Mbiri banki a. Bank: mmene analengedwa?

Banks anthu ubwino wosatsutsika. Iwo kudziunjikira ndalama, kuchititsa wotuluka osiyana malipiro, ngongole ndi kutumikira osiyana- siyana sheya. Tibwereze izi, mbiri ya zikamera a mabanki tidzakambirana.

Origin a mabanki

Woyamba nsombazo ngongole unayamba kuonekera ngakhale kalelo. Iwo anawapatsa anthu awo mu zamtengo ngongole ndi udindo kubwerera iwo patapita nthawi yina ndi chidwi. Pambuyo pake anayamba kupanga mabungwe ndalama kuti achite ntchito osiyana ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Izo zinachokera kuti mbiri banki a.

Bank ( «banko») anawamasulira ku njira Chitaliyana "ndalama desiki". The thupi loyamba kwambiri m'njira zamakono anayamba Genoa Bank (1407). Mu England, woyamba bungwe ndalama analengedwa mu 1664, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuchitidwa malonda ndi mfundo zachuma. Mu US, chochitika izi zinachitika mu 1781 (mkubwela kwa Bank of Philadelphia).

Zikamera a mabanki ku Russia

Mbiri ya zikamera a mabanki m'dziko lathu inayambira ku 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin anapanga pofuna kukhazikitsa bungwe mu funso, koma khama lake sanali ovomerezeka ndi boma. Ganizo anali anazindikira 1733, pamene boma Anny Ioanovny, omwe analola kuti apereke ngongole. Mu 1754, pamene Elizabeth mu St. Petersburg ogwa ndi Malonda Bank. Mapulogalamu ankatengedwa zokometsera kapena kukhala ndi serfs, komanso chitsimikizo cha anthu olemera. Mu 1757, kufalitsa ngongole koyamba Russia. Mu 1769, pamene boma la Catherine II kuyamba banknotes. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mbiri za akuluakulu Russian chuma anali wodzilemekeza ndi zatsopano.

Information za mapangidwe a mabanki malonda

mbiri ikuyamba ndi mabanki malonda akutali zapitazi. Bungwe loyamba unakhazikitsidwa mu 1817. Mulungu anafuna kuti amalonda ndi ikuchitika wotuluka tsintho, malipiro. Anadzatchedwa luso apereke yochepa ngongole kwa gawo yopanga, ndi amalonda akanakhoza kutenga ngongole kwa ntchito likulu ndalama, zinthu zokolola, malipilo. Pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera mawu ngongole.

Mu Russia, woyamba banki malonda anaonekera St. Petersburg (1864). likulu lake ovomerezeka ndi 5 miliyoni. Rubles. Mwalamulo kulembetsa mabanki inayamba mu August 1888. Iwo zimakhudza mmene chuma chikuyendera mu boma, koma nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito chikhulupiriro otsika kwambiri ndipo anthu ambiri sanayese n'komwe yopeza ndalama zawo. Patapita nthawi, zinthu zinasintha, ndi makasitomala akhala zambiri ntchito ku mabanki malonda, kotero iwo zatchuka kwambiri. Ngakhale mu dziko lathu kudzera chaka panali 43. Mu m'tsogolo, nambala iyi chawonjezeka.

Pambuyo pake, malamulo awiri anatengedwa, zomwe auze za zinthu kutsegula kwa gombe ndi njira kulamulira. Anatengedwera ku chilango cha kuchita mwa ziwiri gawo dongosolo banki, lotsogoledwa ndi Bank ku Central nayamba kuyankhula. History zina lowonjezera ndi chitukuko latsopano: Mabungwe malonda analandira udindo wodziimira kukopa madipoziti. Iwo mwalamulo amaloledwa kuchita malamulo ngongole, komanso kuti mitengo awo chidwi. Akuyembekeza gulu nazo yoyenera kuchita wotuluka kuwombola achilendo pa zopelekedwa maziko. Ngakhale kuti mbiri ya mabanki malonda wolemera kusintha, kapangidwe ka matupi ndalama sichitha.

Mapangidwe a dongosolo kubanki. 1 ndi magawo 2

Russia lagged utsalira mayiko a azungu, kotero chitukuko cha mabanki zinachitika mu magawo angapo. Woyamba umayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Bank Loan (XVIII m'ma) zimatha mpaka 1860 monga chuma chitukuko cha kufutukuka chofunika maofesi ngongole kale mu 1754 mabanki kwa otchuka ndi amalonda inakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, zambiri za ngongole sanali anabwerera, mabungwe awa anasiya ntchito zawo.

Mu gawo lachiwiri (1860-1917g.) Unakhazikitsidwa ku Bank State wa Russia, nthawi yomweyo amene anatsegula ambiri ngongole anthu. Mu 1872, mu dongosolo banki inkakhala pasukulupo m'matauni ndi mabungwe payekha. Mu 1880, panali nthambi 49, 83 magulu ngongole, 729 ndalama ndi mayanjano ngongole, malonda mabanki 32. Panali maofesi, ndi kuwombola masitolo, nyumba malonda.

Kukula kwa dongosolo kubanki. 3-5 siteji

The First World nkhondo chinalepheretsa kukula yogwira ntchito banki, koma pakutha pa maudani, iye anachira pang'onopang'ono. Mbali yachitatu anabwera mu 1917 ndipo zinatha mpaka 1930. Pambuyo ziŵalo kapangidwe ndi banki ya Bank State wa RSFSR (1921). Unakhazikitsidwa, makampani olowa katundu, gawo ndi matupi ndalama dera. Iwo anapanga kwambiri yosungirako ndalama zatsopano.

Mu gawo lachinayi (1932-1987g.) Panali m'dzikolo banki yochepa ngongole kwa dongosolo likulu ndalama. Nthawi imeneyi, ndalama ndalama anakonzeka biliyoni 968. Opaka. ndi kupanga loyamba mabungwe kubweza ndalama, kupereka ngongole wotetezedwa mwa malo.

sitepe wachisanu ndi kuchokera 1988 mpaka nthawi ino. Mu nthawi iyi panali kusintha pang'onopang'ono a dongosolo kubanki. Iwo wakhala patsogolo kwambiri, kuyambira chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha nthambi mu dziko ndi kunja. Chapakati mfundo banki anali umalimbana mtendere wa dongosolo kubanki.

Kodi ali Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

Mbiri ya "Alfa-Bank" akuyamba ndi 1990. Kwa zaka zinayi, zomangamanga utakhazikitsidwa, makasitomala woyamba ndi zibwenzi. Mu August 1995, mavuto mu interbank msika. Zikomo kukonza ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi njira woyenera wa kasamaliridwe kakatundu, kulimbikitsa bata ndalama, nyengo imeneyi analibe bwanji "Alfa-Bank" imene bwinobwino akupitiriza kuti apeze kukudalirani ndi zibwenzi Russian ndi achilendo.

"Alfa-Bank": deta mbiri kuyambira mu 1997

Mu 1997-1998, kosamalira ndalama funso yapangitsa apamwamba mu zonse zazikulu mabungwe mayiko mlingo woyamba mwa mpikisano chikalata Eurobonds. Nthawi imeneyi, panali kucheza ndi bizinesi, "Alfa Capital" (ndalama olimba). Zikuoneka ngati kubwereketsa bungwe LLC "Alfa-Bank". Mu 1999, noticeable kukula kwa ntchito ndi kusintha kwa maukonde dera. Patapita zaka ziwiri, "Alfa-Bank" akupitiriza kusiyanitsa, ndi msika zoweta panali chizindikiro "Alfa Insurance".

Kodi "Alfa-Bank" pambuyo 2002?

Mu 2003-2007, nkhani ya "Alfa-Bank" ndi wodzilemekeza ndi zinthu zatsopano: kukula kwa nthambi, issuance wa Eurobonds subordinated, kulengedwa kwa Baibulo latsopano "Alfa-Ndalama Zakunja" tsamba. Nthambi yoyamba chatsopano mtundu ritelo lidatseguka Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Makhachkala. Pa nthawi anapanga utumiki Internet banki "Alpha-Dinani" kukhazikitsidwa "Alfa TV" ndipo anayambitsa dongosolo conferencing kanema. Kusintha udindo mu ngongole mlingo ndi mphoto analandira.

Mu 2008-2012, panali zinthu zatsopano: amasulidwe makadi MasterCard malipiro ndi Umembossed, kutuluka pulogalamu chandamale cha ndalama kampani ya makontena yogulitsa magalimoto, kupanga kuwasindikiza ngongole, ndi maofesi atsopano ndi lotseguka. Panali ntchito banki pa mafoni ndi Android, umisiri watsopano ndi bwino akhala anayambitsa. Ndinatumikira ndi zambiri mphatso ndi mphoto.

Mwachidule deta mbiri ya Bank of Moscow

Bank ya Moscow, amene mbiri kunayamba m'chaka cha 1994, poyamba anali mayina monga malonda. Kenako, gululi lakhala analandira mphoto zambiri, nayamba kunyamula dzina "Bank of Moscow" mu 2004.

Mu April 2010, mkulu wa Yuriya Luzhkova gombe kuchokera mu bajeti mzinda wakhala allocated 7.5 bln. Rubles kwa nkhani ya magawo 47% ya amene anagulitsidwa kwa VTB. Bank CIMODZI CIMODZI Finance analandira 2010 linapereka "Financial Olympus" ndipo anapambana "ndi gulu ndalama msika" mpikisano wachitatu pachaka. Ndi momwe nkhaniyo kusanduka Bank.

Bank ya Moscow tsopano akuimira mu madera pafupifupi ambiri a Russia. Ngati 04.01.2014 mu zigawo zikugwira ntchito wagawo 172, ndipo mu Moscow ndi dera 136 maofesi ili. Bungwe amalumikizana kunja kwa dzikoli: ku Ukraine pali la "BM Bank", mu Estonia, "boma la Estonia Mawu Bank."

Data pa Bank ku Central pa Chaka 1990-2003

History of magombe ali mudziwe Bank wa Central. Iye anapanga 13/07/1990 ndi poyamba ankatchedwa Bank State wa RSFSR. Patapita miyezi ingapo anabwera dongosolo kwa kukhazikitsa bungwe lalamulo la bungwe ndalama.

M'chaka 1991-1992, anapanga misewu kwambiri mabungwe malonda, zasintha mu dongosolo nkhani, anapanga RCC (malo ndalama kuthetsa), anayambitsa computerization. Nthawi pansi obwereza chinali chiyambi cha kugula ndi kugulitsa ndalama zakunja ndi zolemba unsembe ndi ruble lapansi.

Bank History (Bank of Russia) ali deta izi: m'chaka 1992-1995, anakhazikitsa dongosolo la kuyang'aniridwa ndi anayendera mabungwe malonda kuti ziziyenda dongosolo kubanki. Ndi isanayambike wa mavuto azachuma (1998), ndi Bank of Russia restructured pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya matupi malonda ndi ndalama kuonjezera liquidity awo.

Mu 2003, ankaona gulu anayamba ntchito kusintha banki kuyang'aniridwa ndi malipoti prudential. Kutsutsa overpricing yokumba kapena underpricing miyezo kuvomerezedwa mu chaka chamawa Analeredwa angapo malamulo.

Bank chapakati: chitukuko 2005 ndi 2011

Mu 2005, Bank ku Central, amene mbiri chidwi ambiri, wayika lokha zolinga izi: kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha zofuna za ndalama, kuwonjezera mpikisano, kuletsa ntchito mokondera malonda, kulimbitsa chidaliro cha angongole, depositors ndi ndalama. Patapita zaka zitatu za mavuto, kubweza kukongoza ndi kuchepetsa liquidity m'misika ya mayiko zasintha mfundo ndalama. bungwe Financial ali anaikira asilikali ake kuteteza bankirapuse Unyinji wa mabungwe.

Mbiri ya Bank of Russia imatiuza kuti mobwerezabwereza kudula mitengo chidwi mu 2009, kuphatikizapo refinancing (kwa 13% kwa 8,75%). Anapanga njira patsogolo interbank msika pa mavuto azachuma. The Bank of Russia wapereka ngongole kwa matupi ena ndalama mosatekeseka, koma patatha chaka kusankha linasinthidwa. Amachotsera chidwi (kwa 8,75% kuti 7,75%). Kuyambira m'ma 2010 panauka, kufufuma ndi chidwi mitengo chinawonjezeka ndi 0,25%. Komanso, mfundo ndalama anayamba okhwima. Ndi momwe nkhaniyo kusanduka Bank. The Bank of Russia pa nthawi ino akupitiriza kusintha njira ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa machitidwe nzeru kuti kuonetsetsa bata.

Mbiri ya mabanki chitukuko: ngongole mlingo

Makasitomala ukupita kukalitenga ngongole kubanki, ayenera kuphunzira kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza izo. Osati zofunika mayankho ochokera borrowers yapita, komanso mlingo ngongole: apamwamba ilo liriri, chodalirika bungwe ndalama. Zonsezi zikhoza kupezeka pa zinthu zogwirizana ukonde, koma gawo la deta monga May ndi June 2014 amaperekedwa mu review pano.

Kodi pali magombe kuti apereke ngongole kwa makasitomala ndi osauka ngongole mbiri?

Munthu angatanthauze mabungwe banki sing'anga-kakulidwe kuti musati amafuna kudziwa pa yapita malipiro khola. Kawirikawiri ndi gulu wamng'ono, amene cholinga ndi kukopa makasitomala mwa njira iliyonse. Iwo akhoza kupereka ndalama, ngakhale kwa anthu ndi mchitidwe ngongole mbiri, koma iwo amachita izo kwa mkulu protsenty.Sovremennuyu moyo N'zovuta kulingalira popanda ngongole ya. Nthawi zina, kasitomala sangathe kulipira pa nthawi kuchuluka chofunika (kusintha ntchito, kuchepetsa, kuchepetsa malipiro, ndi zina zotero. D.), Ndipo ngakhale ngongole ina mudzabwezedwa pa kafukufuku malipiro analowa Nawonso achichepere wapadera, kuwadziwitsa za kusadalirika kwa nzika ya. Ngati Iye ayenera kutenga ngongole, chirichonse chimene icho chingakhale kuzithetsa mabanki ndi zoipa ngongole mbiri zovuta amatenga ngongole kachiwiri. Komabe, vuto ili.

Banki luso si chilili ndi mowirikiza ikusintha. Choncho bwino utumiki quality, wosafuna wotuluka azachuma, kuwongolera kudalirika kwa dongosolo. Choncho, patatha zaka 5, dongosolo banki zikuoneka kuti kuuka kwa mlingo watsopano.