Mankhwala a glycerin. Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a maselo

Mowa wambiri wothira mafuta, omwe muli magulu atatu a OH, ndi glycerol. Njira yowonjezera yamagulu a mtundu uwu ndi CnH2n-1 (OH) 3. Pofuna kumvetsetsa bwino katundu komanso kugwiritsira ntchito glycerin ndi anzake, tiyeni tione mtundu wa mankhwala, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina.

Malemba ndi nomenclature ya glycerol

Mu zamoyo zam'madzi, mowa ndi zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku ma hydrocarbon. Ena mwa atomu a haidrojeni m'mamolekyu amalowetsedwa ndi gulu limodzi kapena ambiri a hydroxy. Mowa umasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha OH-magulu (osakwatira-, awiri-awiri, polyatomic). Otsitsa otsika kwambiri a kalasiyi ndi ma atomu a mpweya kuyambira 1 mpaka 12 ali ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi, zotsikazo ndizolimba. Alkantriols, kapena glycerols - ndi zakumwa zautatu zomwe zimapezeka mu maonekedwe awo atatu hydroxyls omwe amamangidwa ku ma atomu atatu osiyana. Mapulogalamu a gululi amasonyeza amphoteric chifukwa chogwirizana ndi hydroxy gulu ndi kwambiri.

Mmodzi woimira alkantriols ndi propanetriol-1,2,3 (chimodzimodzi ndi glycerin). Mchitidwe wa mankhwalawo ndi C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ . Dzina lovomerezeka limasonyeza kuti dzina la alkane likugwirizana ndi mawu akuti "triol", kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha chiarabu chokhazikitsa udindo wa OH. Kuwerengera mamolekyu a homologs wa glycerin kumachokera kufupi kwambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa unyolo wa hydroxyl. Mitundu yotheka ya isomerism: kapangidwe kake kaboni, malo a hydroxy magulu, optical.

Kutulukira kwa glycerol

Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa Sweden ku K. Scheele mu 1779 pamene kuyamwa mafuta kwa nthawi yoyamba kunalandira mankhwala atsopano. M'zaka 33 Mfalansa M. M. Shevrel anatcha lokoma glycerin.

Mafakitale amapangidwa ndi Peluz mu 1836. Berthelot (1854) ndi Wurz (1857) adawathandiza kwambiri pophunzira za kapangidwe kameneka, omwe anapitiriza kufufuza glycerin. Mmene maselo amadzimadzimadzi amachitira zinthu komanso mphamvu zake zimapangitsa kuti glycerin apereke mowa kwambiri.

Kufunika kwa glycerol kunakula kwambiri pambuyo pa 1847, pamene nitric acid ester inapezeka. Katswiri wina wa ku Sweden A. Nobel mu 1875 anatha kuthandizidwa ndi glycerin explosive - dynamite.

Maonekedwe, makonzedwe ndi njira yosavuta ya glycerol

Zolemba zosavuta zokhudzana ndi nkhani zimagwirizana ndi njira yowona, yowona komanso yowonjezera ya glycerin - C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ . Chingwe cha kaboni chili ndi ma atomu atatu, omwe aliwonse amathandizidwa ndi hydroxy gulu. Zizindikiro zamagetsi zimatchula ma atomu a atomu: C - kaboni, O - oksijeni, H - hydrogen. Maonekedwe a glycerin amasonyeza mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana (maselo, mapulani). Sharoenergetic ndi hemispherical models zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophunzira nkhani. Zithunzi ziwiri ndi zamitundu zitatu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makina a kompyuta zimakhala zojambula za molekyu ya glycerin. Amatilola kuti tiwone momwe zimakhalira, mgwirizano ndi mtunda, mbali ya mgwirizano pakati pa atomu.

Maselo ndi ma molar of glycerin

Malinga ndi ndondomekoyi, mukhoza kupeza masamu ndi ma molar, chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zimakhalapo. Kwa kuwerengera ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito masamu a atomiki a zinthu zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu tebulo la periodic. Mankhwala a glycerin: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) ₃ . Powonjezera ma atomuki (mu ae m) wa chinthu chilichonse ndi chiwerengero cha atomu ndi kuwonjezereka kwazomwe timapeza, timapeza minofu (Mr) ndi molar (M). Kwa mtundu wa ziwerengero ndizovuta kugwiritsa ntchito glycerin - C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ .

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; Chiwerengero cha atomu mu molekyu ndi 8.
• Ar (C) = 12,0107; Atomu - 3.
• Ar (O) = 15.9994; Atomu - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ ) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794 * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 a. E. M.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ ) = 92.09382 g / mol /
• Chiwerengero cha zinthu mu molekyulu ya mankhwala: H - 8,756%, C - 39,125%, O - 52,119%.

Malingaliro abwino ndi othandizira a glycerin

Zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi maselo ake zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka, koma sizipereka lingaliro la ma atomu omwe glycerin amasiyana nawo. Makhalidwe apangidwe ndi makompyuta amatha bwino kuphunzira momwe kapangidwe ka molekyulu kalili, maunyolo pakati pa atomu.

• Glycerin yokha ndi C ₃ H ₅ (OH) ₃ . Kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a molekyulu, magulu ogwira ntchito OH ali olekanitsidwa ndi omangiridwa pakati pa makolo. Posakhalitsa kumbuyo kwakali womaliza ndi chiwerengero cha magulu a hydroxy mu molekyulu.
• Fomu yowonjezereka ya mankhwalawa ndi HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Makhalidwe omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ake amaonetsa momwe maselo amachitira. Kupasula pakati pa atomu kumaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa mankhwala.
• Mapangidwe a Lewis ali ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mafoni a valence ndi maanja omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yolumikizana.

Mitundu ina ya mafano a molekyu imatenga malo ambiri, motero, mafomu afupikitsidwe, mwachitsanzo, HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, kuphatikizapo zigoba:

Maatomu a boma mu molekyu wa glycerin

Hydroxyl ndi polar particle, kuphatikizapo, mpweya uli ndi magetsi osakanikirana. Kukhalapo kwa magulu atatu a hydroxy kumabweretsa kutsogolera kwa chiyanjano cha O-H. Malipiro ochepa a "+" amawoneka pa maatomu a mpweya, akuthandizira pulojekiti yowonongeka ya hydroxyl. Zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zikuwonetseratu mapangidwe a glycerin, zimatsimikiziridwa mu zida za mankhwalawa. Izi zimakhala ndi mavitamini ambiri a hydrogen - zofooka zina zowonjezera. Glycerin imakhala ndi katundu wambiri wa asidi, poyerekeza ndi ethanol ndi propanol. Zina mwazofunika kwambiri ndi glycerol trioleate. Mchitidwe:

• Chosavuta ndi C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O ₆ ;
• Zomwe zimawoneka bwino - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ SO ₃ ) ₃ C ₃ H ₅ ;
• Kulingalira ndi zinthu za structural ndi chigoba -

Kuwonekera kwa glycerin

Kutentha kutentha, propanetriol-1,2,3 ndi madzi osawoneka bwino kapena otumbululuka, okoma, okoma kulawa. Glycerin, yolimba kwambiri kutentha, imasungunuka kutentha kwa 17.8 ° C. Malo otentha a chinthucho ndi kutuluka kwa madzi kumayamba pa 290 ° C. Glycerin imakhala yolemetsa pang'ono kuposa madzi, kuwerengera mphamvu yake pa 20 ° C imapereka mtengo wa 1.2604 g / cm3.

Zida za propanthriol-1,2,3

Glycerin ya mankhwala samapereka lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha amphoteric cha chigawocho. Zowonongeka ndi zofunikira za zinthu zimagwirizana ndi zenizeni za mphamvu ya ma atomu mu molekyulu, polarization mu gulu la O-H. Pamaso pa alkali glycerol akugwirana ndi mkuwa (II) hydroxide , malo obiriwira a buluu (chimodzi mwa mayankho oyenerera) amapezeka . Ndi zidulo, momwe glycerol imatsirizidwira ndi mapangidwe a esters. Kuyanjana kwa mowa wotchedwa triatomic ndi nitric acid pamaso pa H ₂ SO ₄ (conc.) Kumayambitsa kupanga nitroglycerin.

Kunyumba, mafuta ndi mafuta amapezeka ndi glycerine, ethyl mowa, ndi zina. Kukonzekera kumafuna kutentha kwabwino kwa misa mu kusamba kwa madzi, malingaliro owonetsera kusankhidwa kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi mawonekedwe a mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito sopo.

Glycerin ndi zochokera zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu enamels, peint, mankhwala ambiri, zipinda zam'madzi. Thupi lokoma limapezeka mu zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zakudya zamabotolo. Dzina lachidziwitso la okometsera okoma ndi okonzedwanso - E422. Pamodzi ndi zakumwa zina zoledzeretsa, komanso masters of fatty acids, glycerol imatengedwa kuti akhoza kubwezeretsa mafuta ochokera ku mafuta. Njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito mitundu yatsopano ya biodiesel kuti zikhale magalimoto zidzasintha kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka dziko. Zomwe zachilengedwe zidzasintha kwambiri, kudalira chuma cha dziko lonse pa mafuta ndi gasi kudzawonongeke.