Kuphetsa opita: maina, biographies

Mbiri ya kufufuza malo, mwatsoka, ndi zonse osati kuwuka meteoric, koma kugwa zoopsa. Akufa chombo, osati kuuluka kapena mabomba ouluka, ngozi zomvetsa chisoni - zonsezi ndi cholowa chathu, ndi kuyiwala za izo - ndiye kufufuta nkhani ya onse amene chikumbumtima anaika moyo wake chifukwa cha patsogolo, sayansi ndi tsogolo labwino. Izo za wagwa ngwazi cosmonautics Soviet tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

Space mu USSR

Mpaka 20th Century spaceflight anapereka chinachake wosangalatsa kwambiri. Koma kale mu 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky atapereka lingaliro la akuuluka mu mlengalenga pa roketi a. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo akutulukira danga pulogalamu mu mawonekedwe imene ife tikudziwira izo lero.

Mu Soviet Union mu 1933, zochokera Keldysh Center Research (RNII) phunziro la ndege zosagwiritsa. Ndipo mu 1946 anayamba ntchito kugwirizana ndi roketi.

Komabe, kwa munthu woyamba kugonjetsa yokoka Lapansi, ndipo anaonekera mu chilengedwe, zinatitengera zaka zingapo ndipo zaka. Musaiwale za zolakwa za ndalama miyoyo ya verifiers. Choyamba ndi akufa opita. Malinga ndi kafukufuku boma, pali asanu a iwo, kuphatikizapo Yuri Gagarin amene mosamalitsa kulankhula, sanafe mu mlengalenga, ndipo atabwerera Earth. Komabe wokayenda pamwezi analandira imfa mu mayesero ngati woyendetsa ankhondo, zomwe zikupangitsa kuti ku mndandanda ndipo pano.

Komarov

Soviet opita amene anafa mu malo anapanga ndi kanthu wosayerekezeka mphatso za chitukuko cha dziko lawo. Munthu woteroyo anali Vladimir Komarov - cosmonaut ndi injiniya-wamkulu, amene anali kupereka mutu wa Hero wa Soviet Union. Anabadwa mu Moscow pa April 14 1927. Iye anali membala wa loyamba mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi ya sitimayo malo ndipo anali mtsogoleri wawo. Kawiri danga.

Mu 1943, wasayansi ya zakuthambo m'tsogolo maphunziro zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, kenako analowa Air Force sukulu yapadera, kufuna kuphunzira ntchito ya woyendetsa. Iye anamaliza mu 1945, ndiyeno anapita kwa ophunzira a Sasovo Aviation School. Ndipo m'chaka chomwecho iye anavomereza kuti Borisoglebsk Apamwamba usilikali Aviation School.

Nditamaliza maphunziro mu 1949, Komarov m'gulu la Air Force ndipo anakhala womenya woyendetsa. Gulu lake inali mu Grozny. Apa iye anakomana ndi Valentina, mphunzitsi wa sukulu amene anakhala mkazi wake. Posakhalitsa, Vladimir anakhala woyendetsa achikulire, ndipo mu 1959 anamaliza ndi Air Force Academy ndipo analandira yogawa mu Institute Air Force. Zinali apa kuti wasankhidwa gulu loyamba la opita.

Zouluka m'mlengalenga

Kuti tiyankhe funso, momwe chombo ambiri anaphedwa, muyenera choyamba kuunikila kwambiri mutu wa ndege.

Choncho, ndege yoyamba mu danga Komarova zinachitika m'mlengalenga ndi "Voskhod" October 12, 1964. Icho chinali choyamba NAC ulendo mu dziko: adalira m'gulu madokotala ndi akatswiri. The ndege inatenga maola 24 ndipo anamaliza ankafika bwino.

Wachiwiri ndi ndege otsiriza Komarova zinachitika usiku pa 23 ndi 24 April 1967. cosmonaut ankaphedwa pa nthawi ya akamaliza ndege: pa wobadwira wa parachuti waukulu sizinayende, ndi zomangira yopuma litapotanitsidwa chifukwa kasinthasintha katundu chipangizo. chombo anamenya pansi ndi zimaphulika moto. Choncho chifukwa cha wamwalira Vladimir Komarov anafa. Iye anali cosmonaut anamwalira. Pomulemekeza anamangidwira malo mu Nizhny Novgorod ndi kugwira mkuwa mu Moscow.

Gagarin

Amenewa anali chombo onse akufa pamaso Gagarin, malinga ndi magwero boma. Kuti ndi zoona, kuti wokayenda pamwezi chimodzi chokha Gagarin anafa Soviet Union. Komabe, Gagarin ndi wotchuka Soviet cosmonaut.

Yuri A., Soviet cosmonaut anabadwa pa March 9, 1934. Anakhala ubwana wake m'mudzi wa Kashino. Iye anapita ku sukulu mu 1941, koma m'mudzi nkhondo asilikali a ku Germany, ndipo kunatuluka linasokonekera. Ndipo mu Gagarin banja kunyumba SS ankachitika eni msonkhano naturutsa mu msewu. Only mu 1943 m'mudzi anatulutsidwa ndi kuphunzira Yuri anapitiriza.

Gagarin ndiye akulowa mu 1951 mu Saratov koleji, kumene anayamba kufika pa Aero Club. Mu 1955 iye anali usilikali ndipo anatumizidwa ku Aviation School. Nditamaliza maphunziro, anatumikira mu Air Force ndipo mu 1959 anaulukira za 265 maola. Iye analandira udindo wa asilikali woyendetsa m'kalasi yachitatu ndi udindo wa mkulu.

ndege yoyamba ndi imfa

Kuphetsa chombo - anthu anali odziwa bwino za chiopsezo zotsatirazi, komabe izo iwo sanasiye. Ndipo Gagarin, mwamuna woyamba mu mlengalenga, anaika moyo wake pangozi asanakhale ndi wokayenda pamwezi.

Komabe, mwayi kukhala woyamba sanali kuphonya. 12 pa April 1961, Gagarin anaulukira ku Roketi "Vostok" danga airfield Baikonur. The ndege inatenga mphindi 108, ndipo zinatha ankafika bwino pafupi ndi tauni ya Chichewa (Saratov dera). Ndipo uyu anali tsiku dziko lonse pa Tsiku Cosmonautics, amene chikondwerero lero.

Chifukwa dziko lonse ndege yoyamba inali chochitika zosaneneka, ndipo woyendetsa, amene anachita izo, mofulumira anatchuka kwambiri. Gagarin anadzacheza pa kuyitana kwa mayiko oposa makumi atatu. Zaka sankawabisira pambuyo ndege wokayenda pamwezi ntchito yogwira ndale komanso.

Koma posakhalitsa Gagarin anali kumbuyo pa helm la ndegeyo. chigamulochi kunapezeka kuti tsoka chifukwa iye. Ndipo mu 1968, March 27, anaphedwa pa maphunziro ndege mu cockpit wa MiG 15 UTI. Zimayambitsa ngozi akadali sakudziwika.

Komabe, chombo amene anafa sizidzaiwalika ndi dziko lawo. Pa tsiku la imfa Gagarin mu dziko chisoni. Ndipo kenako m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ife zakhazikitsa misewu kwa cosmonaut choyamba.

Volkov

Vladislav Nikolaevich Volkov - Soviet cosmonaut. Anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1935, pa November 23.

Tsogolo wokayenda pamwezi maphunziro Moscow sukulu nambala 201 mu 1953, kenako anayamba Moscow Aviation Institute ndipo analandira zapaderazi electromechanical injiniya kuyang'anira maroketi. Iye anapita kukagwira ntchito mu CB Mfumukazi ndi wothandiza chilengedwe cha luso danga. Pa nthawi yomweyo amayamba kupezeka maphunziro masewera oyendetsa zouluka kalabu Kolomna.

Mu 1966, Volkov membala wa cosmonaut Corps, ndipo zaka zitatu kenako ndege chake choyamba pa "Soyuz-7" mu ntchito ya ndege injiniya. The ndege unatenga masiku 4, maola 22 ndi mphindi 40. Mu 1971, panali chachiwiri ndi womaliza ndege Volkova, amene anatumikira monga injiniya. Kuwonjezera Vladislav Nikolaevich Gulu imakhala Patsaev ndi Dobrovolsky, amene tikukambirana pansipa. Pamene kukwera ngalawa zinachitika depressurization, komanso ophunzira onse ndege anafa. Akufa opita anali unachita kutenthedwa ndi mapulusa awo anayikidwa mu khoma Kremlin.

Dobrowolski

Georgiy Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, amene takambirana kale, anabadwa mu Odessa mu 1928, pa 1 June. Woyendetsa, wasayansi ya zakuthambo ndi Air Force wamkulu, anali atamwalira kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union.

Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo anali pa gawo wotanganidwa wa akuluakulu Romania ndi anamangidwa chifukwa cholowa zida. Chifukwa cha mlandu woti ndikhale zaka 25 m'ndende, koma am'deralo anakwanitsa awombole. Ndipo pakutha pa Wachiwiri World nkhondo Georgy Dobrovolsky akulowa Odessa sukulu Air Force. Pa nthawi imeneyi iye samadziwa chimene tsoka adzafa. Komabe, chombo, anataya malo, komanso ndege, pasadakhale kukonzekera imfa.

Mu 1948 Dobrowolski anali kuphunzira pa sukulu lankhondo la Chuguev, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri anayamba kutumikira mu Soviet Air Force. Mu nthawi ya utumiki, iye maphunziro a Academy wa Air Force. Ndipo mu 1963 membala wa cosmonaut Corps.

kuthawa loyamba ndi lomaliza anayamba June 6, 1971 pa bolodi "Soyuz 11" mu udindo wa mkulu. The chombo zafikapo danga "Solutia-1" siteshoni, kumene anakhala pang'ono kafukufuku. Koma pa nthawi ya kubwerera kwa Earth zinachitika, monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, depressurization.

banja ndi madalitso

Akufa chombo si otchuka yekha wa dziko, amene anapereka moyo wake wa iye, koma munthu ana, amuna ndi abambo. Atamwalira Georgy Dobrovolsky amasiye ana ake aakazi awiri, Marina (1960 p.) Ndipo Natalia (1967 p.). kumanzere limodzi ndi mkazi wamasiye wa ngwazi za, Lyudmila Stebleva, mphunzitsi sekondale. Ndipo ngati inu anakwanitsa kukumbukira mwana wamkulu atate wake, wamng'ono, yemwe anali ndi zaka 4 okha pa nthawi ya kugwa kwa kapisozi sadziwa izo.

Kuwonjezera pa mutu Hero wa Soviet Union Dobrovolsky anali kupereka dongosolo la Lenin (atamwalira), "Gold Star" Mendulo "Pakuti Service mu Nkhondo". Komanso, dzina la cosmonaut dziko nambala 1789 mayina, anatsegula mu 1977, ndi mwezi Chigwa ndi kafukufuku sitimayo.

Komanso pa tsiku ili, kuyambira mu 1972, pali miyambo kusewera Dobrovolsky Cup, umene linapereka kwa kulumpha bwino pa trampoline lapansi.

Patsaev

Zimenezi mwa kupitiriza funsolo, momwe chombo ambiri anaphedwa mu mlengalenga, timapita pa lotsatira Hero yakale Union. Viktor Ivanovich Patsaev anabadwa mu Aktobe (Kazakhstan) mu 1933, patsamba 19 June. Amadziwika munthu amene wakhala cosmonaut oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, amene ankagwira ntchito kunja m'mlengalenga. Iye anafa pamodzi ndi Dobrovolsky ndi Volkov tatchulazi.

Bambo Victor anali atagwa pa nkhondo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Ndi banja nkhondo itatha, anakakamizika kusamukira ku dera Kaliningrad, kumene tsogolo cosmonaut loyamba kupita kusukulu. Monga kunalembedwa mu Maulendo a mlongo wake, danga anakhala Victor chidwi kale - iye kum'gwira "Ulendo kwa Moon" ndi K. Tsiolkovsky.

Mu 1950 Patsaev akadzafika mu Penza Institute Industrial, amene anamaliza maphunziro, ndipo anatumizidwa ku chapakati Observatory chapamwamba mpweya. Pano, iye watenga mbali pomanga maroketi nyengo.

Ndipo mu 1958, Viktor Ivanovich kunditumiza ku CB Mfumukazi, mu dipatimenti kamangidwe. Ndi apa kuti anakumana wagwa Soviet opita (Volkov, Dobrovolsky ndi Patsaev). Komabe, okha cosmonaut adzakhala awumbika mwa zaka 10, amene tithe adzakhala Patsaev. maphunziro ake adzakhala zaka zitatu. Mwatsoka, woyamba wokayenda pamwezi ntchito inatha mu matsoka ndi imfa ya anthu onsewo.

Kodi chombo ambiri anaphedwa mu mlengalenga?

Funso sangathe kupereka yankho lomveka. chakuti mfundo ya utumwi danga kukhalabe wachinsinsi lero. Pali zambiri maganizo ndi mphekesera, koma umboni konkire mpaka palibe amene ali.

Pamene kafukufuku nduna, chiwerengero cha imfa ya opita ndi chombo cha mayiko onse ndi 170 anthu. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo, kumene, oimira Soviet Union ndi United States. Mwa iwowa, ndi ofunika ponena Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Dzhudit Reznik (mmodzi wa akazi chombo), Ronald McNair.

ena akufa

Ngati mukufuna mu chombo akufa Russia, pa mphindi iwo kulibeko. Palibe kuyambira kugwa kwa Soviet Union ndi mapangidwe Russia ngati boma palokha sanali lipoti chochitika chimodzi cha kugwa kwa spacecraft ndi imfa ya yotereyi.

Mu nkhani iyi, tinakambirana za anthu amene anafa mwachindunji ku malo koma sitingathe kunyalanyaza chombo anthu amene ndinali nawo mwayi kuti avule. Anamwalira iwo ngakhale padziko lapansi.

Izi zinali Valentin Vasilevich Bondarenko, amene anali mbali ya gulu la opita woyamba ndipo anafa pa maphunziro. Pamene anali ku sudobarokamere pamene wokayenda pamwezi anali kukhala ndekha pafupifupi 10 masiku, iye analakwitsa. masensa Unfastened lipoti lofunika thupi ndipombo acimbadzoza ndi thonje ubweya ankawaviika mowa kenako kuponyera. Thonje mpira anagunda red-hot koyilo magetsi, kuchititsa moto. Pamene kamera ndi lotseguka, wokayenda pamwezi anali akali moyo, koma pambuyo 8:00 anafa pa Hospital Botkin. Kuphetsa chombo pamaso Gagarin Choncho, monga mwa umembala wake munthu wina.

Komabe, Bondarenko tidzakhalabe chikumbukiro m'mibadwo yanu pamodzi ndi chombo ena akufa.