Konkire yowonjezeredwa ndi ndondomeko ya masitepe: kufotokoza, maonekedwe, GOST ndi miyeso

Masiku ano, masitepe a konkire amatsimikiziridwa kale, ndipo si kale kwambiri iwo anali zenizeni zogwirira ntchito yomanga. Kuphatikizidwa kwa konkire ndi mapangidwe opangidwa ndi chitsulo kunathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano wokhalitsa ndi wamuyaya, womwe ukufunabe lero.

Zachilengedwe zonse

Kwa malo omwe ali ndi patency yabwino, masitepe a konkire ndi oyenerera. Zikuwoneka ngati mapepala osakanikirana, ming'alu, mikanda, mikwingwirima kuchokera ku zidendene. Sizimapangidwanso kuchokera kumlengalenga monga mphepo, mvula ndi chisanu. Ndegeyo sichimathira dothi ndi madzi, imakhala yosambitsidwa mosavuta. Pali mankhwala ogulitsa pafupifupi paliponse, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, kusungunula kosavuta ndi kukhazikika. GOST ndondomeko za konkire zimayendera molingana ndi chigawo chawo chachikulu. Ndipo chofala kwambiri ndi GOST 8717.1-84.

Kawirikawiri chisakanizo cholemera, chosavuta ndi chosakaniza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala a konkire. Zogulitsidwazo ndizosawonongeka ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha mpaka -40 ° C. Amatha kupirira mazira 300, pomwe maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake alibe kusintha. Ndicho chifukwa chake zigawo za konkire zakhala zikufala m'mayiko ambiri kuti zisinthe malo ndi kumangidwe kwa nyumba.

Kugwiritsa ntchito

Zochitika zenizeni za masitepe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazowonongeka ndi zoyendetsa ndege, zokhazikitsidwa pa maziko a monolithic kapena zidutswa. Iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, omwe amachititsa kuti zitheke kuti zisinthe malo amodzi kapena angapo.

Masitepe oterewa adzawoneka ogwirizana pa njira yopitira kunyumba, komanso m'nyumba yomwe ili ndi malo ambiri. Njira zowonongeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa masitepe ndi malo osungirako. Kapangidwe ka msonkhano kakhoza kukhala ndi kukula kwake, m'lifupi ndi msinkhu. Koma pambali imodzi ya staircase payenera kukhala osachepera 15 zinthu.

Mitundu

Poyang'ana pang'onopang'ono zingaoneke kuti masitepewo ali ofanana, koma agawanika mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

1. Gawo lotsika pansi. Ndi chinthu chogwirizanitsa pakati pa sitepe yazitali ya makwerero ndi pansi. Kuchokera pamwambowu kumasiyana kokha ndi kukhalapo kwa kondomeko yapadera, chifukwa chokhazikika pa slab ikuchitika.
2. Fascial step step. Imagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zomwezo monga pansi, ndipo ili pakati pa pamwamba pa makwerero ndi nsanja.
3. Njira zazikuluzikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudutsa masitepe.
4. Chikhomo chapafupi. Ndilo gawo lapadera, lokwezedwa pambuyo pa siteji yaikulu. Zaperekedwa kwa nthawi yaying'ono.

Mitundu ya zinthu za konkire zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, zitsatirani ntchito zawo kunja ndi mkati. Ngakhale pa khonde laling'ono, mbadwazo ziyenera kukhala ndi masitepe, chimanga ndi zikuluzikulu. Kotero chojambulacho chimatha kusamutsa katundu yense.

Zida zakuthupi

Kuti apange zowonongeka, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magwero amagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Silicate konkire. Ikuyimira kusinthasintha kwamakono kwa zipangizo zojambula. Zimapangidwa ndi njira yosakaniza mchenga wa mtundu wa quartz, mvula yowonongeka pansi komanso mchenga wa quartz. Zinthuzo, malingana ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zingakhale zogwiritsira ntchito, zing'onozing'ono ndi zowonjezera. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithandizo ndi kuyala pansi.
• Mtundu wowala wa konkire. N'chimodzimodzinso ndidulidwa ku miyala ya pumice ndipo amapangidwa ndi porous mineral ndi organic aggregates. Zingakhale zotsutsana, vermiculite ndi ena. Dzina lake ndilo chifukwa cha mapangidwe a mkati mwa porous. Zolembazo zimakhudza maonekedwe ndi katundu wa mankhwala. Mitundu imeneyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zake zazikulu, ngakhale kuti zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri.
• Konkire yaikulu. Iye ndi wotchuka kwambiri. Malo odzaza malowa amagawanika kukhala malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi makina. Zimapangidwa ndi miyala, mchenga komanso quartz. Zopangidwazo zapeza ntchito yawo pansi pa madzi, mkati ndi pansi. N'zotheka kupanga zinthu ziwiri ndi makwerero a monolithic.

Maonekedwe

Pali miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi zofunika pa magawo a masitepe ndi maonekedwe awo. Choncho, pambali pa mankhwalawa muyenera kukhala osasuntha kapena apadera, kuti muthe kukonza cholembapo. Kuchokera pansi pali chisa chokonzekera ndikukhazikitsa mapazi. Zikwangwani zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zingwe ndi masitepe. Makamaka amalipidwa mwadzidzidzi wa nkhwangwa za sitepe ndi Kosovra.

Mapulani a RC amagawidwa mmanja ndi kumanja. Malo omwe akugwiritsira ntchito pazitsulo zimadalira pa parameter. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kulowera kwake. Masitepe otsetsereka amatsetsereka kuchokera ku chipinda chapamwamba kapena khonde. Pankhaniyi, maonekedwe sali ofunikira kwambiri, ndipo masitepewo ali ndi miyeso yokwana masentimita 17 mu msinkhu. Pambuyo pokonza, kawirikawiri amakongoletsedwa ndi mbale zitsulo ndi zokongoletsera. Ndipo, chifukwa cha chipinda chosankhidwa mosamala, n'zotheka kusintha sitima yosayang'anitsitsa.

Makonzedwe a konkire amasiyana ndi makhalidwe awo akunja. Iwo ndi ofanana, opangidwa kuchokera ku mtundu wolemera wa zakuthupi. Ngati zosiyana kapena zochepa zimatengedwa ngati maziko, ndiye lolemera lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito monga wosanjikiza chapamwamba. Chophimba chodziwika, chokhazikika chingakhalepo pamwamba.

Zojambula pa kosoura zingakhale kunja kapena mkati mwake. Kuwonekera kwa pang'onopang'ono kumalo apansi kapena staircase yokongola sizingasokoneze konkire ndi konkire masitepe. Miyeso Zogulazo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana, malingana ndi pempho la makasitomala, koma makamaka masitepe amapangidwa, kutalika kwake ndi 33 mm, m'lifupi ndi 150 mm, ndipo kutalika ndi 1050 mm.

Kuwonjezera kwa kukonza

Chokongoletsera chapadera cha zojambulajambula, mtundu wa zithunzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, zinali zotheka kuphatikiza mafashoni ndi mphamvu ya simenti. Kuonjezerapo, masitepewa amapangidwa ndi opanda kapena zowonjezera (kuti apange kuwala). Koma kuchokera pazitsulo zogwiritsabe ntchito siziyenera kutayidwa, kuti pakhale chitetezo. Ndipo ngati n'zosatheka kuziyika, ndi zofunika kukhala ndi khoma la chithandizo.

Ubwino

Zochita za konkire ndizo zabwino kwambiri. Iwo alibe zovuta zina. Ndikofunika kuzindikira ubwino wawo waukulu:

1. Chizoloŵezi. Ngati makwerero a mtundu wosavumbulutsidwa sungagwirizane, n'zotheka kuyika pamodzi ndi granite, cinkink kapena tile.
2. Mphamvu. Palibe chowonongeko chokhazikika ndi katundu wowonjezera tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwezo zimatsutsanso zovuta ndi kuwonongeka kulikonse.
3. Kusagwirizana. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nyumba iliyonse, kukhala nyumba ya tawuni, nyumba zamagetsi, ndege, sitimayi, sukulu kapena chipatala.
4. Kuthazikika. Mapiritsi a konkire amaima popanda chips ndi ming'alu kwa zaka zosachepera khumi.