Medieval Painting (mwachidule)

Middle Ages zambiri amatchedwa mdima ndi zakuda. Iwo analimbikitsa nkhondo zachipembedzo, machitidwe a kusaka, mankhwala osauka. Komabe, Zapakati wasiya zipilala ambiri chikhalidwe, ana abwino. Zomangamanga ndi chosema si chilili: pophatikiza mbali ya nthawi, iwo zinachititsa kuti masitayilo atsopano akavalidwe. Pamodzi ndi iwo, mobwerezabwereza anayenda ndi kupaka Zapakati. Za izo ndi kukambirana lero.

Mogwirizana pafupi

Popeza XI kuti XII atumwi luso onse European chogwidwa kalembedwe Romanesque. Kuweta akuti iye anafika pa zomangamanga. Kwa Mipingo ya nthawi khalidwe la atatu, osachepera asanu panyanja dongosolo tchalitchi, yopapatiza mazenera kuti musataye kuwala kwambiri. mamangidwe a nthawi ino limatchedwa zomvetsa chisoni. Romanesque kalembedwe mu kupenta nyumba ya Ages Middle komanso zimaonetsa ena mwamphamvu. Pafupi kwathunthu chikhalidwe luso zoyenera nkhani zachipembedzo. Ndipo zochita Mulungu yosonyezedwa m'njira m'malo oopsa amene akukumana mzimu wa nthawi. Ambuye sanafune kuti auze mwatsatanetsatane zinthu zina. Cholinga cha chidwi chawo chinali ndi tanthauzo wopatulika, kotero akale kupenta, kuima mwachidule mfundo, woyamba wa zonse zapita mtengo wophiphiritsira ichi kupotoza kufanana ndi magawanidwe.

kumvera pa kulankhula

The amisiri a nthawi imeneyo sanali kudziwa zam'tsogolo. Mu zojambula zawo zilembo ali pa mzere womwewo. Komabe, ngakhale papita amamva n'zosavuta kumvetsa mmene chithunzi m'chifanizo chachikulu. Pofuna kukhazikitsa ufumu bwino ambuye otchulidwa anachita ena kutali choposa kukula kwa ena. Motero, fanizo la Khristu wakhala towered pa Angelo, ndi iwo, nawonso, akupondereza anthu wamba.

phwando ili linali downside: sanapereke zinthu zenizeni ufulu mu chifanizo ndi mfundo maziko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kupenta nyumba ya Ages Middle kuti nthawi tcheru yekha kuti mfundo zazikulu, osati likukuvutitsani kuti imprinting sekondale. The chithunzi ngati chiwembu zimasonyeza chofunikira, koma mokoma.

ziwembu

Chithunzi European Ages Middle kalembedwe Romanesque linadzaza ndi zithunzi za zochitika wosangalatsa ndi zilembo. Zokonda zambiri anali kupatsidwa nkhani zakuda kuwauza za adziwitse lakumwamba zochita lalikulu kapena akuluakulu a mdani wa mtundu wa anthu. Panali zithunzi ambiri a Chivumbulutso.

siteji chosakhalitsa

Zojambulidwa bwino za nthawi Romanesque n'kukhala chithunzi cha oyambirira Ages Middle, pamene kuthamanga a zochitika m'mbiri pafupifupi mbisoweka ndi ambiri a mitundu zake predominated ophiphiritsa. Frescoes ndi ankapenta zaka XI-XII., Pofotokoza ulamuliro wa uzimu pa chuma, kunathandiza kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa magulu luso. Zojambula za nthawi imene inali siteji zofunika kusintha kwa nyengo yamdima ya ophiphiritsa luso kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma ndi nkhondo wakunja zonse mlingo watsopano Mkhalidwe, yomwe inayambira m'nyengo Gothic.

kusintha yabwino

Gothic luso Zapakati alitcha zambiri za chiyambi chake kwa kusinthika kwa moyo wachipembedzo. Kotero, pachiyambi cha m'ma XIII pafupifupi maguwa onse wodzilemekeza ndi altarpiece ndi, wopangidwa mwa zojambula awiri kapena atatu ndipo chosonyeza zithunzi Malemba Oyera. Kupanga ntchito imeneyi mogwirizana ndi katswiri mozama kumvetsetsa za udindo wawo kwa Mulungu ndi mpingo komanso nthawi yomweyo amapereka danga ntchito luso lawo.

Kukula Franciscans komanso njira zina chinathandiza chitukuko cha kupenta. Hayala musapembedze Satana otsatira moyo wodzichepetsa, choncho kukongoletsa amonke sichinkagwirizana ndi zithunzi. Iye anali m'malo ndi chithunzi khoma.

Ideologist wa Order, Frantsisk Assizsky, wabweretsa kusintha osati mu chipembedzo, komanso kumvetsetsa dziko la mwamuna akale. Itsogolela posonyeza chikondi kwa moyo mu mtundu uliwonse, aluso anayamba kulabadira mfundo. Pa nsalu zokha ayi amakhalabe zili achipembedzo anayamba kuoneka tsatanetsatane wa zinthu, wotengedwa komanso zilembo zazikulu.

Chitaliyana Gothic

Painting wa Ages Middle pa dera la wolowa ufumu wa Roma anapeza oyambirira zokwanira, zinthu zambiri mtsogolo. Apa tinkakhala ndi ntchito Cimabue ndi Duccio, awiri a anayambitsa Kuzindikira zimaonetsa kuti mpaka XX atumwi, anakhalabe chamene mu luso zooneka Europe. Altarpiece mu ntchito zawo zambiri zinasonyeza Madonna ndi Mwana.

Giotto di Bondone, amene ankakhala penapake kenako, anakhala zojambula wotchuka zosonyeza anthu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Otchulidwa mu zojambula wake ngati kukhala moyo. Giotto m'njira zambiri patsogolo pa nyengo ya, ndipo patapita kanthawi wakhala anazindikira monga wojambula chachikulu kwambiri.

murals

Medieval kupenta akadali nthawi Romanesque wakhala amatilimbikitsa njira yatsopano. Master zitsulo utoto ntchito pa pulasitala akadali yonyowa. Njira imeneyi wakhala kugwirizana ndi mavuto ena: chithunzicho ankayenera kugwira ntchito mofulumira, kulemba chidutswa ndi chidutswa malo kumene ❖ kuyanika akadali linakhathamira. Koma njira yotero ukubala zipatso: utoto, odzipereka mu pulasitala, osati amapatsa chiyembekezo ndipo akhoza sizisintha kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri.

kaonedwe

Medieval European luso pang'onopang'ono anatenga mozama. yofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko imeneyi nyimbo ndi chilakolako kupereka choonadi cha filimu, ndi mabuku onse. Pang'onopang'ono, zaka honing luso lake, aluso anali ophunzitsidwa kuwonetsera m'tsogolo, kupereka matupi ndi nzika za kufanana kwa wapachiyambi.

Zinthu zimene kuoneka bwino bwino ntchito zokhudzana ndi mayiko kapena mayiko kalembedwe Gothic, mwakuchita mapeto a m'zaka XIV. Painting wa Ages Middle kuti nthawi ndi zinthu zapadera: chidwi tsatanetsatane, ndi kudziŵa zina ndi kuukonza ku HIV image, akufuna kumanga tsogolo.

ankapenta

mbali khalidwe la kupenta nthawi imeneyi ndi bwino kwambiri chimaonetsa mafanizo yaing'ono mabuku zokongoletsa. Mwa olamulira a ankapenta wapadera kutchula woyenera Limbourg abale, amene anakhalako m'zaka za m'ma XV. Iwo anagwira ntchito mu zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Duke Jean de Berry, ndi mng'ono adza kwa mfumu ya France, Charles V. Imodzi mwa ntchito wotchuka aluso anali "Tres Chuma Heures du Duc de A Berry". Wawononga ulemerero monga abale, ndipo ogula awo. Koma ndi 1416, pamene njanji atayika Limburg, anamusiya yosatha, koma ankapenta khumi mbuye anali kulemba ndi kufotokoza talente awo, ndipo mbali zonse za polemba chinenero chimenechi.

Mkhalidwe kusinthika

Kenako, mu 30s wa atumwi XV, pachithunzipa linatukuka ndi kalembedwe watsopano kenako kunapezeka kusokoneza kwambiri luso onse. Mu Flanders, izo kupangidwa utoto mafuta. Masamba mafuta, admixed ndi dyestuffs, anapereka katundu watsopano chiphunzitso cha. The mitundu ndi zambiri kwambiri ndi omveka. Komanso, sayenera kufulumira limodzi zolemba za zithunzi ntchito tempera: kupanga maziko ake yolk youma kwambiri mofulumira. Tsopano zojambulajambula anali kugwira ntchito likunena, ndi kusamala chifukwa zinthu zonse. Zigawo a sitiroko chinaperekedwa pamwamba pa wina ndi mzake, anapeza mwayi ndigwira osadziwika masewera mtundu. Mafuta utoto, kotero kutsegula mfiti latsopano, osadziwika dziko.

wojambula wotchuka

Woyambitsa wa atengera latsopano ndi chithunzi mu Flanders imatengedwa Robert Campin. Komabe, zimene anachita udawaphimba mmodzi wa ophunzira a masiku ano amadziwika pafupifupi aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi luso zithunzi. Zinali Jan van Eyck. Nthawi zina akutchedwa Kutulukira utoto mafuta kwa iye. Ambiri mwina, ndi Jan van Eyck angwiro luso kale ndi bwino anayamba kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Kudzera zojambula wake mafuta utoto unakhala wotchuka mu XV atumwi kufalitsa kupitirira Flanders - mu Germany, France ndi ndiye kuti Italy.

Jan van Eyck anali portraitist kwambiri. Kujambula pa nsalu zokha ayi wake kuti akonze sewero kuwala ndi mthunzi, chosowacho ambiri amene analipo m'mbuyomo wake kwa kulanda zenizeni. Mwa mabuku wotchuka wa ziboliboli "Madonna ya Chancellor Rolin", "The Arnolfini Chithunzicho". Ngati muyang'ana pafupi otsiriza, zimaonekeratu mmene luso anali Jan van Eyck. Kodi ena mankhwala mosamala yekha makutu a zovala! Koma ntchito yaikulu ya mbuye - "Ghent Altarpiece", wopangidwa mwa zojambula 24 ndi woimira zidutswa oposa mazana awiri.

Jan van Eyck moyenerera amatchedwa nthumwi ambiri oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kuposa mochedwa Ages Middle. Flemish sukulu wonse wakhala ngati gawo wapakatikati, nkhani yopitiriza amene anali ndi luso la Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Painting wa Ages Middle, mwachidule aunika m'nkhani, ndi chachikulu ndi nthawi, ndi zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe chodabwitsa. Litatuluka ku kuitana, koma zokumbukira kufikako za ukulu wa masiku amakedzana kwa kutulukira zinthu zatsopano za Kubadwa Kwatsopano, iye anapereka dziko kwambiri ntchito, pamlingo waukulu sanali kunena za mapangidwe pachithunzipa, koma za apeze mtima wa munthu ndi kuzindikira kwake malo ake mu chilengedwe ndi ubale ndi chikhalidwe. Kuzama kumvetsa pophatikizana wa maganizo ndi thupi, mmene za Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kufunika kwa mfundo Mchitidwe ndi kubwerera ku malamulo zazikulu za Agiriki ndi Aroma zojambulidwa bwino sakanati wathunthu popanda kugwiritsa nyengo yapitayi izo. Izo zinayambira mu Ages Middle udindo wa lingaliro la lonse wa munthu m'chilengedwe chonse, wosiyana kwambiri ndi fano mwachizolowezi tizilombo, amene tsoka kotheratu mu ukapolo wa mulungu wankhanza.