Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere: akuyambira masitepe

Kuti zatenga malo atsopano, zomera wakale kuti azolowere zinthu latsopano kwathunthu moyo. Mwachitsanzo, imfa yosatha ya chinyezi kudzera evaporation ankalimbikitsa yatsoka zoteteza sera wosanjikiza. Chifukwa choti mu mlengalenga, mosiyana ndi madzi anachititsa mapangidwe thupi mokwanira okhwima, kusintha mfundo za zomera kupuma, mpweya kuwombola. Kutentha ndi zinthu amuzolengedwa akhala chosiyana ndi zomera akwanitsa ndinazolowera iwo. Taonani nkhani iyi mkombero moyo wa ndere.

Moss ndi chiyani?

Ndere - gulu la zamoyo wakale. Malinga ndi ena mfundo, iwo ali makolo a zomera lapadziko panopa alipo. Madzi padziko lathuli - kasupe wa moyo, amene anayambitsa zinthu zonse zamoyo, kuphatikizapo zomera. About miliyoni zaka 420 zapitazo ana a algae wobiriwira anayamba kufufuza dziko.

The njira ambiri osiyana zipangizo akhoza inachokera ku Moss. Mwachitsanzo, mmene waukulu kuswana bwino algae ndi pamaso pa madzi. Ndere komanso angathe kubereka kudzera mwa chinyezi.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere ndi chidwi kwambiri. Ya gulu lonse la zomera apamwamba ali ndi zamoyo zambiri achikale. Bryophyta kapena kufalitsa Moss banja - ndi zomera multicellular, pafupifupi lopanda nsalu conductive. Choncho, kukula kwa zamoyo izi ndi ochepa - 1 mamilimita cm 50 ndi Moss alibe mizu, iwo amagwira pamwamba pa zokhudzana lapansi ulusi, rhizoids, zomera kuyamwa madzi .. Rhizoids zigwirizana zina za selo limodzi. Mosiyana ndi mizu ya zomera zina kuti ali nsalu multicellular conductive. ziwalo zina za thupi Moss akhoza ziri limanenedwa ngati tsinde ndi masamba. Komabe, iwo ali ofanana kwambiri zimayambira ndi masamba a zomera zina padziko lapansi mu dongosolo lake.

Kodi kukumana?

Ndere akwanitsa ndinazolowera moyo zosiyanasiyana kutentha ndi nyengo ndi amapezeka mwapadera lonse lapansili, kuchokera ku zigawo kumalo ozizira mpaka kotentha. Iwo bwino kulibe zinthu chinyezi mkulu - mu nkhalango, mapiri. Palinso m'madera Moss ndi youma. Kupulumuka mossy kunyanyala - angathe kupirira kutentha kwambiri, mpaka madigiri 70 Celsius. Mu nyengo youma ndere ndinazolowera kugwera mu khalidwe la inaimitsidwa makanema ojambula kugwirizana ndi kusinthasintha kwa nyengo nyengo. Pamene mvula imagwera ndi kutentha mpweya adatchithisira, nthaka yothira, ndi Moss "moyo", kubalana mkombero akuyamba. Taganizirani kufunika kwa pachinthu kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere.

mikhalidwe ya moyo wa ndere

Moss limakula bwino mu malo ndi kusowa kwa dzuwa, mwachitsanzo m'mapanga, ming'alu ndi mphako ya miyala, kutenga niches anthu zachilengedwe kumene sangathe kulibe zomera zina.

Malo omwe Moss sangaonekerenso - ndi dothi saline pafupi ndi nyanja.

Modabwitsa Hardy spores wa ndere. Ndi mphepo iwo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. The viability wa spores kukhala kwa zaka zambiri.

Ndere kudziunjikira nkhokwe yokulirapo chinyezi, kotero iwo ntchito ndi lamulo la muyezo madzi kwa malo a. Choncho, kwa Moss topezeka n'chofunika kwambiri. Komanso, ena mitundu, ndi Moss ndi ndizo chakudya chodalirika kwambiri.

Pa nthaka lero, pali za 30,000 mitundu ndere. Asayansi m'kagulu zomera pa kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, kapangidwe ndi njira makapisozi spore kufalitsa spores.

Ndere angathe kubereka mwa spores ndi vegetatively. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere chimakhala chogwidwa ndi kugonana pa mbadwo asexual.

ndere Deciduous kapena briopsidy

Izi kalasi m'malo yaikulu ya zomera, imene ikuimiridwa ndi mitundu 15 zikwi za ndere. Ali osiyanasiyana kwambiri maonekedwe, kukula ndi mawonekedwe. zomera ndi phesi anaphimba masamba amene anakonza spirally padziko tsinde la. The ambiri ofunika siteji ya chitukuko amatchedwa gametophyte. Njira kuswana leafy ndere - spores. Nthawi zambiri, zomera amenewa akupezeka m'malo achinyezi, zithaphwi ndi Titafika pamalo. Kukushkin fulakesi ndi peat Moss - ndi nthumwi lililonse briopsidov.

ndere kwa chiwindi

Liverworts umaimiridwa ndi subclasses awiri: jungermanniales ndi marshantsievye. zomera zimenezi ndi lambiri - 8500 mitundu. Monga ngati yolimba Moss gametophyte - siteji apamwamba viability awo. Mbewu yokha ndi nkhungu tsinde masamba, zomwe zili pamodzi tsinde la. The njira kubalana - mikangano yomwe amafalitsidwa kudzera chipangizo wapadera, mtundu wa "akasupe" wotchedwa elaters. zomera ndi kukhazikika bwino mu chinyezi nyengo zotentha ndi kotentha. Mwa oimira - marchantia polymorphic, ptilidium ciliated, blefarostroma volosolistnaya, ndi ena.

Antotserotovye ndere

kalasi izi siziri choncho ambiri ndipo ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu 300 ya zomera. Sporophyte - sitepe yofunika kwambiri kayendedwe ka moyo wa mbewu. Yang'anani antotserotovye ndere monga Thallus - thupi amene si wosweka ku muzu, mapulaniwo ndi masamba. Kukula ndere izi mu nkhalango chinyezi otentha mabacteria kotentha. Antotseros - lililonse woimira kalasi.

KUKUSHKINA fulakesi moyo mkombero adzakhala pansipa. Moss Kukushkin fulakesi - ndi chomera osatha. matabwa ake ndi kapangidwe bwino anayamba. Chachikulu yopingasa tsinde la masamba bulauni ndipo popanda phesi sekondale, ataima molunjika, nthambi kapena osakwatiwa.

Tsinde sekondale ali ndi mdima wobiriwira ankhanza, monga choboolera, timapepala ta. Izi zimayambira kufika msinkhu wa 10-15 cm cm 40. Masamba m'munsi ndi flakes. Chomera ali ndi dongosolo wosazindikira conductive chimene chingathe kusuntha madzi, mchere ndi masamba pamodzi tsinde la. rhizoids ake angafikire kutalika pafupifupi 40 cm.

malo a kukula kwa Moss Kukushkin fulakesi

Kukushkin fulakesi zikumera amakhala bwino m'madera yonyowa, zithaphwi, madambo yonyowa ndi nkhalango spruce, akonda kuwala. M'madera lotseguka ndi kukula amphamvu kwambiri, yolanda m'madera onse atsopano. zimayambira ake ali mothina "Manga" nthaka kuti mbewu za mbewu zina kukula ayi. chomera timalembera ndi yodula ya nkhalango kapena moto. Moss Izi bwino kwambiri zimatenga madzi. Kachulukidwe zomera akuzisunga chinyontho m'nthaka. Chifukwa ichi pali madzi kudula mitengo malo.

Anthu akhala ntchito zomera monga chotenthetsera a. Caulk mothandizidwa ndi khoma la nyumba chipika. Nthawi zina ntchito monga therere mankhwala kwa chimfine.

Kukushkin fulakesi kumatanthauza mapangidwe peat. Izi feteleza wapatali, wabwino zopangira kwa makampani mankhwala a.

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere Kukushkin Len

Moss Kukushkin fulakesi - chomera dioecious. zodabwitsazi, pamene munthu zimayambira zomera wina anapanga zosiyana kugonana ziwalo - chachimuna ndi chachikazi.

Kukushkin fulakesi mwakuchita kusinthana kwa mibadwo awiri - asexual ndi kugonana. Sporophyte - ndi Moss moyo adzizungulira, chifukwa mu mapangidwe asexual selo. Iwo ali ndi diploid ya DNA. Gametophyte - moyo wosiyana mkombero wa zomera yemweyo, amene adzathere pa mapangidwe gametes, nyongolosi maselo ali yekha akonzedwa umodzi DNA - haploid.

Tsopano ndimamvetsa chifukwa mu mkombero moyo wa ndere chimakhala chogwidwa ndi kugonana pa mbadwo asexual.

Mabokosi ndi mikangano, monga anthu, monga cuckoo atakhala pamtengo. Ambiri maonekedwe Moss Kukushkin fulakesi akufanana ndi kakang'ono zomera zotchedwa fulakesi, kumene izo zifika dzina lake. tsitsi woonda pa kapu ya, kuphimba bokosi ndi mikangano, Komanso ofanana ndi thonje nsalu.

Bokosi yokha idzafotokoza angapo - urnochku, khosi ndi kapu. Mkati ndi ndime yaing'ono. Izo basi lili ndi maselo wosabala, zimene zimabweretsa Gulu kuchepetsa spores haploid okhwima. Urnochka mphete ikutha. Nditamaliza zipse ndi mphete za mphepo kuomba urnochku mosavuta umatilekanitsa tsinde ndi kapu. Kusamvana kugwa pansi, ndipo mbewu yofunika moyo mkombero akuyamba kachiwiri.

Moss siteji moyo mkombero

spores Asexual pa "kusasitsa" ndi haploid spores (munali akonzedwa theka DNA) chifukwa cha mozungulira, magawano kuchepetsa.

Pamene nthaka afika yonyowa haploid spores, ndiye wayamba kumera, n'kupanga purotoni - filamentous predrostok. Kwa izo anapanga gametophyte - wamwamuna kapena wamkazi.

Pa nsonga za zimayambira osiyana, gametophytes Kukushkin fulakesi ndi kukhala antheridia archegonium - mwamuna ndi ziwalo zoberekera wamkazi. Mu archegonium okhwima dzira, ndi antheridium - biflagellate umuna. Kunja zomera wamwamuna masamba lalikulu chikasu bulauni pamwamba. Zomera wamkazi masamba amenewa ndi kwina.

Pakuti bwino umuna chofunika m'malovu chinyezi amene inasamutsidwa kuchoka spermatozoa kuti antheridium archegonia kumene dzira ili. Zimenezi ambiri amalimbikitsa mvula amphamvu kapena mame.

Chifukwa cha pophatikizana la umuna ndi dzira pamwamba pa mbewu wamkazi ndipamene zygote diploid. Kuyambira ilo limakula mbadwo watsopano wa zomera, ndi sporophyte kapena sporogonia. Ndipo akuimira sporangium bokosi limene okhwima spores.

Ife takambirana zinayendera masitepe a kayendedwe ka moyo wa Moss.

Kapangidwe ka Moss Kukushkin fulakesi

ndere thupi kapangidwe ofanana ndere, monganso tichipeza Thallus. Komabe, mwina ndi dongosolo chokhala ndi umatheka ndi masamba. Nthaka amamangiriridwa mwa rhizoids. zomera angathe kungolandira madzi ndi mchere rhizoids osati mwachindunji, koma thupi lonse.

Ubwino Moss mu chikhalidwe

Ambiri, ndere - yovuta zikuluzikulu za dongosolo zachilengedwe za padziko lathuli. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa ndere amakhala ndi mkombero wa zomera zina apamwamba. Iwo apulumuke bwino pa zakudya osauka nthaka. Anthu malo amene akukonza chokhwima zotsatira anthu. Powakonzekeretsa pansi kwawo. Ndipotu, otmiraya Moss ndipamene zothandiza nthaka gawo lapansi, umene kenako kukula zomera zina.

Ndere - ndi zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa malo, makamaka m'mlengalenga. Chifukwa mitundu ina ya Moss osati kukula mu malo kumene mpweya kuposa ndende ya woipa sulfure. Chifukwa analibe mu malo chikhalidwe winawake Moss akhoza adzaweruzidwa mpweya. Komabe, monga ndere pali kusintha mu dothi ndi zina zambiri.

Ndere amayamikira wosakhwima bwino m'madera Madzi oundana, kubisala nthaka dzuŵa. Choncho zopulumutsa bwino zachilengedwe.

Tsopano, ngati inu anafunsidwa kuti: "Fotokozani mkombero moyo wa Moss," ndiye inu mosavuta kuchita izo.