Kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi zotsatira zake anthu. Kafukufuku kuipitsidwa nthaka

Nthaka - wapadera zachilengedwe mapangidwe, kuonetsetsa kukula kwa mitengo, mbewu ndi zomera zina. N'zovuta popanda wathu lachonde. Koma munthu masiku ano amatanthauza kuuluka? Lero, munthu wa kuipitsidwa nthaka wafika kufanana yaikulu, kotero nthaka ya dziko lathuli mu zitakuvutani chitetezo ndi kusamala.

Nthaka - ndichiyani?

Nthaka chitetezo ndi kuipitsidwa N'zosatheka kumvetsa bwino zimene nthaka komanso mmene aumbike. Taganizirani funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Pansi (kapena pansi) - wapadera zachilengedwe mapangidwe, ndi kuvomerezedwa zikuluzikulu za topezeka iliyonse. Iwo aumbike mwa wosanjikiza chapamwamba thanthwe kholo, ndi zochita za dzuwa, madzi, ndi zomera. Nthaka - mtundu wa mlatho, ulalo, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi biotic ndi abiotic zigawo za Edene.

njira Basic chifukwa limene nthaka, kukokoloka ili ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira ya makina weathering kholo thanthwe akuwonongedwa ndipo pang'onopang'ono wosweka, ndi zamoyo ndizodzazidwa ndi misa ili zopanda moyo zinthu organic.

munthu wa kuipitsidwa nthaka - ndi limodzi mwa mavuto wofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe masiku ano kasamalidwe zachilengedwe, amene makamaka lakuthwa mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri.

kapangidwe nthaka

nthaka iliyonse imakhala zigawo 4 chachikulu. Ali:

• thanthwe (m'munsi nthaka, pafupifupi 50% ya okwana kulemera);
• madzi (pafupifupi 25%);
• mpweya (15%);
• organic (manyowa, zimene 10%).

Malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha zigawo izi mu nthaka, izi mitundu nthaka :

• miyala;
• dongo;
• mchenga;
• humus;
• saline.

The katundu kiyi wa nthaka yomwe tikutero m'chigawo ina ya malo ndi chonde ake. Izi katundu wapadera komwe kumakwanitsa zomera zakudya zofunika, chinyezi ndi mphepo. Choncho, nthaka amapereka kupanga zamoyo zonse zomera ndi mbewu zokolola. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuipitsa nthaka ndi madzi amenewa nkhani otentha mu dziko.

Research dothi

maphunziro nthaka chinkhoswe wapadera sayansi - sayansi nthaka, amene ankaona anayambitsa Vasily Dokuchaev - wasayansi omveka dziko. Iye ndiye, mu m'ma XIX, anazindikira kuti nthaka kufalitsa kwambiri mwachibadwa (latitudinal magawidwe dothi) padziko lapansi, komanso otchedwa bwino mbali morphological lapansi.

Dokuchaev ankaona nthaka monga yofunika ndi ufulu wodzilamulira zachilengedwe mapangidwe kuti iye sanachite palibe sayansi. The ntchito otchuka kwambiri wasayansi - "Russian wakuda lapansi" 1883 - ndi buku lina onse sayansi yamakono nthaka. Dokuchaev anachita kufufuza mozama zone nthaka steppe la Russia zamakono Ukraine, zotsatira zimene anapanga maziko a bukhu. Mlembi anafotokoza waukulu zinthu dothi: kholo thanthwe, zimachititsa chilumbachi, nyengo, ndi zaka dziko mbewu. Scientist amapereka chidwi kwambiri tanthauzo la "nthaka ndi ntchito ya kholo thanthwe, nyengo ndi zamoyo, kuchulukitsa ndi nthawi."

Ataphunzira dothi Dokuchaeva kutengapo mbali, asayansi otchuka. Pakati pawo: Kostychev, N. Sibirtsev, K. Glinka ndi ena.

Tanthauzo ndi udindo wa nthaka moyo wa munthu

Mawu akuti "dziko-namwino" timamva zambiri si chophiphiritsa kapena zophiphiritsira chabe. Ndithu. Ndi ndiwo chakudya cha anthu, amene, mulimonse, amapereka za 95% ya mankhwala onse zakudya. Malo okwana chuma Dziko wathu lero 129 miliyoni kukafika ² dziko dera lomwe 10% ndi olimapo dziko, ndi wina% 25 - hayfields ndi msipu.

Kuphunzira nthaka linayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX, koma anthu kudziwa za chuma chawo wokongola - za chonde kuchokera kalelo. nthaka kuti ngongole moyo wawo kwa zomera ndi nyama akhala pa Dziko Lapansi, kuphatikizapo anthu. Sichangozi m'madera amene kuli anthu ambiri a dzikoli ndi malo ndi nthaka kwambiri chonde.

Nthaka - ndi gwero chachikulu cha ulimi. A ambiri misonkhano ndi zachitikadi anatengera pa mlingo lonse, akuyitanira chisamaliro zomveka ndi kutenga nthaka. Ndipo ichi ndi zoonekeratu, chifukwa kuipitsa okwana dziko ndi nthaka likuoneka kuli anthu onse pa dziko.

Nthaka chivundikiro - chinsinsi mchitidwe malo osiyanasiyana padziko m'chimake kuyang'anira njira zonse biosphere lapansi. Nthaka amasonkhana kuchuluka yofotokoza nkhani organic ndi mphamvu, kukwaniritsa, motero, udindo wa chimphona zamera-fyuluta. Izi - chofunika wa biosphere, amene chiwonongeko kuphwanya dongosolo zake zonse zinchito.

M'zaka za m'ma XXI, katundu pa chivundikiro nthaka wakula kangapo, ndipo vuto kuipitsidwa nthaka amapita ku Mulingo wa zazikulu padziko lonse. Dziwani njira yothetsera vutoli zimadalira kanthu yatsopano mayiko onse padziko lapansi.

Kuipitsidwa kwa dziko ndi dothi

kuipitsidwa nthaka ndi ndondomeko wa kudzitsitsa pa chivundikiro nthaka, mmene wokhutira mankhwala ali kwambiri. Indicators a ndondomeko imeneyi zamoyo, zomera makamaka amene ali woyamba kuvutika chifukwa cha kuphwanya zikuchokera wachibadwa wa nthaka. Pankhaniyi, zimene zomera zimadalira msinkhu wawo tilinazo kusintha koteroko.

Tikumbukenso kuti dziko lathu amapereka udindo pa milandu kuipitsa dziko ndi munthu. Makamaka Nkhani 254 wa Code Wachifwamba zikumveka ngati "Corruption dziko".

Kufanizitsa wa zoipitsa nthaka

Main nthaka kuipitsidwa inayamba mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, ndi kukula mofulumira zovuta mafakitale. Mu kuipitsa dothi kumvetsa oyamba mu zigawo atypical nthaka izo - otchedwa "zoipitsa". Iwo akhoza kukhala mu chikhalidwe chilichonse akaphatikiza - madzi, olimba, gaseous kapena zovuta.

Mankhwala oipitsa onse nthaka akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 4:

• organic (mankhwala, tizirombo, herbicides, chimasanduka onunkhira chlorinated zinthu, phenols, organic zidulo, mafuta, mafuta, lacquers ndi utoto);
• zochita kupanga (lolemera zitsulo, asibesitosi, cyanides, soda, zidulo zochita kupanga, etc.);
• nyukiliya;
• kwachilengedwenso (mabakiteriya, tizilombo tizilombo, algae ndi zina zotero).

Choncho waukulu kuipitsidwa nthaka ikuchitika mwa awa ndi zoipitsa ena. Kuchuluka zili zinthu zimenezi m'nthaka kungayambitse mavuto obwera ndi kulisiya.

Magwero a kuipitsidwa kwa dziko

Iwo angatchedwe ambiri M'zinthu zimenezi kwa tsiku. Ndipo chiwerengero cha iwo chaka ndi chaka kumawonjezera yekha.

Tikungotchula magwero chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa nthaka:

1. Nyumba ndi ntchito limodzi. Ndi chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa dziko m'mizinda. Pankhaniyi, kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka kumachitika mwa zonyansa, chakudya zinyalala, zomangamanga zinyalala ndi katundu wa m'nyumba (akale mipando, zovala, etc.). M'mizinda ikuluikulu, funso "chochita ndi zinyalala?" Likukhalira ku tsoka weniweni akuluakulu a mzinda. Choncho, kunja kwa mzinda wa mizinda kukula kilometre landfills yaikulu, omwe anasonkhana zinyalala zonse. Mu anayamba mayiko Western akhala anayambitsa mwambo wa yobwezeretsanso zomera wapadera ndi mafakitale. Ndipo mu pali ndalama zambiri amazipeza. Mu dziko lathu, mpaka Zikatero ali, mwatsoka, sizachilendo.
2. Mafakitale ndi zomera. Mu gulu ili, magwero chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa nthaka - mankhwala, migodi, zomangamanga mafakitale ndi. Cyanides, Arsenic, styrene, benzene, kuundana ma polima, mpweya wakuda - zinthu zonsezi zoopsa mu nthaka mu malo mwa makampani akuluakulu mafakitale. Vuto lalikulu tsopano ndi vuto la kutaya matayala, projecting chifukwa cha moto waukulu ndi ovuta kwambiri kuzimitsa.
3. Timanyamula zovuta. Magwero a dziko zoipa, mu nkhani iyi - patsogolo, chimasanduka, mwaye ndi asafe oxides. zinthu zonsezi anamasulidwa pa ntchito ya injini kuyaka mkati, kenako waikamo pansi ndi chosakanikirana ndi zomera. Choncho, amaona m'nthaka. Pankhaniyi, mlingo wa kuipitsidwa nthaka adzakhala monga mkulu ngati n'kotheka pamodzi misewu ikuluikulu ndi mphambano pafupi ndi msewu.
4. Agro-mafakitale zovuta. Kuchoka chakudya pansi, ife nthawi yomweyo chiphe ake, monga paradoxical mmene zingamvekere. kuipitsidwa anthu a nthaka pano ndi chiyambi cha dziko feteleza ndi mankhwala. Zinali zoopsa amagwa pansi kwa iye zinthu - Mercury, mankhwala otsogolera cadmium. Komanso, mankhwala owonjezera anasambitsidwa ndi mvula m'minda, akubwera ku mitsinje ndi pansi mpaka kalekale.
5. Nyukiliya zinyalala. zoopsa kwambiri umabala kuipitsa nthaka makampani zinyalala nyukiliya. anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti nthawi mosiyanasiyana nyukiliya ku zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya pafupifupi 98-99% ya mafuta chimene tachita. Izi ureniamu fission mankhwala - cesium, nyukiliyazo basi, strontium ndi zinthu zina zimene woopsa kwambiri. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri m'dziko lathu Ndi manda zinyansi nyukiliya. Chaka chilichonse limapanga 200 zikwi kiyubiki mamita zinyalala za nyukiliya ku dziko.

The mitundu ikuluikulu cha kuwonongeka

Kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka akhoza kukhala zachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, mapiri akaphulika) kapena zopangidwa (opangidwa) pamene kuipitsidwa kumachitika chifukwa cha munthuyo. Zikatero nthaka kugwa zinthu ndi mankhwala si chibadidwe chilengedwe komanso kungasokoneze pa zimadalirana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.

The ndondomeko ya gulu la kuipitsidwa nthaka zovuta, classifications osiyana imayambira zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuipitsidwa nthaka akhoza mwachidule motere.

kuipitsidwa nthaka zoweta - kuipitsa nthaka ndi zinyalala ndi mpweya. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Mankhwala oipitsa zachilengedwe osiyana ndi boma zosiyanasiyana loitanirana. Iwo akhoza kukhala madzi ndi olimba. Ambiri, mtundu wa kuipitsidwa si owopsa kwambiri kwa nthaka Komabe, kudzikundikira kwambiri zinyalala littering m'dera ndiponso kupewa kukula zachilendo zomera. Vuto ambiri wokonda zoweta ndalama kuipitsa nthaka m'madera matauni ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu, komanso m'midzi ndi dongosolo nenalazhennoy zosonkhanitsira zinyalala.

Chemical kuipitsidwa wa dothi - ndi choyamba, kuipitsa heavy, ndi mankhwala. Mtundu wa kuipitsidwa ndi kale ngozi yaikulu kwa anthu. Ndipotu, zitsulo ndi luso kudziunjikira ku zamoyo zina. Ntaka zakhudzana mitundu heavy monga kutsogolera, cadmium, chromium, mkuwa, faifi tambala, Mercury, Arsenic ndi manganese. More kuipitsa zochita nthaka monga mafuta, imene muli chinthu poizoni kwambiri - tetraethyl patsogolo.

Mankhwala - komanso zinthu zoopsa kwambiri nthaka. Ndiwo mankhwala ndi ulimi wamakono, amene mwachangu ntchito mankhwala awa kulimbana tizirombo ndi nsikidzi. Choncho, mankhwala kudziunjikira m'nthaka ambiri. iwo ali chimodzimodzi owopsa kwa nyama ndi anthu kuposa zitsulo. Kotero, inaletsedwa kwambiri poizoni ndi khola kwambiri DDT mankhwala. Iwo amatha osati linakwiriridwa m'nthaka kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi apeza njanji chake Antarctica!

Mankhwala zoipa kwambiri kwa microflora nthaka mabakiteriya ndi bowa.

Nyukiliya kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka - ndi kuipitsidwa nthaka zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya zinyalala. zinthu nyukiliya ndi woopsa kwambiri, monga mosavuta kudutsa mu unyolo chakudya cha zamoyo. The owopsa nyukiliya isotope sankaoneka ngati strontium-90, amene amakhala ndi mkulu zokolola pa fission nyukiliya (8%) ndi (zaka 28) mkulu theka moyo. Komanso ndi mafoni kwambiri nthaka akhoza waikamo zosiyanasiyana mafupa komanso zamoyo. Pakati radionuclides ena woopsawo akhoza kutchedwa cesium 137, cerium 144, 36 chloro.

The kuipitsa nthaka chiphala - mtundu wa kuipitsidwa amatanthauza gulu la zachilengedwe. Ndi mu kukhudzana ndi poizoni mu nthaka, mpweya wakuda ndi kuyaka mpweya umene umachitika chifukwa cha kuphulitsa mapiri. Umenewu ndi mtundu chosowa kwambiri cha kuwonongeka kwa nthaka, ndilo khalidwe okha zinthu zina zazing'ono.

Mikotoksicheskoe kuipitsa nthaka - komanso si opangidwa ndi chiyambi achilengedwe. gwero la kuipitsidwa pano ndi mitundu ina ya bowa kuti apange zinthu woopsawo - mycotoxins. Dziwani kuti zinthu zimenezi ndi zazikulu ngozi kuti zamoyo, komanso ena onse, pamwamba.

kukokoloka kwa nthaka

Vuto lalikulu kwa kuteteza topsoil anali linasokoneza ndi kukhala. Chaka chilichonse, iye "adya" dera lalikulu la lachonde mlingo chilengedwe cha ayambe kukokoloka kwa nthaka mlingo kwambiri m'munsi. Asayansi bwinobwino anaphunzira makhalidwe a pasukuluyi ndi kupeza njira kulimbana nawo.

Kukokoloka kungakhale:

• madzi
• mphepo

Mwachionekere, m'nkhani yoyamba, zikubweretsa kukokoloka Chinthu ndi madzi madzi, ndipo chachiwiri - mphepo.

More ambiri ndi owopsa kukokoloka madzi. Imayamba ndi maonekedwe padziko lapansi yaing'ono, sadzachitanso noticeable chigwa, koma nthawi iliyonse mvula chigwa ichi imatundumukira ndi kukula kukula mpaka iwo kuwasandutsa dzenje. Mu nyengo chaka pa kwathunthu lathyathyathya pamwamba angakhale aakulu ngalande mu 1-2 mita! Siteji yotsatira osefukira madzi - ndi mapangidwe chigwa a. fomu iyi losiyana kuya lalikulu mpumulo ndi dongosolo nthambi. Zigwembe catastrophically kuononga minda, meadows ndi msipu. Ngati chigwa ndi asamakangane, iye posapita nthawi kuwasandutsa mtengo ndi.

Vodnoerozionnye njira mwakhama kwambiri m'chigawo steppe ndi mtunda, olimbika, zomera kumene kwenikweni.

chifukwa mphepo kukokololoka kwa nthaka ndi kutumikira mphepo yamkuntho amene amatha aphulitsa pamwamba 20 masentimita (kwambiri chonde) nthaka mpira. Mphepo imatenga nthaka pa maulendo lalikulu, n'kupanga ena madipoziti malo mpaka mamita 1-2. Nthawi zambiri iwo anapanga pamodzi m'minda komanso malamba nkhalango.

Lowunikira cha kuwonongeka nthaka

Kuti achite zovuta kwa njira chitetezo nthaka ndi zofunika kwambiri chokwanira ziyenera a kuipitsidwa nthaka. Iwo masamu ndi kuwerengetsera zovuta masamu, pambuyo ya mankhwala mwatsatanetsatane ndiponso kufufuza chilengedwe. Lowunikira anapereka chizindikiro zovuta cha kudetsedwa _ndi Z.

Kafukufuku kuipitsidwa nthaka ikuchitika zochokera pa mfundo zingapo zofunika:

• kulunjika magwero cha kuwonongeka;
• zinthu zovuta mankhwala - Mankhwala oipitsa nthaka;
• zoipitsa patsogolo mndandanda malinga MPC;
• khalidwe ndi ntchito dziko.

Ofufuza apeza angapo milingo kuipitsa nthaka, akuti:

1. Zokondweretsa (Z _kuti zosakwana 16).
2. Amtengo oopsa (Z _ndi ku 16 mpaka 38).
3. Information (Z _ndi kuchoka pa 38 kufika 128).
4. oopsa kwambiri (Z _ndi oposa 128).

Protection nthaka

Malinga gwero la kuipitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya kukopa kwake, zachitika miyeso wapadera chitetezo nthaka. Kuti miyeso ndi zinthu monga:

1. Zokonza ndi utsogoleri (kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo zogwirizana m'munda wa chitetezo nthaka, ndi ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa awo).
2. Ndondomeko (chilengedwe machitidwe wasteless kupanga).
3. Zimagwira (zosonkhanitsira, decontamination ndi kutaya zinyalala ndi nthaka kuipitsa).
4. Research (chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano maofesi chithandizo, kuwunika ndipo kuwunika chikhalidwe nthaka).
5. Forest reclamation ndi ulamuliro kukokoloka (ntchito kubzala izi malamba wapadera pogona pamodzi minda, ntchito yomanga nyumba hayidiroliki ndi kukonza ikamatera mbewu).

Pomaliza

Russian nthaka - ndi chuma chopambana, chifukwa chomwe ife tiri nacho chakudya ndi kupanga kupereka popanga zipangizo zopangira. nthaka chinapangidwa pa zaka zambiri. N'chifukwa chake kuteteza dothi kuipitsa - ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya boma.

Today pali ambiri nthaka magwero kuipitsa: zoyendera makampani, m'mizinda, zofunikira, zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi ulimi. Ntchito asayansi, akuluakulu a boma ndi kanjedza poyera chonse pamodzi - kuteteza nthaka kuchokera kuipa kwa zinthu zonse izi, kapena kuchepetsa zimakhudza awo oipa nthaka.