Kodi dongosolo "wozungulira" ndi momwe ntchito. dongosolo nyukiliya "wozungulira"

Poyankha zochitika posachedwapa mu dziko: mavuto, boma ndi nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, nkhondo chidwi ndi revitalization wa zigaŵenga Chisilamu State ku Syria ndi Libya, vuto chitetezo cha dziko akhala m'modzi wa m'magazini kukanikiza lonse. Pa nthawi imene dziko lililonse lalikulu kapena kale imapanga nyukiliya, kapena akukonzekera izo, palibe mmodzi mu dziko sangakhale bwinobwino za tsogolo lake. Ndipo oipa chifunga ayenera kuonekera kwa nzika tsogolo la Russia, ndi m'mayiko kujowina ziletso ndi momasuka chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa awo pa zochita za dziko lathu.

Pa masamba a mabuku ambiri Western, mu Chingelezi Intaneti ndipo amakhala, pali kale ambiri nkhani mwachindunji akuyitanira chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali ndi Russia. Ndiye n'chifukwa onse patsogolo lotseguka Sikuyaka? Kodi bwenzi lathu European ndi American anasiya mapangano kale walemba? Ndipo n'chifukwa, ndiye, makonzedwe omwewo sizimathandiza kupewa iwo kuchokera pachiyambi kuti alipo Iraq bomba Syria ndi Libya? Chifukwa pamafunika funde la "kusintha lalanje" mu mayiko Union, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi chofunika kuti US kuika chida zapansi chitetezo mkati m'malire awo?

Mmodzi wa mayankho a mafunso atha kutumikira ngati lingaliro wangwiro kuli zida zotere, monga dongosolo la chotsimikizika kubwezera "wozungulira".

chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso cha

Tiyeni tibwerere kwa mphindi nthawi ndi kulingalira momwe tinkakhala pa "nkhondo ozizira." Mwamphamvu chatsekedwa "nsalu", pamaso pa amphamvu ndipo nthawi ikusintha "mdani kunja", palibe kwambiri kapena zochepa otchuka mbali kunja. Imeneyi, aliyense nkhonya kuguba angakhale otsiriza kwa dziko lathu. Ndipo m'mlengalenga kwambiri pano, mfundo zambiri za mfundo American wa okha nkhondo ya zida anaonekera atolankhani. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, ndi preemptive kuponya motsutsa USSR anasonyeza chiwonongeko wathunthu monga likulu lamulo la Union, ndi lamulo yantchito Magawo ofunikira a dongosolo, "Kazbek", ndi severance limasonyeza RVSN.

Chonchi zinthu akanachita headless ndi pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ndi boma? Only otsiriza mokweza ndiponso chokongola zikumenyetsedwa chitseko, moti kuti "thonje" kwa nthawi yaitali adakumbukira. Kulemba yayitali tanthauzo nkhondo, kuvulaza kubwezera choipa kuponya nyukiliya pamene chida motsogozedwa sipadzakhalanso wina kumanzere. Ndi ndi maganizo amenewa ndipo anayamba kutsogolera asayansi Soviet mu chitukuko cha munthu wa mfuti zikachitika masiku ano mpaka muyaya kukumbukiridwa monga "masiku ano chida".

Choncho, kodi Russian dongosolo "wozungulira"? Ndipo kodi mbali yake yaikulu? "Wozungulira" dongosolo - "Akufa Hand" - ya ulamuliro zodziwikiratu kwa kuponya chachikulu nyukiliya. Cholinga cha izo - ndi kuonetsetsa kungakupatseni Launch nkhondo nyukiliya mu utumiki Soviet Union, kukachitika kuti dziko avutika nkhonya onongani kwa mdani, chimene chidzawononga mayunitsi onse lamulo, angathe kupereka dongosolo kubwerera kuzemba.

Motero, dongosolo la Mlengi wawo, dongosolo nyukiliya "wozungulira" akanakhoza kupanga kukonzekera ndi afunika ya maroketi ngakhale ngati onse anaphedwa ndi kuyitanitsa kuti adzakhala aliyense basi. Ndi mfundo imeneyi kubwezera popanga kale pansi pa imfa ya dongosolo ndipo analandira mu West dzina chachiwiri - "akufa dzanja". Mu East anawatcha yeniyeni - "Dzanja la manda."

Mfundo ntchito

The Madivelopa la dongosolo wozungulira chitetezo cha kumalire dziko zinali zovuta awiri lonse. Choyamba, dongosolo ankafunika kupereka ena semblance wa nzeru zochita kupanga pa nthawi yoyenera, iye anatha paokha kuti amvetse kuti iyo inali nthawi yake. Kachiwiri, analinso zofunika yesa ndi njira kutali ndi kuthamanga pulogalamu vuto la mwadzidzidzi. Mwachidule, anali kuti athe kuwunika boma la chilengedwe, kuti afufuze za zizindikiro zana osiyana, komanso ali ngati "ananyema mwadzidzidzi" imene amatipatsa lamulo lachindunji ulendo.

Pambuyo ziwembu zingapo zipatso, ndi kutukula akwanitsa kulenga zovuta, kumene monga zosaneneka mmene zingamvekere, kwathunthu ziyeneretso awo onse. Choncho iwo anachita chiyani?

Monga amadziwika, aliyense ziliri pa chida dziko akhoza kukwera m'mwamba Koma ngati wina - ngati pali malangizo omveka bwino. Ndondomeko kulanda ngati lamulo ndi ridiculously yosavuta. Lamulo mizere kulankhulana kachidindo watumidwa, amene amachotsa maloko onse ndi dongosolo, ndi kupereka chilolezo kwa injini poyatsira. The roketi kukwezedwa m'mwamba ndi kupita cholinga chake. Koma mumatani mpata kuyitanitsa kumeneko?

Pankhaniyi, ntchito kupereka malangizo anapatsa dongosolo "wozungulira". Iye anaphunzira zinthu ndiponso kuganizira zinthu mkati ndi kunja ndale, pakalibe kapena pamaso pa kulankhulana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso minda mu atomu kudutsa dziko, anatenga chisankho atalamula kuyamba.

Pa mbendera pa pulogalamu anzeru wina roketi umodzi anawuka mu mlengalenga, zimene anaulukira si anazindikira mdani, ndipo kudzera malo waukulu wa Soviet nyukiliya dongosolo chida. Ndi roketi ichi, chimene, ngati zovuta lonse lonse, anali mutu "wozungulira". Ndipo ili ndi ntchito wailesi ake, ndi kutumiza chizindikiro cha mphamvu lonse lankhondo la dziko. Kamodzi code wakhala analandira, onse boosters analipo mothballed chiyani ananyoza kwa mdani ananena. Choncho chigonjetso kungakupatseni anatembenuka osachepera linagonja.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

"Wozungulira" chilango dongosolo anali "pakati" kumbuyo mu August 1974, pamene ntchito ndi kukhala wapadera dongosolo chida ayikidwa patsogolo "Kumwera". Poyamba, chitsanzo yaikulu ya roketi izo zinakonzedwa ntchito MR-Uri 100, koma kenako anasiya n'kukakhala pa MR UR1000UTTH.

ntchito Choyesera linamalizidwa mu December 1975. Malinga ndi iye, pa chombo ndi kukhazikitsa wapadera mutu gawo, womwenso kachitidwe wailesi mwakuchita OKB LPI. Komanso linalinso zofunika kulenga ndi olimba pulogalamu kuti mu ndege zake, roketi anali lathu nthawi zonse danga.

Flight kuyezetsa wa roketi yomalizidwa inkachitikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi bungwe la State, ndipo ndi nawo lenileni la Wachiwiri kwa Wamkulu wa ndodo ya Strategic chida Mphamvu V. V. Korobushina. Kuti akachite kuyesera khumi mivi zofanana anapatsidwa, koma choyamba kumayamba pang'ono akhala bwino kwambiri moti anaganiza kuti asiye pa volleys zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Mu yomweyi, ndi Launcher wapadera analenganso - 15P716. Malinga ndi zimene ankalandira zigawo zikuluzikulu ali mzinga lamulo ndi kulandira zipangizo zimene zimapereka phwando malamulo zizindikiro lamulo ku mivi.

Malinga ndi malipoti zosatsimikiza Launcher wanga kwambiri otetezeka Os mtundu zovuta koma osati lilibe n'zotheka kukonza mivi lamulo ndi zina atolankhani.

Pambuyo ndege kudziyesa ndiAmene wa zovuta wakhala tasked kukhala mbali zina zotsogola kuti tiyeni mumapereka kuti kukhazikitsa mivi osati zovuta pansi ofotokoza komanso sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ndi ndege losatha ndi panyanja chida ndege (monga atayima pansi, ndipo ntchito nkhondowo) .

Pomaliza ntchito zonse pa "wozungulira" dongosolo anamalizidwa mu March 1982, ndipo mu January 1985, zovuta kale kuvala ntchito, pamene anatumikira mpaka mapeto a 1995.

Zigawo m'gulu la mndandanda wa "wozungulira"

Kumene, kulongosola enieni a zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za dongosolo komanso dongosolo la mmene zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi mzake kulikonse. Komabe, ngakhale pansi pa mudziwe zambiri mozungulira zikusonyeza kuti wozungulira chitetezo cha malire boma - kuipidwa Mipikisano zinchito zovuta, zida ndi zosiyanasiyana mizere zosiyana ndi transmitters.

Pali mfundo zingapo za aligorivimu cha zovuta ndi. Mbali yoyamba, akukhulupirira kuti, kukhala tcheru, "wozungulira" amatenga deta ku kachitidwe angapo kutsatira, kuphatikizapo anthu oyambirira chenjezo Rada kuponya mabomba. Pambuyo zizindikiro analandira zimafalitsidwa kwa posts angapo palokha lamulo, limene ili pa mtunda kwambiri Chrixitu ndi kuwerenga awo obwereza (zosatsimikiza zinayi zokha posts amenewa).

Ndi m'madera awa ndi zachokera chigawo kwambiri lachinsinsi "wozungulira" - waukulu yoyenda yokha dongosolo ake ulamuliro-lamulo. wagawo lino lomwe lili mbali zonse za nzeru yokumba, angathe mwachidule deta kuchokera nsanamira osiyana kuonerera, kuti ajambule nkhani mosavuta mosayenera ndi nyukiliya. Apa mfundo ya ntchito malire yosavuta zachokera yotsimikizira za zinthu zinayi zofunika.

Pambuyo Kusanthuka deta onse analandira, dongosolo amanena kuti, ngati wachita mosayenera ndi nyukiliya. Kenako, limafufuza kwa kulankhulana ndi General Wogwila. Ngati kugwirizana alipo, izo kale kuyambira kuti apeze samatha dongosolo ndi wazimitsa kachiwiri. Ngati palibe amene akuyankha kulikulu, pulogalamu amayesetsa kugwirizana ndi waukulu odana ndi chida sateteza dziko - "Kazbek". Ngati palibe yankho, dongosolo angauze ena kuti asamalire ndi ufulu wosankha munthu aliyense pamfundoyi mu bunker lamulo. Ngati palibe kuti sayenera, ndiye yekha pulogalamu akuyamba ntchito.

zosinthika ina ya dongosolo kumatha kuthekera kwa nzeru zochita kupanga. Iye anaganiza Buku mivi kuyamba lamulo. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, sutukesi zamatsenga AlankhuleniI Ndi Mau Amphamvu m'manja mwa mutu wa boma. Ndipo atsogoleri dziko akhoza kuyika dongosolo mu mode nkhondowo pamene amalandira zokhudza ntchito ya kuponya chachikulu nyukiliya.

Pambuyo pake, ngati ola limodzi wosalandira chizindikiro watsopano si kukumana ndi aliyense wa pakati lamulo, kachitidwe "wozungulira" Russia adzakhala basi kuyamba ndondomeko kubwezera. Ngati izo zifika ndodo chizindikiro zizindikiro zonama, onse ndondomeko zotchinjiriza "wozungulira" kachiwiri kupita kutsatira mode. (Mwina kuletsa ndondomeko lonse limatenga 15 Mphindi.)

Location "wozungulira"

Malinga ndi magwero zosatsimikiza, waukulu Russian mikono - onse dongosolo chitetezo "wozungulira" - zili Urals, ku phiri la Kosvinsky Kamen. Izi osiyanasiyana phiri ili pafupi Konzhakovsky mwala mu Urals Northern, akafika kutalika mamita 1519 ndipo wapangidwa makamaka a pyroxenite ndi duanitov. Ndi kuyamika ake, tikhoza kunena chiyambi zachilengedwe thanki, monga mtolankhani American Blair, kodi nkhani ya kuzizwa izi strategists ndi American popeza kudzera ndime zonse lubwe, mukhoza tizilumikizana ntchito VLF wailesi chizindikiro (pochulukitsa ngakhale mu nkhope ya nyukiliya nkhondo) ndi machitidwe onse a Russian njira ndege.

Poyamba malo omangira bunker anatumikira monga zinyalala yopingasa migodi pulatinamu, lomwe ndi okha akhala chinthu chinsinsi a. Duanity, ndiwo mchere chachikulu kupanga refractories, ndi chindodo chipika mphepo ndi limalola mdani kudziwa zizindikiro wailesi zolondola chinthu malo.

Kuonetsetsa mosadodometsedwa kotunga zina mphamvu mizere bunker anaikidwa pambali pake, anaika mlatho watsopano ndipo anapanga wamchenga. M'mudzi wapafupi Kytlym pang'onopang'ono limakula kukula kwa msasa asilikali, ntchito yayambika pa ntchito yomanga nyumba zatsopano za asilikali ndi alonda, zomangamanga zina anaika.

Zovuta chachikulu cha zida

Zinthu zazikulu za dongosolo chitetezo ( "wozungulira", monga wakhala owerenga kumvetsetsa) ndi kuima-yekha lamulo IPS, womwenso mu kapangidwe kake mitundu yonse ya malo deta ndi kusanthula ndi mivi zovuta lamulo.

Mwa kachitidwe amapanga "wozungulira", tingaone payokha:

• Center Hospitalier dongosolo nkhondowo kasamalidwe, ili mu dera Sverdlovsk pansi pa phiri Kosvinsky Kamen.
• The makina pakati lamulo ndi ulamuliro.
• 1353 lamulo ndi ulamuliro pakati ili mu dera Sumy, mu Glukhov (1990 kufika 1991) ndipo tsopano kunditumiza ku mzinda Kartaly.
• 1193 lamulo ndi ulamuliro pakati (ili mu Nizhny Novgorod Region, m'tauni yaing'ono ya Kumalekezero Konstantinovo-5 mu 2005).
• 15P175 "belu" - a m'manja compactor zovuta mivi lamulo.
• "Wozungulira-RC" - ndi modernized lamulo chida dongosolo ndi lamulo pa mzinga RT-2PM "Topol" (machimo ntchito nkhondowo mu 1990).

kutukula

Kumene, chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la mlingo ndi sikelo - si khumi limodzi. Ndi kulenga izo sizikanakhala zotheka popanda munthu wodziwa bwino ndipo imayenera ntchito asayansi ambiri aluso. Popeza "wozungulira" (chitetezo dongosolo "akufa dzanja"), komanso onse zigawo zake, akadali chinsinsi mwamtheradi, ndipo kenako kupeza mumve zambiri za Mlengi wake ndi zotsatira zawo sizingatheke.

Pakati kutukula zikuluzikulu za dongosolo "wozungulira" mwachindunji mukudziwa dzina la munthu mmodzi yekha - Vladimir Yarynich kuti pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union anapitiriza kukhala ndi ntchito mu United States, kumene iye anamuuza mu kuyankhulana ndi yikidwa mawaya magazini za kukhalako kwa kungakupatseni kubwezera dongosolo "wozungulira". (Mwa njira, mogwirizana ndi mawu Yarynich, dongosolo ndi pamankhwala Buku ndi adamulowetsa, ndipo mwa dongosolo la Mutu wa State.)

About ndiAmene zina zovuta ndi pang'ono kudziwika. Choncho nawo kapangidwe ndi unsembe wa zida Panafunika makampani. Kiyi pakati pawo - ndi NGO "Apa" kutsogoleredwa ndi V. I. Melnikova, CDB "Geophysics" pansi pa G. F. Ignateva, TSKBTM ndi B. R. Aksyutinym ndi ena ambiri.

Ntchito pa "wozungulira" anali kuyang'anira ndi mautumiki osiyanasiyana chonchi ndi mabungwe, amene adakali zikuwoneka zosamvetsetseka ndi chakuti chilengedwe cha zovuta ndi chinali chinsinsi kwa nthawi yaitali.

udindo Current ndi ntchito zovuta za

Zimene zinachitikira ichi "dzanja akufa," pang'ono amadziwika. Malinga ndi zikalata, dongosolo wozungulira chitetezo dziko anaima utumiki mpaka June 1995. Ndiyeno, mu chimango cha mgwirizano pa Kusiya ambiri, inachotsedwa ntchito nkhondo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, ndi chochitika chidwi zinachitika mu September 1995, ndipo dongosolo wozungulira chitetezo anali kuchotsedwa, koma akweza. Ndipo m'malo 15A11 roketi timu anabwera mbadwo watsopano wa chida RT-2PM "Topol".

deta zolondola pa zimene zikuchitika tsopano lino ali paliponse. Komabe, mu 2009, magazini American yikidwa mawaya kachiwiri anauza owerenga kuti zida Russian - dongosolo "wozungulira" - kukupitirirabe ndipo komabe ukugwirira ntchito. deta Iwowa anatsimikizira mu December 2011, Mtsogoleri wa Strategic chida Mphamvu, mkulu-General S. Karakaevym, amene adatinso atamufunsa kuti zovuta ndi mu mkhalidwe matalala ndi tcheru.

Komanso ku magwero zosatsimikiza kuti ili akadali pa ntchito "wozungulira" (dongosolo chitetezo "akufa dzanja") ndi analola V. V. Putinu anati Russia amatha ngati mukufuna kuwononga United States pasanathe mphindi makumi atatu. Ndipotu, lero ndi nthawi kuti nthawi zina kuteteza zofuna za boma ndipo sadzakhala superfluous kuopsyezera titero, mdani.

Ndikufuna kukhulupirira kuti dongosolo "wozungulira" mu 2014, akali kuti ntchito ndi makhalidwe ake onse si wolephera chitsanzo m'mbuyomu.

Media za "wozungulira"

Monga tanena kale, buku chachikulu cha dongosolo anaonekera mu 90s Mu zaka zapitazo kumadzulo ndi American magazini. Iwo anadzatchedwa nyuzipepala yikidwa mawaya kachitidwe "wozungulira" mu "dzanja akufa". Komanso, ambiri mabuku ukachitikire ndi chiwerengero cha periodicals Japanese. Ndi kachitidwe kawo kuwala manja kungakupatseni chilango linatchedwa "Dzanja la m'bokosi."

Pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia, monga mayiko onse positi-Soviet, nkhani za zovuta ndi yaing'ono kwambiri. The ntchito mu ndemanga zawo otchulidwa yekha "Rossiyskaya GAZETA". "Wozungulira" dongosolo "akufa dzanja" - awa ndi mayina ena kawirikawiri anawona pa TV. The limafotokoza kuti owerenga Chirasha adakali deta anatengedwa kuchokera Internet ndi anawamasulira kuchokera zilankhulo.

US kubwezera

Sitingathe kunena kuti Soviet Union linali dziko yekha kuti zachitika zida zotere. Chotero, February 1961 mpaka June 24, 1990 mu America panali dongosolo lomwe lili kwakukulukulu lofanana opaleshoni mfundo ngati "wozungulira" dongosolo. Mu US, zovuta uyu dzina lake "kalilole".

Zikuonekeratu kuti Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa maofesi American ndi Soviet lagona ndendende mu chinthu anthu. The United States anadalira kanthu mwamsanga lamulo lake, kanthawi ku Soviet Union anamanga chida nthawi abwino. (Kumbukirani kuti nkhani ya kuopseza munthu wina aliyense angakhale polamula analamula a dongosolo lino, yomwe ili pa nthawi bunker, mosasamala kanthu za udindo wake ndi mutu.)

Mu US, maziko a zovuta ndi 11 ndege, "Boeing EC-135c 'likuyimira chachikulu malo mpweya lamulo la Army US, ndipo 2 ndege, lotchedwa" diso la wolotayo lapansi. " Recent zonse mu mlengalenga, akuyang'anira malire adziko lawo, akudutsa pa Atlantic ndi ya Pacific. Oyeretsa lamulirani posts unali ndi anthu 15, chiwerengero cha amene anali kuphatikizapo ambiri imodzi, imene mwambo kuopseza kwina akhoza kukhla kuyitanitsa ndi njira mphamvu nyukiliya wa dziko.

Pambuyo mapeto a Cold Nkhondo United States kuchokera ukulipirira kachitidwe kawo anamuthawa, ndipo tsopano CPSU zili pa zapansi mpweya anayi a dziko ndipo mu mkhalidwe nkhondowo wokonzeka zonse.

Kuwonjezera dongosolo mu United States unali kuipidwa mivi lamulo ili mu PU khumi wanga. "Galasi" wakhalanso kuchotsedwa ntchito kumayambiriro 1991.

Lero sitiyenera kuiwala kuti, ziribe kanthu momwe mwachinsinsi dongosolo "wozungulira", koma ali chida cha m'mbuyomu. Izo analengedwa mu "Cold nkhondo." Ndipo n'zokayikitsa lero, pali osachepera theka zofunika kuti zipangizo zamakono asilikali. Komabe, sikuti zida zimenezi pali ntchito pa debugging ake ali kupitirirabe, ndi kale chifukwa chabwino chiyembekezo.