Mapangidwe sinkholes. ndi karst kuviika Kodi

dziko lathu liri ngati thumba yaikulu mphatso: kuchuluka kapena kukumba, inu nthawi zonse kupeza zinthu zatsopano. Dziko lapansi ndi zonse akupereka ofufuza zodabwitsa, ndipo izi zimachitika ndi nthawi yayitali. chitsanzo changwiro - chodabwitsa sinkholes, amene nthawi zonse opangidwa padziko lonse.

Tchizi ndi mabowo, kapena precariousness aliko ...

The kuli chachikulu mobisa cavities munthu kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Sizachilendo kalelo anagwirizana yekha ndi machenjerero a mphamvu zoipa, anthu munjira ina iliyonse ndi malo amenewo kumene maphunziro awo nthawi zonse. Mabowo ku sinkholes ankatengedwa Mungapeze kumidima.

Zaka zapita, anthu anayigwira sayansi zosiyanasiyana. Pang'onopang'ono, Akatswiriwa anapeza chinsinsi cha formations zachilengedwe. Apitirizebe Mobisa cavities anapanga m'madera m'manja mwa kuya kwa miyala lapansi kwambiri atengeke kukokoloka madzi. Pamene madzi seeps kupyolera wosanjikiza dothi, pang'onopang'ono imawononga anajambulapo chomwecho, potero kupanga M'mimbamo mobisa. Nthawi zambiri, mu kuya kwa dziko anapanga ngakhale otchuka nyanja karst, limene kwa zaka akhalabe chisawawa kwa anthu.

Mukudziwira mmodzi wa dziko wotchuka phanga mobisa ndi stalactites ndi stalagmites: zachilendo mmene zingamvekere, koma onse chomwecho Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira chisokonezo. M'madera ena nthaka wosanjikiza thanthwe pansi nthaka chiwerengero cha mabowo akhoza bwinobwino mpikisano ngakhale ndi tchizi Swiss. Popeza kuti madera awa zonse zikuchitika kugwa kwa wosanjikiza dothi, ndiye anapanga malo m'malo achilendo a m'derali, wotchedwa "karst zimachititsa chilumbachi."

Kuyambira kale, anthu ankapatsidwa malo amenewo ndi kulemekeza kwambiri, chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira pokhala pao pawo wa milungu ndi mizimu. Mfundo amvetse kuti pamene inu muyang'ana pa ena mitundu ya chithandizo mwamsanga m'maganizo mitunda Mapulaneti akutali ...

karst Kodi ku mfundo za sayansi view

Mwa njira, inu mukudziwa pamene akuti "Karst" onse atapita? Ndipo atapita ndiye matanthauziro a m'deralo kumpoto kwa Italy, Kukongola (Karst). Similar zochitika zachilengedwe anaona zinthu zambiri Slovenia ndi Croatia.

Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi view, akonzedwa njira Geological ndi zochitika. Chonde kudziwa kuti zosayembekezereka wa sinkholes n'chotheka mu malo kugona mitundu ya miyala (chomwe Takambirana kale pamwambapa) ziwalo.

Zofunika! Akatswiriwa Professional zimasokoneza pseudokarst. Mawu amenewa amanena mapangidwe voids mu nthaka ndi miyala zakuya pansi pake. Mosiyana "zoona" Karst kuti zinapangidwa ndi zina, m'malo yanyumba zinangokhalako zokha. Mwachitsanzo, pansi tanthauzo unangokwaniritsidwa kugwa mapanga zimene zimachitika pambuyo kutha kwa kugumuka kapena ndime chiphalaphala otaya. Musaiwale komanso kuonetsa voids amene amachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu (kupanga mafuta ndi mafuta).

Pa zochitika zimenezi ife tsopano ndikuwuzani. Munthu wotchuka ndi "Latin American" sinkhole. Guatemala - mzinda komwe iye anaonekera.

Latin America

M'bwalo lidali tsiku lotsiriza la May 2010. Central America pa "nthunzi zonse patsogolo" chinapululutsa mkuntho "Agatha", imodzi kuwononga zonse mu njira yake. M'mawa zonse zinali zii, ndi ku likulu la Guatemala zofunikira ayamba kugwira nawo ntchito yobwezeretsa. Mwadzidzidzi wotanganidwa mphambano anapanga nyuzi ija, m'mimba mwake umene unali wolingana ndi mamita 18, ndipo kuya anafika mamita 60. Yaikulu karst kugwa yomweyo anagwa nsanjika zitatu nyumba yomanga ndi umodzi-storey outbuilding.

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, koma Guatemala mwambo umenewu sanali kanthu kwa gulu la zosaneneka: m'zaka zitatu zokha kale, chabe makilomita ochepa kuchokera mumzinda anapanga wolephera, kuya amene anali zana meters. Mwatsoka, nthawi zonsezi panalibe ovulala.

Kodi anali

Pomwepo zitachitika zonse ankaganiza kuti izo zinachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe sinkholes. Koma Akatswiriwa mofulumira momveka bwino kuti mzinda waima pa wandiweyani chiphala pumice omwe sangathe anangotengeka. Zinachitika bwanji kuti wosanjikiza wandiweyani mapangidwe miyala anapanga M'mimbamo zikuluzikulu?

Oddly, koma zonse mlandu ... kunyalanyaza ntchito limodzi. Chifukwa kulephera zonse ndi mapaipi anatulukira kuchimbudzi kuti anaikidwa monga kale wakale, pansi mzinda anapanga weniweni mobisa maukonde smelly zimbudzi mitsinje. Awo "madzi" linasokoneza ndi kusungunuka pumice, amene anayamba leach pa mlingo chidwi. Chifukwa, kakakulu nthaka pang'onopang'ono anapanga M'mimbamo yaikulu.

Mvula si nthawi zonse zothandiza ...

Mu May 2010 ndi mmene zinthu zilili ali anakula chifukwa cha kuchuluka chachikulu wa Madzi a mvula anabweretsa ndi "Agatha". Kenako ofufuza anapeza kuti m'madera ena anapanga "karstic" nyanja, amene ali wodzazidwa ndi osakaniza a Madzi a mvula ndi zimbudzi. Nkosafuna kunena, momwe zoipa ndi "nyanja" zimakhudza zinthu AIDS mu mzinda.

Choncho, ife tafotokozeramu nkhani - palibe sinkholes. Guatemala amatanthauza m'madera amenewa ochepa padziko lapansi, kumene maphunziro awo sakuikidwamo. Nthawi zambiri, kulephera pansi nthawi zambiri inati padziko lonse. Nthawi zambiri, miyeso awo ndi chidwi: a nyuzi awiri angafikire makumi angapo mamita, osanenapo kuya kwa angapo mamita zana.

Chifukwa pafupipafupi amene kumawonjezera mapangidwe awo

Ngakhale maphunziro m'madera ambiri a zochitika zachilengedwe, ndi lero kupitiriza kukhulupirira chinachake chauzimu. Ndipo anthu angamvetse: zikuwoneka zosaneneka kuti olimba ndi zisathe olimba pansi pa mapazi anu angapo masekondi kungayambitse kulephera chachikulu, chimene kutha ngakhale kunyumba apansi ochepa. Zinthu zanyanyira ndi chaka kudutsa, koma chifukwa nkhawa ikukula.

Akatswiri amanena kuti mlandu pafupifupi chachiwiri karstic kulephera limakhala ndi munthuyo. chakuti anthu amatopa ndi padziko lapansi ndi nyumba chimphona, komanso ndi kungasokoneze kwambiri pa bwino pansi. Chifukwa cha zochita za anthu msinkhu wawo nthawi zonse kucheperachepera, motero chiopsezo kulephera ukuwonjezeka kwambiri.

zochita za anthu

Chitsanzo chabwino chakuti ngakhale yaikulu karst maganizo choncho chifukwa anthu West Florida, USA. Inu mukadali akupita kuseka, koma mu 2010 chomwecho, kulephera ya kukula chidwi anaonekera pa akhala akutayirapo dothi m'deralo. Akatswiriwa Local pafupifupi anatembenuka imvi, kuyambira mogwirizana ndi maganizo Katswiri (pachibwenzi 1980), m'dera anali chosasintha (ndi chifukwa chake anasankha anthu akhala akutayirapo dothi).

Fotokozani yosavuta: basi pansipa kanjira mpando kulondoloza mtsinje mobisa. Kuyambira chaka chimenecho anali wouma, madzi amawapopa kuchokera mu izo mofulumira kudutsa dzikoli. Zotsatira - kulephera.

Only America wina, kuwonongeka pachaka zimene zingachititse zolephera, Akuti biliyoni 10-15 (!) Madola.

Oddly zokwanira, koma nthawi zina karst zimachititsa chilumbachi mwina amamasulira munthu ndi utumiki kwambiri. Popeza kuti malo otero, mwachizolowezi, wokongola kwambiri. chitsanzo akhoza kutumikira sinkholes ambiri mu nkhalango Indonesia, komanso otchuka Great Blue dzenje limene lili pa gombe la Belize.

Zilizonse ntchito madzi dothi

Mu njira zambiri, muzu wa zoyipa zonse kwagona kuti anthu mosaganizira amagwiritsa thandizo chidali dothi ndi pansi. Kumene, zimakhala zovuta kuti achoke ku: chinyezi - gwero lofunika, ndi chitukuko cha ulimi padziko lonse, ntchito zedi nthawi zazikulu. Kwa amawapopa pansi ulimi wothirira wa zaulimi, ndi zina, ndipo lero ntchito zoopsa mchitidwe kukhetsa ndi m'madambo, zikubweretsa zotsatira zambiri chowawa. Motero, mayiko ambiri kale anaonekera kuchepa madzi akumwa.

Mpaka posachedwapa, sayansi okha zopeka zolembedwa za nkhondo yayandikirayo. izo, ndipo tsopano chinthu chomwecho iwo amati ndi kale kwambiri "wamba" wanzeru akatswiri.

German vuto lililonse

Ife kutsindika kamodzinso kuti karst cavities - si chinthu chachilengedwe. Mofanana mu 2010 (inali nthawi lotopetsa) chete ndi mtendere German m'tauni ya Schmalkalden ku Thuringia kawiri anakambirana chochitika zosaneneka. A m'mawa chete mu November (woyamba wa November) pakati pa msewu waukulu mu Chigwa chachikulu mamita 40 m'mimba mwake, imene imafikira akuya mamita 20 basi. Kokha nthawi kukhadzikika zilakolako monga November 11 chinthu chomwecho chinachitika mu malo omwewo.

Kumanja kumalire ndi zaka Chigwa latsopano kupangidwa, atalanda angapo mosungira am'deralo. Popeza kuti dziko lapansi inagwa usiku, anatha kupewa ovulala.

"Gahena Chipata"

Ndi posachedwapa inali kudziŵika kuti mu mphako pa phiri limene lili mu Chitekimeni Karakum chipululu, muli yambiri ya gasi. More ndendende, kudziwa za izo anasanduka zotheka mu 1971. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pafupi m'mudzi waung'ono Darwaz drillers anapanga dzenje wina. Pa ndondomeko yokondweretsayi, iwo anali bulauni molunjika ku karst M'mimbamo mobisa. Zinali mpweya. Kwambiri.

Pobowola nsanja pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo anakomoka kuti patsekeke kupangidwa, awiri amene mamita 20 kuya - mamita 60. Anakhudzidwa, mwamwayi, izo sizinali, koma kuchokera mu nthaka anatulukamo mpweya. Popeza kapangidwe kake anali pangozi miyoyo ya anthu ndi nyama, anaganiza potentha. Akatswiri adafotokoza kuti nkhokwe mpweya posachedwapa kuwotcha kunja. Kalanga, iwo kuwotcha wakhala kwa zaka zoposa zinayi.

Popeza kuti liwu loti "Darwaz" mu chilankhulo m'dera amatanthauza "chipata", anthu wamba ankayembekezera christened malo surreal "makomo a ku gehena."

Siyense kulephera - Karst

N'zosadabwitsa kuti pali kafukufuku wotereyu m'munda wa njira kudziwika cavities oopsa mobisa zisakuyenda bwino. The odziwika bwino Israeli Lev Eppelbaum miyala ndi nthaka ku University of wotanganidwa zolephera Tel Aviv akuphunzira ozungulira Nyanja Yakufa, kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la anzawo ku France ndi Jordan. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti nyanja ndi wapadera zachilengedwe chinthu. Ndipo si monga amenewa chapadera cha madzi ake, komanso chakuti thupi ili la madzi ili ku mamita 415 pansi pa nyanja.

Amenewa zake mkulu kwambiri chifukwa yosavuta kuti ndi pamwamba pa madzi panyanja ukuphwera mofulumira kwambiri, zomwe ndi okwanira kuchuluka kwa nyandza alibe mpata. Komanso otsiriza njira shallower ndi kudutsa chaka zambiri, monga zosowa za ulimi wa Isiraeli ndi Yordano kukula. Choncho, kucheperachepera mlingo wa Dead Sea (pafupifupi mita imodzi pachaka). Popeza zonse izi zokhudza nkhani phunziro lathu?

posambira mchere

Ndi yosavuta: zonse m'mphepete mwa nyanja Nyanja Yakufa, pa akuya mamita 25 mpaka 50 kubisa madipoziti yaikulu mchere. Poyamba, malo awa anali pansi wosanjikiza madzi amchere, koma iye analowa kumbuyo. Chifukwa, apezeka mchere anayamba funsani madzi pansi. Chifukwa cha - mtundu wa "karst" m'madera thickly lili ndi zolephera. Monga mukhoza ndikuganiza, yotsirizira chichokera kukokoloka kwa madzi amchere.

Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha mphako, m'mimba mwake umene umasiyana mita kuti mamita 30, ndi zikwi zingapo. Mpweya, derali ochuluka ayamba kukhala ngati pamwamba pa mwezi. Ndipo zinthu likuipiraipira anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu, imene anthu adalikumzonda Nyanja Yakufa, izo zochepa mamita 20.

Kodi ndingatani kuti athetse vutoli

zinthu angathe kupulumutsidwa pokhapokha ndi kulimbikitsa otaya madzi a mtsinje wa Yorodano. Mwatsoka, chifukwa izi zitha ndimalota ngati intensively osauka ulimi ayenera mabuku onse chachikulu. Akatswiri amanena kuti n'zotheka kukumba ngalande ku Nyanja Yofiira. About mwayi uwu kulankhula kwa nthawi yaitali, choncho n'kutheka kuti idzatha. Padakali pano, Akatswiriwa imachitika chiyesedwe cha njira yatsopano ndi mayesero, moti chisanadze kuchenjeza madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja za kuopsa subsidence mwadzidzidzi.

Choncho, magwero a karst si aliyense kuviika mu nthaka. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wawo, aliyense wa mabowo awa kukumana ndi mavuto kuthekera zophuka anayamba lakuthwa.