Kufunika kwa nkhuni, zolemba, katundu, zida ndi mawonekedwe. Wood ndi chiyani?

Mwamuna wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni kuyambira nthawi yamakedzana. Mafuta, zipangizo zomangamanga, mipando, zida zoimbira - mankhwala ochokera kwa iwo akutsatira ife moyo wonse. Kuwonjezera apo, mitengo ndi matalendala achilengedwe ndi zolemba zakale zomwe zikukhalapo.

Pali nthambi yonse ya sayansi - dendrochronology, yomwe imakulolani kupeza nthawi ya chipatsocho, komanso malo omwe mtengo womwe unapangidwa unadulidwa . Kuphunzira zigawo za mphete zapachaka, mukhoza kuphunzira za chilengedwe ndi mlengalenga. Ubwino ndi kuipa, mapangidwe, matabwa monga zomangamanga, katundu - zonsezi zimayenera kuonetsetsa.

Momwe chirichonse chimagwirira ntchito

Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi maonekedwe ake sungamvetsetse popanda kuphunziranso kapangidwe ka nkhuni. Lingaliro lomwelo limadalira kuti ndani amagwiritsa ntchito ilo. Kwa munthu wamba ndi womanga, ichi ndi gawo chabe la mtengo pansi pa makungwa, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kupanga. Kwa botanist, kapangidwe ka nkhuni ndi nkhuni ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zonse kuchokera ku mizu kupita ku korona.

Korona yamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, ndipo nthambi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo za fibreboard ndi bolodi. Chofunika kwambiri ndi thunthu. Pa gawo la mtanda, mawonekedwe a thunthu la mtengo amatsegulidwa. Mbali yapamwamba kwambiri ndiyoyikulu, imateteza maselo amoyo kuchokera ku zisonkhezero zakunja. Pakati pa makungwa ndi thupi la thunthu pali maselo amoyo - cadmium. Pakatikati, chimake chimadutsa mu thunthu lonse. Nsalu zotayirira zomwe zimapangidwira zimapangitsa kuti zisakwaniritsidwe ndi zolinga zamagetsi.

Chimake cha mtengo chimakhala ndi maselo akufa, resin deposits, mitundu ndi tanins. Chimake chimayandikana ndi sapwood - gawo la mtengo womwe uli ndi udindo woika madzi pamasamba ku mizu. Choncho, imakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, imadutsa madzi ambiri ndipo imatha kuola. Si mitengo yonse yomwe ili ndipadera. Zina mwa izo palibe kusiyana pakati pa gawo lapakati ndi mbali ya mtengo. Mitundu yotere imatchedwa sapwood.

Mitengo yaying'ono yamatabwa

Pogwiritsira ntchito microscope, mukhoza kulowa mkatikati mwa kapangidwe kake. Mtengo uli ndi maselo onse akufa. Maselo ang'onoang'ono a chomera amakhala ndi nembanemba ndi gawo la mkati - cytoplasm ndi phokoso. Maziko a kachigawo kakang'ono kofiira ndi mapulogalamu kapena mapiritsi. Pakupita kwa nthawi, maselo a zomera amapangidwanso ndipo, malinga ndi ntchitoyi, amasintha n'kukhala mu khungwa (corking) kapena nkhuni (lignification).

Mu maselo, lignin imapangidwa nthawi zonse. Iye ndiye chifukwa cha lignification. Dulani mitundu iwiri ya maselo - prochenchymal ndi parenchymal. Mitundu yoyamba ndi yambiri ya nkhuni, malingana ndi mtundu - kuyambira 85% mpaka 99%. Komanso, amagawidwa ndi ntchito zawo. Maselo othandizira ali ndi udindo wopereka zakudya ndi chinyezi kuchokera ku mizu kupita ku masamba, mawotchi - chifukwa cha mphamvu ndi bata. Maselo a parenchymal amagwira ntchito ngati chipinda chomera. Amapezerapo zakudya (mafuta, mafuta ochepa) ndikuwapatsa nthawi yovuta.

Softwoods

Malingana ndi mtundu wa mitengo, maonekedwe awo amasiyana. Mitengo ya nkhuni imagawanika kukhala coniferous ndi deciduous. Mapangidwe a conifers ndi osavuta. Misa yaikulu imapangidwa ndi maselo otetezedwa. Makhalidwe a coniferous mitundu ndi kukhalapo kwa maselo omwe amapanga utomoni. Mitundu yosiyana, imatha kusokonezeka, kapena kuphatikizidwa kuti ikhale yoyambira.

Mitengo yolimba

Mitengo yovuta komanso maonekedwe ake ndi ovuta kwambiri. Mtengo uli ndi zombo, ulusi wa librium ndi maselo osokoneza bongo. Popeza mitengo yowonongeka imatulutsa masamba m'dzinja, m'nyengo yozizira amafunika chakudya chochuluka. Motero, maselo ena opweteka kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale ndi zakudya zowonjezera kuposa zowonjezera. Izi zikhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera kumalo otchulidwa.

Zida

Zambiri za katundu zimakhala ndi nkhuni. Zizindikiro za mawonekedwe a chifukwa. Mphamvu yamatabwa ndi yaikulu kwambiri, ndipo pakati pa zipangizo zogwirira ntchitoyi, imakhala pamalo apakati. Ndipo popatsidwa zochepa zolemetsa, zikufanana ndi zitsulo. Gawo lofooka la nkhuni ndiloti ndi zinthu zosawerengeka. Kukhoza kulimbana ndi kulephera kumadalira kulangizidwa kwa mphamvu pafupi ndi malo a ulusi. Mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zimawonekera pamene zimapezeka pazinthu zomwe zili pamtunda.

Kulimba kwa nkhuni ndi kochepa, chifukwa cha izi - dongosolo lapadera. Wood ndi pulose, yosinthasintha. Mazenera amatha kuyambiranso mawonekedwe awo pambuyo pafupikitsa. Koma kuchepetsa kuwonongeka, chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa nthawi yayitali, khalani kosatha. Mtengo wa matabwa sukhoza kuyambiranso utatha ntchito yaitali.

Kuuma kwa zipangizo zomangamanga kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wotani wolemetsa womwe ukufunika kukakamiza mpira wa zitsulo mu miyeso yina. Kwa mitundu yovuta kwambiri ya nkhuni, ndi 1000 N. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuuma kochepa ndi chimodzi mwa ubwino waukulu wa nkhaniyo. Mtengo ndi wosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito, misomali, zokopa, zojambula zokhazokhazikika mwamphamvu.

Mitengo ya nkhuni imatsimikiziridwa ndi chinyontho chakuthupi cha pores. Mu mtengo wongowonongeka umafika 100%. Malingana ndi cholinga, nkhuni zowonongeka zakhala zouma ku zikhalidwe zoyenera za 40 mpaka 15%.

Ubwino

Wood ali ndi phindu laling'ono la kutentha kwautenthesi. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ngati zakuthupi zotsekemera. Kuphweka pakukonzekera kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri. N'zosatheka kulingalira gulu lililonse la oimba popanda zipangizo zoimbira zopangidwa ndi matabwa. Nyimbo zomveka bwino za violin zimachokera ku matabwa ngati momwe amatha kukhalira. Mitengo imatha kugwedezeka, pali chisankho chachikulu chopanga mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Komanso, zinthu zamatabwa zimakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Malo okongola amatsegula malo oti aganizire pamene akupanga zipinda.

Kuipa

Kukhoza kwa matabwa kumvetsetsa katundu kumadalira njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a anisotropic a nkhuni. Kuwonjezera apo, mphamvu zamphamvu zimadaliranso pafupi ndi pakati pa thunthu, chinyezi, kupezeka kwa mawanga, ming'alu. Izi zimapangitsa nthawi yambiri kusankha zinthu zoyenera pa ntchito.

Monga nkhuni zakuda, nkhuni ndi yopanda chitetezo kwa tizilombo, nkhungu, bowa. Kwa nthawi yaitali opaleshoni, mankhwala amafunika kwambiri. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nyumba zamatabwa zopanda chithandizo chisanachitike - zosavuta kuzimitsa moto.

Wood processing

Kawirikawiri, pali mitundu itatu yokonza mitengo:

• Chofala kwambiri ndi njira yokhazikika. Mtengo umadulidwa, kudula, kugawidwa.
• Pa mankhwala opanga mankhwala, nkhaniyi imakhala mkati mwa kukonzekera pakati. Chips, chips zimasakanizidwa ndi binder ndi kutentha. A mankhwala polymerization zimachitika, ndi zipangizo monga plywood, tinthu mabotolo, fibrolite amapezeka pa malo.
• Mu mankhwalawa, matabwa amawonekera ku zidulo, alkali, salt, ndi kutentha. Zina mwa zinthu zoterezi zingatchedwe makala, rosin, chingamu, tannins, mapulosi.

Mitengo ili wamkulu kuposa munthu kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Zolinga zonse zomwe zilipo kale zimagwiritsa ntchito matabwa. Mabuku, mipando, zida zoimbira - zonsezi n'zotheka chifukwa cha chilengedwe chodabwitsa ichi.