristu ankaona aphunzitsi aakulu a gulu theosophical.

Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, ndi Dominicans anayesetsa kuti kuchotsa dzina la mlaliki German ndipo kwake latsopano kuunika ndi kufunika kwa ntchito yake. Mu 1992, General Mwini Order wapanga pempholi boma kuti Kadinala Ratzinger kuletsa ng'ombe papa, kuwasindikiza ndi Meister. Ngakhale izi sizinachitike, konzanso wake tinganene kuti chomveka. Iwo angatchedwe mmodzi wa ambuye chachikulu cha Western wauzimu.

Anasiya Eckhart

Ntchito kupulumuka kwa Eckhart a Latin Zalembedwa pamaso 1310 ndi:

• "Paris mafunso";
• "General Kuyamba kugwira ntchito magawo atatu";
• "Mau oyamba ntchito kufunsira za";
• "Mau oyamba ntchito ndemanga;
• "Comments pa Genesis";
• "Bukhulo ndi fanizo la Umunthu";
• "Ndemanga pa Bukhu la Eksodo";
• "Ndemanga pa Buku la Nzeru";
• "Chiphunzitso ndi nkhani pa mutu twente-chachinayi la Mlaliki";
• "Ndemanga pa Nyimbo";
• "Ndemanga pa St. John";
• "Paradaiso zomveka moyo";
• "Chitetezo" ndi ena.

Ntchito mu German:

• "86 ulaliki mzimu ndi kulingalira";
• "Kukambirana chitsogozo";
• "Buku la chitonthozo Mulungu" ndi ena.