Kukonzekera kwa kupanga zomangamanga ndi manja awo. Kupanga zomangamanga

Zimangidwe zomangamanga ndizozolowera zokhazikitsira zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Iwo amasiyana mu kukula, zigawo zikuluzikulu, njira yopangira, koma zonse ziri muzinthu zofunikira zomanga khoma. Zimangidwe zomangamanga zimapangidwa m'makampani ogulitsa, m'nyumba zimapanganso zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zimafuna kukhazikitsa kupanga zomangamanga ndi manja awo. Malinga ndi mfundo za kupanga, izi zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

• Cinder imatseka;
• Konkire;
• Zomangamanga zomanga utuchi;
• Konkire yokhazikika;
• Fibro-konkire;
• Polystyrene konkire.

Chigoba chimakhala ngati zomanga

Slagblock imatanthawuza zinthu zowonongeka, koma mmalo mwa miyala yayikulu ndi miyala yopwanyika, kukhuta mwa mawonekedwe a spent slag ntchito. Kupatsanso malo koteroko kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke poyerekeza ndi konkire komanso zina zotsekemera zotsekemera, chifukwa slag ndi coefficient of kutentha conductivity amasiyana bwino ndi heavy ndi wandiweyani wosweka mwala.

Kupangidwa kwa zipika za slag kumapereka mlingo woyenera wa zigawozo mu njirayi, ndizo:

• Samenti a mtunduwo si wotsika kuposa 400 kapena 500, amatenga gawo limodzi (chidebe);
• Mchenga wa mchenga, magawo atatu (zidebe) amawombedwa;
• Slag, njerwa yopsereza, yokhala ndi dothi, izi zimaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa magawo asanu (ndowa);
• Madzi.

Kuti mupeze zithunzithunzi za slag za khalidwe lomwelo monga fakitale, njira yothetsera kuvomereza kwagwiritsidwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yothetsera madzi idzachepetsa mphamvu, ndipo kuthandizira kwakukulu kumayambitsa zowonongeka mkati mwazowuma.

Sitima za konkire

Zomangamanga za simenti, mchenga ndi miyala yophwanyika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangirira khoma ndi zina, ngati mphamvu yowonjezera ikufunika. Chiŵerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu za konkirezi zimatengedwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 3: 6, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya konki yosakaniza ikufotokozedwa muzolemba za zomangamanga ndikudalira chizindikiro cha simenti chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kukula kwa mndandanda ndi mchenga.

Kumanga mabala a macheka

Kwa kumanga nyumba, nyumba zazing'ono, kanyumba amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala ndi kutentha khoma zinthu za utuchi, mchenga ndi madzi. Limu amachita ngati chigawo cha astringent mu njirayi. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zawonjezeredwa ku njirayi zimasintha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza. Kuwonjezeka kwa unyinji wa utuchi kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa thupi kutentha, koma kumathandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu. Monga kuchuluka kwa mchenga mu njirayi kumawonjezereka, mphamvu imakula, ndipo chisanu kukana malire kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mizere imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba zapadera monga khungu lopangidwira nyumba.

Zopindulitsa zazikuluzikuluzo ndi kupezeka kwa zipangizo ndi mtengo wotsika, nthawi yaitali yogwiritsira ntchito popanda chiwonongeko, kusungidwa kwa zinthu zakuthambo, mosavuta kulandira. Mbewu yopangira zomangamanga ndi manja awo amapezeka pakupanga ndipo ndi yotchuka pakati pa akatswiri a zomangamanga. Satikiti ya konkire ili ndi nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera, choncho angapo pamabowo amapangidwa mkati mwa mankhwala kuti apange mpweya.

Miyeso ya zitsulo za utuchi sizinayendetsedwa bwino, m'lifupi mwake imatengedwa kukhala yambiri ya makulidwe a khoma. Ngati mungalankhule za kukula kwake, ndiye kuti matabwawa amapangidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi njerwa (140 mm - 65х2 + 10 cm). Pofuna kupanga miyala ya utuchi, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimasakanikirana, kenako madzi amawonjezeredwa, osakaniza matope amagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito.

Nyumba zomangamanga za konkire

Kukonzekera kwawo kumaphatikizapo njira yovuta yothetsera yankho ndi mpweya, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kubereka kunyumba. Zomangamanga za gazobetonnyh zimasiyana mosiyana, kumveka phokoso lalikulu, teploizolyacionnymi katundu.

Zamagetsi zamakono zopangira zida

Fibropenobeton mumalo mwake ndi malo okongola omwe ali ndi mchenga, chithovu ndi simenti. Makina apamwamba apamwamba a zomangamanga amathira thovu m'kati mwa njirayi, amapanga yunifolomu yotsekemera magawo a danga. Poonjezera mphamvu ya zitsulo, opanga amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya fiberglass kuchokera ku polyamide ponseponse. Zokongoletserazi ndizolimba kwambiri, sizowola, ndizowona komanso ndizokhazikika.

Zida zawo zowonjezera zowonjezera zimapangidwa ndi kukula kwake. Chifukwa chokhala ndi makoma, kukula kwake ndi 20x30x60 masentimita, omwe amalemera makilogalamu 22. Kumanga khoma la njerwa mofanana ndi miyala 18, idzalemera makilogalamu 72. Mizere yaying'ono (10 cm) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makoma mkati mwa nyumba, magawo, amaikidwa ndi miyala, malinga. Mankhwala otentha a fibro-konkire ndi ocheperapo ndi njerwa, 2,7 kuphatikizapo kawiri katatu kusiyana ndi cinder ndi shellfish.

Kukula kwakukulu kwa miyalayi kumachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito matabwa a mchenga chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito miyala 20 poyerekezera ndi kumanga khoma lopangidwa ndi miyala yaying'ono. Fibropenobeton sichiwotchera, ikadziwika ndi kutentha kwake sikusintha mawonekedwe ndipo siimatulutsa zowonongeka pamene zimapsa mtima.

Mizere ya konstrirene konkire

Zinthuzo zimatchulidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a konkire ofunika. Kuchokera ku standard concrete, zimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogulitsa. Zokongoletsera zamatabwa zimaposa konkire yosavuta kwambiri polemera, ngakhale thovu la konkire ndi lolemera kuposa nthawi imodzi ndi theka. Chifukwa cha chiwonetsero ichi, nyumba zimamangidwa popanda chikhazikitso chokhazikitsira maziko, ndalama zamagalimoto zowonongeka.

Kupangidwa kwa mapuloteni owonjezera a polystyrene kumaphatikizapo kusakaniza mosamalitsa kwa simenti, mchenga, kuwonjezera mapuloteni a polystyrene ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti asunge mpweya mu misa yonse. Zizindikiro zina zonsezi zimayikidwa pa sitepe pamwamba pa zipangizo zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi zonse. Kutentha kwa madzi otsika ndi mpweya wokwanira kumapangitsa kuti polystyrene yowonongeka yosakanikirana mobwerezabwereza ndi kuzizira, zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa nyumba zomwe zimangidwe. Pambuyo pomanga makoma kuchokera ku zipangizo zoyenera, kanyumba kakang'ono kameneka kamapezeka chaka chonse. Pankhani ya miyala ya polystyrene yowonjezereka, nthawi imeneyo sichidikira.

Kukonzekera kwa kupanga zomangamanga ndi manja awo

Kuti apangidwe nyumba zomangamanga, chipangizo chapadera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoyendetsera phokoso.

Tebulo lododometsa ngatilo kapena tebulo logwedeza limapangidwa mosasamala. Kukonzekera kwa kupanga zomangamanga, zopangidwa ndi okha, kumachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa zitsulo, motsatira, ndi makoma a nyumbayo.

Kukonzekera kwa yankho

Yankho likukonzedwa ku mchenga, simenti, madzi ndi chiwerengero, chomwe zipangizo zosiyana siyana zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, monga zalembedwa pamwambapa. Kuti muwone kuti njira yothetsera vutoli imakhala yotani, ndalama zing'onozing'ono zimaponyedwa pansi. Kusakaniza kwabwino sikufalikira pamitsinje yamadzi, ikangowonjezera, imalowa mu mpira.

Kupanga zida za slag kumatanthauza kuyeretsa bwino kwa slag kuchokera ku zinyalala zakunja, ziphuphu, ndi malasha osayaka saloledwa kulowa muyeso. Nthawi zina gypsum imaphatikizidwa ku yankho. Pankhani iyi, sakanizani magawo atatu a slag ndi one - gypsum, panthawi yomweyi madzi amayamba. Njirayi imagwiritsidwira ntchito mwamsanga, monga gypsum imakhala yovuta maminiti. Musanayambe kuweramitsa musanayambe kumira ndi madzi. Pofuna kuti zinthu zikhale bwino, zowonjezera zowonjezeredwa za pulasitiki zimapangidwira kuti zitheke. Zochita zawo zimapangitsa chisanu kukana, kukana madzi ndi mawotchi amphamvu.

Malingana ndi cholinga, mitundu iwiri ya timatabwa timene timapangidwira timapanga: zowongoka komanso zopanda pake. Zoyamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zolimba, zogwira makoma, maziko. Mitundu yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga gawo la magawo, imathandiza kuti nyumbazi zikhale zozizira komanso zozizwitsa.

Kupanga konkire imatseka popanda tebulo logwedeza

Pa matekinoloje awiri, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni yamatabwa, yomwe imapangidwira kuti chilengedwe chifalikire njira yothetsera popanda kugwedezeka, amasangalala ndi zofuna zosafunika. Yankho likuyikidwa mu mawonekedwe okonzeka m'magulu angapo. Poyamba, mudzaze chidebecho ndi yankho la magawo atatu, kenaka pempherani mosamala khoma la nkhungu pamphepete mwachindunji kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndondomeko ya konkire. Pazigawo ziwiri zotsatira, yankho limatsanulidwa molingana ndi teknoloji yapachiyambi isanafike kudzaza nkhungu. Kupanga zomangamanga ndi voids kumapereka phwando, pamene mabotolo awiri a pulasitiki ndi madzi alowetsedwa mu njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe pambuyo pochotsedweratu imachotsedwa.

Mafomu achoka kwa masiku 2-5 kuti aume. Kenaka, chotsani mosamala zitsulo kuchokera kumalo osasinthika ndi kuziika pa pallets mpaka zowuma. Makina opangira zitsulo zopangira njirayi safunikira.

Zida ndi zipangizo zidafunikanso: sieve yoyesera mchenga, nkhungu yothetsera madzi, kapu, kusakaniza kapena konkriter, nyundo yogogoda, chidebe, fosholo, nsalu, pallets zowuma.

Njira yopangidwira imagwiritsira ntchito makina osokoneza

Pachifukwa ichi, makina osokoneza makina ogulidwa amagula kapena amapangidwa mwaulere. Chitsulo chapadera chimayikidwa pa ndege ya makina, ndipo chisakanizo cha konkire ndi chodzaza kuchokera ku slag chimatsanulidwira mmenemo mwa magawo atatu. Pambuyo pake, tebulo logwedezeka likugwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika kwa masekondi makumi asanu ndi awiri, zomwe zimalola kuchotsa mpweya wosafunika wa mpweya kuchokera ku njirayi, ndipo simenti idzapeza bwino. Yankho limatsanulidwa mu nkhungu katatu. Zomwe zimachokera ku nkhungu zimachotsedwa mofanana ndi njira yopangira popanda kugwedeza.

Chombo cha slag sichimalepheretsa kuyanika dzuwa lotseguka, motero limawotcha m'masiku otentha ndi madzi ndipo amadzazidwa ndi mafuta ovala mafuta kapena cellophane, kuti chinyezi chisasunthike mwamphamvu. Zokonzedwa, zowuma zowonjezera zowonjezera mphamvu zoposa 100 pa tsiku la 28, ndipo zitatha izo zakonzekera ntchito yomanga.

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu

Nkhungu zimapangidwa mwachindunji, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo kapena matabwa chifukwa cha izi, matabwa m'kati mwake amatenga osachepera 190-200 mm. Zili zogwirizana ndi makonzedwe okongoletsera, omwe mbali zake zowonongeka zimatulutsidwa kuti atuluke chipika chodutsa. Mu mapangidwe ambiri, osapitirira 6 maselo a kuika konkire ali pamodzi. Nyumba yomalizayo imakwera pazinthu zopanda madzi, mwachitsanzo, nsalu ya mafuta yomwe imakhala pansi pa nkhungu.

Ngati zinthu za nkhungu zimasankhidwa nkhuni, ndiye kuti zisanayambe kuchitidwa chithandizo ndi zokopa kapena zowonjezera kuti zisawonongeke. Mafomuwa amapangidwa ndi nkhuni youma. Zinthu izi zimachitika, mwinamwake panthawi yogwira ntchito mtengo udzatsogoleredwa kuchokera ku madzi, ndipo kukula kwake kwa chigawocho kudzasintha. Miyezo yofanana ya miyalayi ndi 400x200x200 mm, koma aliyense wodzipanga yekha amapanga zomangamanga zomanga.

Kwa matrices a zitsulo, mapepala a makulidwe osapitirira 3-4 mm amatengedwa. Powonjezera kapangidwe kameneka, mawotchi onse amapangidwa kuchokera kunja, kuti asayende pambali. Ma void mkati mwa chitsekochi amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zidutswa zazitsulo zamkati, monga 80mm. Dulani mtunda pakati pa mapaipi ndikuchotsani pamakoma, mawonekedwewa akugwedezeka ndi kupsyinjika kwa kuuma ndi kukonzekera.

Ngati zipangizo zimapangidwira kupanga zomangamanga, ndiye kuti pamene akugwiritsira ntchito vibrator pa tebulo mutatha kuyimitsa mtedza, iwo adakali ndi zowonjezera pang'ono. Nthawi zonse galimotoyo idzaphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro chotetezera chopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina kuchokera ku splashes of solution, madzi, fumbi.

Kupanga luso la utuchi konkire mabwalo

Zida zomwe zilipo sizisanayambe kuchitidwa, koma zimagulidwa mu sitolo iliyonse yomanga, kotero kuti kupanga mchenga, laimu ndi utuchi amayamba nthawi yomweyo mutangotenga. Kusakaniza yankho, gwiritsani ntchito chosakaniza cha konkire kapena chosakaniza, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kuphatikizapo zinyalala pamtengo.

Dothi lachitsulo, lodutsa mu sieve lalikulu, limasakanizidwa ndi mchenga ndi simenti. Kwa njirayi yonjezerani mandimu kapena okonzeka dongo mtanda. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumasakanizidwa bwino ndipo pokhapokha madzi amawonjezeredwa, pang'onopang'ono akutsanulira m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Kuti mudziwe kukonzekera kwa njirayi, imaphatikizidwa ndi dzanja, ndiye kuti zizindikiro zazitsulo zikhalebe pamphuno, zomwe zikuwonetsera kuchuluka kwake.

Musanadzaze nkhunguzo ndi njira yothetsera vutoli, iwo ali ndi zing'onozing'ono zosanjikiza za utuchi. Mabowo amkati mwazitsulo amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki zamtengo wapatali pafupifupi 70-80 mm kukula, zomwe zimayikidwa mu matrix musanatsanulire yankho. Zipangizo za zomangamanga zimayikidwa mu nkhungu, pogwiritsira ntchito mwapadera. Chotsalacho chadzala pamwamba ndipo chatsala kuti chiume kwa masiku atatu. Pambuyo pa nthawiyi, yankho likusonkhanitsa 40 peresenti ya mphamvu.

Zosungunukazo zimachotsedwa, ndipo zowonongeka zouma masiku ena anayi, kenako mphamvuyo imakhala 70% ya malire. Zogulitsidwa zimatumizidwa ku pallets ndi kutetezedwa ndi dzuwa. Kuyanika kwa timatabwa kumakhala mofulumira, ngati mutasiya mipata pakati pa katundu nthawi yosungirako. Zimalangizidwa kuyika mapaleti muzolemba kapena kugwiritsira ntchito fan kuti akankhidwe mokakamizidwa.

Nyemba yamatabwa konkire imapindula 100% mphamvu pambuyo poyanika kwa miyezi itatu, koma ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito patapita mwezi umodzi wa mpweya wabwino. Panthawiyi, mphamvu zawo ndi 90%.

Makina ndi zipangizo

Pofuna kupanga chiwerengero cha zomangamanga zofunikira pomanga, amapeza makina okonzera vibroforming. Mtundu wa TL-105 ndi mankhwala abwino. Ndipo ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zili zokwana 0.55 kW, zimapanga pafupifupi 150 makenti okhwima ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana pa ora la ntchito. Ndalama zake zogulitsidwa pamsika ndi pafupifupi 42,800 rubles. Okonza zamakono zamakina opanga makina amapanga makina osiyanasiyana kuti apangidwe ndi zida zina. Mitengo ya makina ndi yosiyana, ndipo mtengo wa zomangamanga mwachindunji umadalira izi.

Pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga zazing'ono, 1XS yosakanikiranayo iyenera kugwirizana, imatenga pafupifupi 17,000 rubles, mphamvu yokwana 0.15 kW, imapanga magawo 30 pa ola limodzi. Kugula makina, ganizirani kuchuluka kwa zopangira zofunikira pa zomangamanga.

Pomalizira, tifunika kukumbukira kuti kupanga zomangamanga ndi manja awo kudzapulumutsa ndalama zambiri kuti zitheke. Mtengo wamtengo wapatali sungaganizire malipiro operekedwa kwa wogwira ntchitoyo. Mtengo wa chipika suwonjezerapo ndalama zapamwamba ndi zopangira, msonkho ndi zina zotsala, choncho, zipangitse nyumbayo kukhala yotsika mtengo kunyumba.