Kwadzidzidzi kukodwa chiphunzitso, zotsatira mfundo

Kwambiri inawala golide yophukira masamba a mitengo. Kuwala kwa dzuwa madzulo anakhudza nsonga za kupatulira pa. Kuyatsa njira yake kudzera nthambi ndipo anapanga choonetsedwa wa kanjedza chodabwitsa inadutsa pa khoma la yunivesite "kaptorki".

Sir Hamilton pensive maso unayamba kupita pang'onopang'ono, kuonera sewero kuwala ndi mthunzi. Pa mutu wa masamu Irish anali kusungunuka maganizo, mfundo ndi tanthauzo lake. Iye ankadziwa kuti malongosoledwe a zochitika zambiri mothandizidwa ndi zimango Newtonian, ngati mthunzi kusewera pa khoma, N'lopusitsa intertwining mosiyanasiyana ndi kusiya mafunso ambiri osayankhidwa. "Mwina yoweyula ... kapena mwina mtsinje wa particles - kuganiza wasayansi - kapena kuwala kumasonyeza zochitika zonse. Ngati manambalawo, nsalu ya mthunzi ndi kuwala. "

Chiyambi cha kwadzidzidzi sayansi

N'zochititsa chidwi kusunga anthu aakulu, ndi kuyesetsa kumvetsa mmene malingaliro amabadwa kwambiri, bongo njira ya zamoyo wa anthu onse. Hamilton - mmodzi wa anthu amene anaima pa kubadwa kwa kwadzidzidzi sayansi. zaka makumi asanu mtsogolo, m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, kuphunzira particles pulayimale kuphunzira ndi asayansi ambiri. Chidziwitso chifukwa wakhala kosagwirizana ndi sanali analemba. Komabe, woyamba masitepe Kusakhazikika zidalengedwa.

Kumvetsa microphysics m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri

Mu 1901 iye anapereka chitsanzo loyamba la atomu, ndi chimasonyeza kupereŵera ake, kuyambira nsonga ya electrodynamics wamba. Mu nthawi yomweyo, Maks thabwa ndi Niels Bohr lofalitsidwa ntchito zambiri zokhudza maatomu. Ngakhale m'ntchito zawo, kumvetsa bwino dongosolo atomiki kulibe.

Patapita zaka zingapo, mu 1905, pang'ono odziwika German wasayansi Albert Einstein lofalitsidwa lipoti pa kuthekera kuli quanta kuwala limati awiri - yoweyula ndi corpuscular (tinthu). ntchito yake wakhala kukangana kufotokoza chifukwa cholephera chitsanzo. Komabe, masomphenya Einstein anali kumvetsa bwinobwino chitsanzo wakale wa maatomu.

Pambuyo ntchito yambiri ya Niels Bohr ndi anzake mu 1925, anabadwa latsopano malangizo - mtundu wa kwadzidzidzi zimango. Wamba akuti - "kwadzidzidzi zimango," anaonekera zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake.

Zimene tikudziwa quanta ndi quirks awo?

Pakali pano, kwadzidzidzi sayansi wapita patali mokwanira. Tsegulani zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Koma kodi timadziwa chiyani, zoona? Yankho ukufanizidwa ndi katswiri limodzi nthawi yathu. "Mu kwadzidzidzi sayansi, inu mukhoza mwina amakhulupirira kapena sindikumvetsa" - ichi ndi tanthauzo la Richard Feynman. Ganizilani nokha. Wokwanira kutchula chodabwitsa kwadzidzidzi kukodwa ndi tinthu. zodabwitsazi ali analumphira dziko la sayansi ku makonzedwe a adzadabwitsa wathunthu. Ngakhale zambiri ozunguza anali chakuti chododometsa izi si yogwirizana ndi malamulo Newton ndi Einstein.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba zotsatira za kwadzidzidzi kukodwa wa photons takambirana mu 1927 pa chachisanu Solvay Congress. mkangano adanyamuka pakati Niels Bohr ndi Einstein. The chododometsa wa kwadzidzidzi kukodwa ali zasintha maganizo a dziko zakuthupi.

Amadziwika kuti onse matupi zigwirizana particles pulayimale. Motero, zochitika zonse za zimango kwadzidzidzi zikugwirizananso ndi dziko wamba. Niels Bohr anati kuti ngati ife sitiri kuyang'ana pa mwezi, ndiye kulibe. Einstein ankaona n'kulakwa ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti chinthu alipo payekhapayekha amatsata lapansi.

Mu kuphunzira mavuto okonzera kwadzidzidzi, iwo anazindikira kuti njira zake ndi malamulo ndi zogwirizana ndi osamvera sayansi zachikhalidwe. Tiyeni yesetsani kuthetsa malo ambiri maganizo - kwadzidzidzi kukodwa particles.

Chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kukodwa

Choyamba, tiyeni kumvetsa sayansi zimene kwadzidzidzi lili ngati dzenje la kupompho, kumene mungapeze chilichonse mukufuna. Chodabwitsa kwadzidzidzi kukodwa mu chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza wakhala kuphunzira ndi Einstein, Bohr, Maxwell, Boyle, Bell, Planck, ndi asayansi ena ambiri. Kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri dziko mwakhama kuphunzira ndi ntchito ndi zikwi asayansi.

dziko uli pansi pa malamulo a sayansi

Chifukwa chidwi choterechi paradoxes wa kwadzidzidzi zimango? Ndi lophweka: tikukhala mu kumvera malamulo ena a dziko thupi. Luso "kupeza" okonzedweratu Atsegula chitseko matsenga, kupitirira omwe zonse imatheka. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo "Cat Schrödinger a" kumabweretsa kuchepetsa vuto. Komanso nkotheka teleportation wa mudziwe kuti ali kwadzidzidzi kukodwa. Kufala kwa mudziwe adzakhala yomweyo, kaya mtunda.
Nkhani imeneyi likupitirirabe kuphunzira, koma ali ndi azimuth positive.

Kufanizira ndi kumvetsa

Kodi wapadera kwadzidzidzi kukodwa, monga kumvetsa ndi zimene zikuchitika pa nthawi yomweyo? Yesetsani kumvetsa. Izi zimafuna ngati kuyesera lingaliro. Tayerekezerani kuti inuyo muli ku manja a mabokosi awiri. Mu aliyense wa iwo ndi mpira umodzi ndi Mzere wa. Tsopano ife kubwerera wina bokosi wokayenda pamwezi, ndipo iye anawulukira ku Mars. Mwamsanga pamene mumatsegula bokosi kuona kuti gulu ndi yopingasa pa mpira, ndiye mpira mu bokosi linalo adzakhala basi ndi lamizeremizere choimirira. Izi kwadzidzidzi kukodwa m'mawu osavuta: chinthu chimodzi ndiyo malo a ena.

Komabe, ayenera kumvetsa kuti ndi kokha zachiphamaso malongosoledwe. Pofuna kupeza kwadzidzidzi kukodwa, m'pofunika kuti particles ali chiyambi chomwecho, monga mapasa. Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti kuyesera adzakhala analepheretsa ngati inu wina ndi mwayi kuona mmodzi wa zinthu.

Kodi chisokonezo kwadzidzidzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito?

Mfundo kwadzidzidzi kukodwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito popereka mauthenga pa maulendo ataliatali yomweyo. Mfundo imeneyi likutsutsa chiphunzitso Einstein wa relativity. Lembali limati liwiro pazipita kuyenda ndi chibadidwe okha mu dziko - makilomita zikwi mazana atatu pa mphindi. Chotero kulanda mudziwe umathandiza kuli teleportation thupi.

Chirichonse mu dziko - zambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhaniyo. Izi mapeto a kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Mu 2008, pa maziko a Nawonso achichepere ongolankhula tinatha kuona chisokonezo kwadzidzidzi ndi apoyera.

Izi kamodzinso kumasonyeza kuti tili pafupi atulukira chachikulu - kusuntha mu malo ndi nthawi. Nthawi m'chilengedwe chonse apawokha, kotero yomweyo kuyenda kudutsa kutalika kwa mitunda limachititsa kugwera kachulukidwe zosiyanasiyana za nthawi (pamaziko a kungoganizira Einstein, ndipo Bora). Mwina mtsogolo ichi adzakhala ndi chenicheni monga momwe foni lero.

Etherodynamics ndi kwadzidzidzi kukodwa

Malinga asayansi ena akutsogolera chisokonezo kwadzidzidzi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti malo ladzala ndi mtundu wa efa - nsalu wakuda. Aliyense tinthu pulayimale, monga ife tikudziwira, ndi mu mawonekedwe a mafunde ndipo corpuscles (particles). Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti particles onse mu "ukonde" mphamvu mdima. N'zovuta kuzimvetsa. Tiyeni n'kuyesayesa njira yosiyana - pocheza.

Tayerekezani gombe. A kamphepo ndi mphepo kukomoka. Inu mukuona mafunde? Ndipo penapake patali, mu kuwala kwa moto wa dzuŵa, zooneka boti.
chombo adzakhala tinthu wathu pulayimale, ndi nyanja - efa (mdima mphamvu).
The nyanja mwina zoyenda mu mawonekedwe a mafunde zooneka ndi madontho madzi. Mofananamo, particles kupulayimale Mwina nyanja (ndi mbali yofunika) kapena wosakwatiwa tinthu - dontho.

Ichi ndi chitsanzo chosavuta, koposa zovuta. Tinthu popanda pamaso pa amatsata ali mawonekedwe yoweyula, komanso ali ndi malo ena.

White wamphepo - chosankhidwa chinthu, kumasiyana ndi pamwamba pa nyanja ndi dongosolo madzi. Mofananamo, pali "nsonga" mu nyanja ya mphamvu kuti ife Tingaone ngati kusonyezedwa kwa mphamvu amadziwika kuti zooneka mbali zofunika pa dziko.

Microcosm amakhala ndi malamulo yake

Mfundo kwadzidzidzi kukodwa akhoza kumva ngati ife kuganizira mfundo yakuti particles pulayimale ndi mu mawonekedwe a mafunde. Pokhala malo enieni ndipo makhalidwe, particles awiri ali mu nyanja ya mphamvu. Pa nthawi yatsoka la Kulingalira yoweyula "akutembenukira" mu Mukhozanso haptic chinthu. The tinthu chachiwiri, kutsatira dongosolo mgwirizano, wobwezera katundu zosiyana.

Nkhani pamwamba si umalimbana kufotokoza sayansi succinct wa dziko kwadzidzidzi. Luso maganizo ochiritsira zachokera kupezeka kwa nzeru za anthu nkhani tatchulazi.

Pulayimale tinthu sayansi maphunziro kukodwa ndi mayiko kwadzidzidzi pamaziko a sapota (kasinthasintha) particles pulayimale.

chilankhulo Scientific (m'Chingelezi chosavuta) - chisokonezo kwadzidzidzi amatanthauziridwa mosiyana kumbuyo. Pa ananena zinthu asayansi anapeza kuti pakhoza kukhala kumbuyo awiri - mmwamba ndi pansi. Oddly zokwanira, mu dongosolo lina la particles amatsata si "angabweretse".

Chatsopano amanena - maonekedwe atsopano pa dziko

Phunziro microcosm - danga particles pulayimale - anayambitsa mfundo zambiri ndi malingaliro. Zotsatira za kwadzidzidzi kukodwa chinachititsa asayansi kuganizira za kukhalako kwa ena kwadzidzidzi mikroreshotki. Malinga ndi iwo, aliyense mfundo - mfundo ya mphambano - ndi kwadzidzidzi. Mphamvu - ndi grille Integrated, koma chionetsero ndi zoyenda wa particles ndi zotheka chifukwa malo latisi.

"Tsamba" kukula kwa latisi ndi ang'ono, ndi muyeso ndi zosatheka ndi zida zamakono. Komabe, pofuna kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa amanena ofufuza anaganiza zoyamba kuphunzira zoyenda wa photons mu okhudza malo latisi kwadzidzidzi. Mfundo yofunika ndi kuti fotoni amatha kuyenda kapena mwachindunji kapena yokhotakhota - pa latisi opendekera. Ngati chachiwiri, m'mene tingagonjetsere mtunda chachikulu, tikatha mphamvu zambiri. Chotero, izo amasiyana fotoni akusuntha mu mzere wolunjika.

Mwina tidzaphunzira pa nthawi imene tikukhala mu malo a kwadzidzidzi latisi. Kapena, kopanda angakhale pachithunzichi. Komabe, mfundo ya kwadzidzidzi kukodwa limasonyeza kuti kuli kotheka kwa latisi lapansi.

Mawu osavuta, mu Wonenedwa atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena "kyubu" tanthauzo la nkhope amabala ndi zosiyana bwino kufunika wina. Izi ndi mfundo za kusamala kapangidwe ka malo - nthawi.

epilogue

Kumvetsa zamatsenga ndiponso mwachinsinsi dziko la kwadzidzidzi sayansi, tiyenera kuonanso pa patsogolo kwa sayansi m'zaka otsiriza zana. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti dziko lapansi ndi lathyathyathya, osati ozungulira. chifukwa ndi lodziwikiratu: ngati inu kutenga mawonekedwe ake ozungulira, madzi ndi anthu sakupirira.

Monga tikuonera, vuto analipo, pakalibe masomphenya wathunthu wa mphamvu zonse yogwira. N'zotheka kuti sayansi yamakono kwa kamvedwe ka kwadzidzidzi sayansi sadziwa masomphenya a mphamvu akuchita. Mipata dongosolo masomphenya kupanga zotsutsana ndi paradoxes. Mwina dziko zamatsenga okonzera kwadzidzidzi amasunga mayankho a mafunso amenewa.