Makamaka mabvuto Lermontov a ntchito. Wotchuka ntchito M. Yu. Lermontova

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov - ndakatulo wapadera. Ndi zovuta kupeza munthu amene si bwino ntchito za Lermontov. Lembani ndithu ndithu, kuchokera mizere ndakatulo, "Imfa ya ndakatulo" ndi "Borodino" (anaphunzira kusukulu) kuti chochitika kwambiri mabuku a Russian za m'ma XIX - buku "A Hero Nthawi".

Ngati adzaweruzidwa zilandiridwenso, Sindikukhulupirira kuti tsoka la adawamasulira zaka 27 zokha basi moyo. Komabe, luntha lake ndi kuganizira mozama asiya mwamuna uyu sanali moyo wautali, koma moyo owala, kukhala tingachipeze powerenga losadziwika. Wotchuka ntchito za Lermontov, ngati kalilole, kusonyeza moyo wake, lachinsinsi zafotokozedwa kumvetsa kwake kwa malo awo mu dziko ndi tsogolo lake.

Kodi mungayembekezere kwa munthu amene 1830 ananeneratu kupasula Mfumu mu "chaka wakuda"? Amene akudziwa chifukwa pa nthawi ya imfa yake (mu duel m'mapiri) mwadzidzidzi mkuntho zoopsa?

Pushkin ndi Lermontov ...

Iye ndiye anali mu 1837, pambuyo pa imfa ya Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, "wolemba ndakatulo loyamba la Russian Parnassus", anapereka malo kumva maganizo onse a m'nthawi yake kuti malo amenewa sanali kanthu. Osati kwa nthaŵi yaitali, iye akailozetsa iyo mmwamba ku duel amapha mu 1841. Makamaka mabvuto ntchito Lermontov anali anamuona m'nthawi yake. Ngati Alexander Sergeyevich Vissarion Belinsky amatchedwa "ndakatulo maganizo a mkati mwa moyo" amene maganizo anabadwa woyamba akusamba kenako ankathamanga mu anthu, ndi Mikhail Yurevich - ndakatulo, chikhalidwe zochokera, nthawi zambiri kutenga kwa cholembera mchikakamizo cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu Russia.

The amakhalidwe osiyanasiyana a Pushkin ndi Lermontov?

Ngati dziko la achinyamata Pushkin unapangidwa mwachilungamo zogwirizana, bata chikhalidwe nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Alexander I, anapereka chifukwa kuganiza za ukoma, mfumu, ndi maganizo chikhalidwe kwambiri a ndakatulo iyi anabwera okha mmasate awo oyambirira, mwinamwake zinachitikira zidzakhalira Mikhail Yurevich. Ife mpata kukambirana makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito Lermontov a. Pambuyo anamuzindikira zachitika ulamuliro autocratic a Nicholas I. M'malo kuzindikira zifukwa cholinga amene anabweretsa seneti Square Decembrists (kutanthauza zoipa pa anthu Russian wa serfdom ndi moyenera, ndi umoyo ndi zachuma backwardness a dziko), mfumu yaikulu kwachititsa kuti pakhale gendarme sikunachitekepo kupondereza limagwirira. Ndipafupifupi mogwirizana kutanganidwa Lermontov analemba anthu Russian.

Pozindikira kuukira osiyana ndi malamulo a reactionary, kukana manyazi mphamvu ya anthu - makamaka mabvuto a ntchito Lermontov a.

Nthawi yoyamba ya zilandiridwenso Lermontov

Zilandiridwenso Lermontov akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo atatu.

Nthawi yoyamba (kuchokera 1828 mpaka 1832) amakhala ndi onyenga bwino George Gordon Byron. Ndi chifukwa chachikulu ichi British Lermontov anamva umodzi mwauzimu.

Byron anachita pothawa ku French kuukira boma, mu nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu, kuyamba ndi kugwa kwa Mfumu Napoleon State. Russian ndakatulo - pakati chiwawa anachita pambuyo yimitsira a kugalukira wa Decembrists: ana yabwino ya Lathu anaphedwa, ukapolo, m'ndende.

Kufanana kwa Lermontov ndi Byron

Onse akuyimba ogwirizana ndi mzimu wopanduka, wosakhazikika moyo. Gwirizanani, osati chimwemwe mutu ntchito za Lermontov, osati mnyamata wachidwi kwambiri adamthamangira chikondi mu nthawi oyambirira zilandiridwenso ndi lalikulu. Osati mwangozi alakatuli zatchulidwazi kudziyerekeza ndi ziwiya chilikupita chibwenzi ku mafunde nyanja (Lermontov - "Lone White kupalasa ..." Byron - "mawu mkazi wa England").

ndakatulo Byron a (komanso ntchito za Lermontov), malinga ndi khalidwe kwa iwo ndi Belinsky, ndi madandaulo a wankhondo, koma musalire kuchonderera ndi sniskhodyaschim. Munthu akhoza kuona mozama za maganizo ndi mavuto a ndakatulo-nzika, ndi chilakolako mosadziletsa ufulu. Potsanzira Ambuye Byron, woimba ufulu, anathandiza Mikhail Yurevich kuphunzira kulemba bwino, mwachibadwa osonyeza, mokhudza. Pa nthawiyi n'kuti nyimbo wake kunachokera Byron mozama. Analysis ntchito Lermontov, amene amadera kukhwima wamaganizo, limachititsa mme- consonance awo ndi mizere ya Briton kwambiri. Ngati Byron, iye mwachisoni mtima mitengo m'badwo wake ndi chisoni zimachitika kuti alibe tsogolo (Lermontov - "Duma" Byron - "Childe Harold Haji").

Mikhail, ndithudi, latsala yekha mitu ndi mafano, ndi zimayendera bwino ntchito za ndakatulo zina zazikulu monga Goethe ndi Pushkin. Komabe, zotsatira za Briton chachikulu, si monga anakumana, komanso anamasuliridwa ( "Chiheberi Melody", "Kufa Gladiator"). Komanso, odziwika mankhwala nyengo Lermontov monga onyenga ambiri ( "Masomphenya", "kutsanzira Byron," "Night").

Kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyi, wolemba ndakatulo kubwera ku njira ya potsanzira zapamwamba English, ndipo padzakhala popititsa mwini ndakatulo njira yake. Pa potithandiza pa ntchito yake, analemba momveka bwino: "Ayi, sindine Byron, I - ena ..."

Komanso mapangidwe chifuniro ndakatulo

The nthawi yachiwiri ya ndakatulo yake zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kusuntha kwake kwa St. Petersburg, ndipo ndimenya sukulu apakavalo cadets ndi ensigns. Madzulo a maphunziro ake, iye analemba pamwamba ndakatulo "kupalasa", ndiye tizigona amamvekera ntchito yake. Ndipo amapereka ufulu otsutsa mabuku amati Lermontov a ntchito wotchuka pa maphunziro ake sali analenga. Mnyamata odzipatuliradi Junker mwauchidakwa.

Kupatulapo ndi mwina ndakatulo "Ine, Amayi a Mulungu, tsopano ndi pemphero." M'malo inakhazikitsa, hussar amasangalatsa akazi 'ntchito' khamu ndakatulo. Lermontov analemba ndithu amangotchula rhymed m'chipindacho nthabwala, nyimbo tebulo-phiko ndipo zikuoneka kuti salinso ndikuganiza. Komabe, m'maganizo a mungoli ndi chiyanjano, kutsitsimuka ndi lolondola rhymes, kulemba komanso kalembedwe zophiphiritsira chabe, zimene zimasonyeza kusanthula ntchito Lermontov wa nthawi ino, kumapangitsa anthu kuganiza - ndi athanzi ndakatulo patsogolo pathu. Ndi cholinga chofuna kudziwa kuti, tiyenera mayeso aakulu.

"Talente wake mwadzidzidzi linaphulika ngati kandulo ..."

Ndipo chomwecho chinachitika chinthu choopsa chimene chinagwedeza chikhalidwe chonse cha Mikhail Yurevich. News, otembenuka izo kuchokera hussar wakulungama mu mtima akumverera nzika, ndi mthenga wa chilungamo, inauzidwa cha imfa ya Pushkin. Lermontov adadwala pamene anauzidwa za imfa iyi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, amene akumverera tsoka Russia mfundo imeneyi, anakwiya zedi pakati, kuti anthu ambiri a anthu mkulu kulungamitsa wakupha Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina - Georges d'Anthes.

Background ku chilengedwe cha "Imfa ya ndakatulo"

Lermontov anakwiya n'kuthiramo "kuwawidwa mtima," kutanthauza. E. Kuti anamva pa pepala ... Zinali Baibulo chosakwanira cha mankhwala. Izo silinakwaniritsidwe olembedwa mizere 16 ... Koma pamene Nikolai Stolypin (wachibale mbali mayi anga), chifukwa chakuti anayamba kukangana ndi anthu ndi ndakatulo iyi, anayamba mtsutso ndi kutsimikizira kuti Dantes - munthu woyenera ndiponso mbale yabwino chipiriro Lermontov anali wotopa, ndipo iye anasonyeza wachibale pa pakhomo . Ndiyeno ine ndinapita ku ofesi, pansi pa desiki yawo, ndi ... anatsanulira moto, kumukwapula mzere: "Ndipo iwe, ana amwano ..."

Chidani ndi chikondi ndi ntchito za Lermontov sanayambe adawomba molimbika! Iyo inali ntchito imene anapatsidwa kuti ayambitse Russia ... The umboni wa mbiri yake kumangidwa, ndiyeno bwalo.

Baibulo limatchula koyamba kwa Caucasus

Mphamvu zochokera unit gendarmerie ( "buluu yunifolomu"), akhala anakwiyitsa ntchito Lermontov a. List nzika wosadalirika bwino ndi dzina lake. Tsopano pafupifupi anatsimikizira kuti alibe machenjerero chinsinsi cha gendarmerie anali duel ake amapha ndi Martynov omwe.

Komabe, tinayenda patsogolo mfundo zawo ... Tiyeni tionenso 1937, kuti zimene boma kuti ndakatulo "Imfa a mlakatuli Ndi." Nicholas Ine mwaukali anamuda Lermontov ndi panokha ankayang'anira popereka chilango chake.

Mikhail unasamutsidwa kutumikira Caucasus. Zinali kugwirizana choyamba a ndakatulo, amene Komabe, chifukwa cha khama la agogo anga ndi ubwenzi wake m'kuunika wakhala kwambiri mitigated inatenga miyezi yochepa.

"Watsopano" ndi "Chiwanda"

Apa akuyamba nthawi yachitatu ya namatetule yake yolenga. The zidindo analandira mwa chikhalidwe chodabwitsa mapiri zimaonekera zolemba wotsatira a ndakatulo iyi. Chifukwa kugwirizana Lermontov mwa achinyamata mwapang'onopang'ono Russian ali zotsatirazi yaikulu. Pamene anabwerera ku St. Petersburg, mkati mmenemo salons anapatsidwa udindo wa mkango chikhalidwe. Kuwawa anasonkhanitsa anafunafuna ndakatulo. Mikhail amalenga "watsopano" ndi "Chiwanda". Latsopano ngwazi za ntchito Lermontov a, anauziridwa ndi zidindo za Caucasus amakopa wowerenga wachikoka wake, chikhumbo cha ufulu ndi ungwiro wa mzimu.

Za ndakatulo "Mtsyri" ...

Mu nkhani ntchito ukapolo ku Georgia Circassian watsopano akupanga kufika ndi wosachiritsika kuthawa, ndipo masiku atatu akuyesera kuti achoke ku Aiwo wake. Ndipo pa yachinayi, wotopa, amene ali pafupi kufa, koma oledzera fungo la ufulu, anakamba kumbuyo - ansembe a.

Belinsky ankakhulupirira kuti Mtsyri chithunzi wowerenga akuyamba kuona mavuto makamaka ntchito Lermontov a. Wamphamvu ameneyu ndi coherent zolembalemba chithunzi cha mnyamata wina amene anathawa "mu ora lowopsya", "mkuntho", pamene ena onse, kudyedwa ndi mantha, anali "pansi pa guwa", koma pa nthawi yomweyo "pansi kwala pansi," Chabwino zili amanena za silifooketsa anthu ofuna, YONUNKHAYI , kuonetsa ndale komanso chikhalidwe cha Russia pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX.

Analysis ntchito Lermontov, mogwirizana ndi zolembalemba wotsutsa Belinsky, mu gawo atsimikiza mafano awo chapakati cha umunthu a ndakatulo iyi.

Chotsani mizere ya mungoli anamenyedwa iambic tetrameter ndakatulo "Mtsyri", lofunikira chachimuna mathero rhyming, akuganizira onse chuma cha zithunzi za dzikoli, ndi gulu lonse la maganizo a protagonist kuti: kusimidwa, kutengeka, khama osakayika, chikondi, wofatsa chisoni. Mu ndakatulo imeneyi makamaka anaona ngati motif khalidwe la kusungulumwa ntchito luso Lermontov.

Lermontov a "Chiwanda"

Izi mutu wa kudzipatula kulenga umunthu wapeza chitukuko zomveka mu chifanizo ndi chiwanda, ndi eponymous ngwazi ya ndakatulo Lermontov. Kusankha chithunzi chapakati mankhwala akusonyeza ubwenzi izo a maganizo ndi chikhalidwe mwapadera. Iye amachita osati mwa chikhalidwe zake osiyana makhalidwe a kalasi ulamuliro, koma ndi "mfumu ya cognition ndi ufulu." Iwo Mikhail amaponya chitsutso dialectic kuti achinyamata a XIX m'ma boma makina manyazi umunthu. Polongosola uyu, ife sitiri kungonena kusungulumwa ntchito za Lermontov.

Udatha ophatikizidwa mu ndakatuloyi woyambitsa wa nzeru, okhwima kuzindikira kuti siWake ndi kudana zonse kugwirizana ndi chogwirika kuti dziko, ndi ngozi, tidzapeza wachabechabe lamkati. Vuto la "Chiwanda" Lermontov ndi m'malo mwa makhalidwe wosatha "chikondi, ubwino ndi kukongola" anagwirizana zawo zadyera zithunzi. Monga ali kutali ndi anthu! Dziko mkati Zikuoneka kuti kwambiri yofunika kwambiri kuposa "chowawa wadzaoneni, ntchito ndi masautso a unyinji wa anthu." Zimenezi zimabweretsa mavuto maganizo, ndipo monga chotsatira - imfa ya mbuye wake - Tamara, namtsata malankhulidwe Chiwanda "ali ndi mayesero." chiwanda yekha, komanso kukumana ndi mtsikana ali wolengedwa mlendo bondo ndi mbali.

Analysis ntchito Lermontov olembedwa Patapita nthaŵi zonse chikusonyeza patsogolo kutsitsimuka, kuti aganyali nazo, Choncho, chosonyeza kuti zamoyo wa umunthu wake.

Chikondi ntchito za Lermontov

Mutu wa chikondi ndi ntchito za Lermontov zikumveka yapamwamba ndi shrill-aakulu. Mwatsoka, umunthu wa Mikhail Yurevich wasiya umboni waukulu wa chikondi chake unrequited kwa Varenka Lopukhina. Kodi zina, kupatula-chidutswa mnyamata anakana, kusaka sizikanam'tengera kumulakalaka osiyana, Lermontov anali wofunika kwambiri - "kapena kanthu". Ndipo pamene Barbara wokhulupirika ndiponso wachifundo bwenzi lake, Mlangizi, koma ndakatulo, kumene, ndinkafuna more ...

Tikayang'ana ndakatulo Lermontov chikondi - kuwala, mkulu, koma unrequited. Choncho, kulongosola ntchito Lermontov mu otsutsa osiyanasiyana zolembalemba chinachititsa kuti mfundo imeneyi: ndi - wolemba ndakatulo wa chikondi ndi chisoni. Ngakhale ntchito ya nthanthi ya Mikhail Yurevich Mwachitsanzo, mu ndakatulo "Duma" akupezeka ponena za chikondi. Ndipo ngakhale ena - ungwiro! Mvetserani kokha nyimbo ya ndime, "Ndipo timadana ndi timakonda mwangozi ..."

Wochenjera agogo wolemba ndakatulo amene amadziwa zambiri kuposa aliyense, waona mtima wapadera wa mdzukulu wake kuti kumverera uku - wangwiro, wopanda semitones. Wolemba ndakatulo amakhulupirira kuti pali "moyo" ndipo munthuyo pachiyambi analengedwa ndi moyo aura a chisangalalo ndi chimwemwe. Malinga ndi chikhulupiriro chake, chikondi chenicheni sangakhale lapansi, akhale ofanana ndi mtendere wosatha. Zimphona ntchito Lermontov, ngakhale chikondi, kutamanda chikondi pamwamba cholinga wake ( "Ine sindine wolephera inu").

Padera ndi kutanthauzira ndi maganizo chimwemwe Mihailom Yurevichem. Chotero tanthauzo ndi mwina akhoza kungopereka izo ... woganiza owerenga amene ali ndi chidwi ndi chisangalalo mutu wa ntchito Lermontov a, adzaupeza mu "Hero Nthawi": "Chimwemwe ndi kunyada kuikapo maganizo!" Awa ndi mawu a ndakatulo anamvetsa boma la munthu pamene kumakhaladi mu chimwemwe ndi chisoni chuma wina.

mosalakwitsa wake walenga kalembedwe wapadera Lermontov cha chikondi ndakatulo - kutsutsa imvi everydayness wangwiro wolengedwa zosangalatsa dziko a ndakatulo iyi. Ndi lingaliro ili kulenga Tingaone mu ndakatulo "Sonnet", "Valerik".

Pomaliza

Features ntchito Lermontov zimasonyeza ntchito yake lothandiza kupanga. Ena amati monga kulenga, maganizo counterweight kuti malamulo a kupondereza ikuchitika Mfumu Nicholas I.

mizere Lermontov ali ndi malangizo ndi negation a boma alipo, ndi mawunikidwe ndithu zopweteka za tsogolo la Russia. zithunzi zenizeni (nkhani) ndi ntchito za Lermontov Choncho, mosamalitsa kulankhula, ndi chilengedwe cha izi powerenga Russian ophiphiritsa akuyamba.

Pa nthawi yomweyo amakhudza akuya kuzindikira 27 wazaka ndakatulo wa dziko, ndipo apa - nkhani zosiyanasiyana za Lermontov: mawunikidwe pa tsoka la mibadwo, kusungulumwa ndi kunyada, wapamwamba wakutemwa, mabvuto ubale wa ndakatulo ndi anthu.

Chizindikiro chake choyambirira ndipo sanali muyezo wakhala ndi kukhala chinsinsi.