Julia Dobrovol'skaya: yonena ntchito ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Dobrovol'skaya Julia Abramovna wotchuka mu mabwalo pedagogical ndi sayansi. mtengo wake unali chilengedwe cha bwino Italy chinenero buku dziko, madikishonare wopambana kwambiri: Russian Chitaliyana ndi Chitaliyana Russian.

Ndi moyo wake, anatenga zambiri mafilimu, mabuku, nkhani, ophunzira ambiri. Professor Milan, Trieste, Trent University Dobrovol'skaya zinthu zambiri kuposa wina aliyense kuti popularize Chirasha ku Italy. Kangapo Boma Italy ali kupereka mphatso ake m'munda wa chikhalidwe.

Childhood, unyamata

25/08/1917 mu Nizhny Novgorod mu banja la nkhalango ndi anabadwa tsogolo wasayansi-zilankhulo Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Wambiri ake pa unyamata amalembedwa ndi banja anasamukira ku likulu la kumpoto. atate wake ku ntchito pa Leningrad kupanga ndandanda ndi mayi anga - mphunzitsi wa Chingerezi.

Nditamaliza sukulu, msungwana kusankha ntchito anali pa mapazi a mayi, kulowa mkhalidwe wa LIFLI. Ndi aphunzitsi Julia kwambiri mwayi: dziko wotchuka wasayansi Propp V. Ya wachibadidwe ophunzira osati Chijeremani, ndiponso akufotokoza mmene izi chinenero nzeru.

Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake Abramovna Julia ankayamikira Vladimiru Yakovlevichu ankamuphunzitsa ndizosowa luso - kukhala Polyglot. M'tsogolo, ntchito analandira nzeru katundu Julia Dobrovol'skaya anakhoza kuphunzira pafupifupi onse omwe zofunika zilankhulo zawo European.

maphunziro wanzeru wafunsira euphoria: tsogolo anasangalala Komsomol "nyumba mu mlengalenga."

Iye amakakamizidwa lowani

Ndinawerenga mbiri yake angakhalepo kucheza ndi zingwe Vladimira Vysotskogo: "Snow ufulu wa dothi monga moyo wautali popanda mabodza ...".

Iye adaona chisanu ngati mumsasa wakunja kwatawuni. Ndipo izo zisanachitike, iye anali ndi udindo ndi bodza mlandu woukira boma (art. 58-1 "a") kuti tikanafunika anawomberedwa kapena zaka 15 m'ndende. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, ngakhale kuthamanga, anapulumuka ndipo sakudziwika zoyikidwa ndi mlandu.

Mkazi uyu sanali kuwonjezera zimene Kukwanilitsa miyeso anali ntchito kwa ozunza ake ku mayenje a mdima wandiweyani mipanda. Only mawu amodzi sindisangalalabe ndi pakamwa pake: "Inu mukhoza kungolingalira: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ..."

Pambuyo analephera ankafuna kuphwanya, iye anatumizidwa ku hovrinsky msasa. "Memory" a nthawi imeneyo mu moyo wake anakhalabe kulephera kukhala ndi ana chifukwa cha ntchito ya kalavula gaga.

Chifuniro cha mayi 28 wazaka linatulutsidwa pansi Amnesty mu 1945.

Dobrovol'skaya za Stalin amishonale Spain

Anakhala kovuta patapita "ulendo" kwa Spain.

Komsomolskaya Yuliya Dobrovolskaya kulalikira nthawi yomweyo "Munthu zovala wamba," omasulira usilikali kuti mbali pothandiza Republican. Koma mu zaka zitatu anazindikira zimene Stalin anatumiza 30,000 asilikali ndi enkavedeshnyh akatswiri.

"Internationalists" ndi zobala usilikali, anali alangizi, osati magulu okhala ndi zida za Republican, komanso alangizi mofulumira kulenga ndi analogue a NKVD. Cervantes dziko okonzeka kukhala dziko partocracy. Wa Communist m'dera "Anthu Front" alendo anapanga Fanizo la Bolshevik commissars.

Anthu expropriated chuma payekha, ankachitira ndi dziko lawo lomwe. Catholic Spain mokakamiza anayesa kuwasandutsa achikunja, analiza mpingo ndipo anapha ansembe. Events mwakuchita Stalin yakuti "kalasi zophweka."

Kuzindikira mlandu pamaso pa Spain

Anthu analandira kuwachezera "comrades" monga achifasizimu anaona ntchito zawo, ananyamuka ndi kuthandiza asilikali awo, anaukira. Makamaka, ndi "Spanish Chapaev" (kale ophunzitsidwa Frunze Academy, wina Yulii Abramovny Valentin Gonzalez) anazindikira za kufanana ndi achifasizimu chikominisi.

Mtengo wa mamilioni a miyoyo ya Spanish Republicans anagonjetsedwa, ndi "internationalists" kuchotsedwa. Julia Dobrovol'skaya kwawo, iye sananene kanthu za zimene anaona ndi kukumana nazo.

Iye anali abwenzi pakati pa anthu ndi galimoto, ndiye sankasangalala ndi Soviet Union. Bakuman-womasulira anali noticeable munthu (umboni ndi chifaniziro chake mu buku "amene Bell polipitsa" ndi Ernest Hemingway).

Nchachidziwikire, anazunzidwa Back mu USSR mtsikanayu "pasadakhale, ndi kuti mwina": kuopa kuti iye angalembe za Spanish nkhondo pa TV Western, kapena kuchita chinachake chonga izo.

Patatha zaka 40, womasulira adzakhala Barcelona, ndipo adzatsika kuchokera ndege mwankhawa, manyazi ntchito a unyamata.

anathandiza kuti apulumuke

Anakumbukira Julia Abramovna, iye wokhala goli, chinthu chofunika kwambiri si chosakhulupirira zimene iye anafotokoza, osati kusiya kuona zabwino mwa anthu. Iye anatsatira lamulo limeneli, kuona, kuloweza komanso kuthokoza anthu amene amachita zabwino pa foni ya moyo. Komabe, pakati pawo, ndi amayamikira kwambiri:

• mwamuna woyamba wamakhalidwe Dobrovolskomu Evgeniyu Aleksandrovichu, nomenklatura, zhenivshemusya kuti "zechke" nsembe ntchito yawo;
• injiniya hovrinskogo-msasa fakitale Mikhailov, kukonza womasulira wake;
• imvi, othina mkulu wa apolisi, pa nkhani zanu chiopsezo ake pasipoti m'malo Kalata ya kumasuka.

Ndiuzeni, ndani anzanu ...

Izi wakale mwambi Roma wapirira mayeso a nthawi. zaka zambiri ubwenzi womangidwa Yuliyu Dobrovolskuyu ndi anthu ambiri woyenera ndi zodabwitsa:

• wamndende wa Gulag, ndi womenyera ufulu ufulu wa anthu, zolembalemba, wotsutsa Lev crackdown;
• ndakatulo, womasulira, mtolankhani Korney Chukovsky;
• publicist womasulira, ndakatulo, mtolankhani Iley Erenburgom;
• Kampessino (Valentinom Gonsalesom) Republic mkulu kenako anazunzidwa;
• wolemba ana Italy a Gianni Rodari wongonena;
• zojambulajambula Renato Guttuso;
• MSU Professor Merab Mamardashvili;
• wolemba Ninoy Berberovoy, mkazi Vladislava Hodasevicha.

moyo

Julia Dobrovol'skaya pambuyo amasulidwe zilankhulo anaphunzitsa pa Institute Moscow kuchokera 1946 mpaka 1950. Iye anali pa chibwenzi kuphunzitsa ndi ntchito yomasulira.

Woyenera ndi mfundo za zinali wovuta kwa manipulators propartiynyh. Kumuneneza kuti anapezeka. Kamodzi Julia Abramovna anamasulira Nkhani amanena Katolika. Mphunzitsi komanso womasulira kwathunthu anaonanso "ufulu wa chikumbumtima mu mtundu Union."

Iye maganizo ntchito. Kuthamanga chinali cholimba kuti mwamuna wake woyamba Evgeny Dobrovolsky anamusiyira.

Komabe, Julia Dobrovolskaya anakwanitsa zitachitika kutsimikizira nkhani zake ndi ntchito pa MGIMO. Kumeneko, chisamaliro ake anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya Romance zinenero Gonionskiy S. A., iwo anali okwatira. mkazi wake, Semyon Alexandrovich anali kulimbikitsa kwenikweni ndi kuthandizidwa. Chifukwa matenda Dobrovol'skaya mwamuna zaka naintini wamasiye.

akatswiri utakhala

Chifukwa kuchoka ku pulofesa USSR anakhala zoletsa polandirira msonkho mphoto yake padziko lonse.

Mu 1964 anamaliza ntchito pa buku lake lodziwika bwino Julia Dobrovol'skaya "Othandiza Njira ya chinenero Italy." Mwa njira, mpaka tsopano (kwa zaka theka), bwanji ndi maziko kwa ophunzira-philologists. Ntchito zimenezi, anazindikira powerenga, mu 1970 boma la Italy kupereka MGIMO mphunzitsi Yuliyu Abramovnu dziko mphoto chifukwa cha kuphunzira m'munda wa chikhalidwe.

Komabe, boma la Soviet sanalole ake kuti apite kunja mphoto. Julia Dobrovol'skaya womasulira padziko lonse ndinkaona ngati mnyamata otsekeredwa mu mpanda wa casemates lapansi. Ndi moona chikuyembekezeka kuti ndi kugwa kwa mtsogoleri wa boma wamagazi, ndi kufika kwa m'firiji pamtunda 60 potsirizira pake kugwira ntchito momasuka kwambiri. Professor anazindikira kuti sanali bureaucracy Institute ndi udzu ake - izo sizikondweretsa dongosolo.

More kupanga zinthu zatsopano pa Abramovna Julia sakanakhoza. Mu 1982, iye amalowa ukwati ndi nzika Italy ndi masamba dziko. Zimenezi zinathandiza mnzake Milanese Emmy Moresco, amene anafunsa mtima mnzake Ugo Dzhussani.

"The mphunzitsi wa moyo"

Kuchoka ku Italy ku USSR, Dobrovol'skaya Julia akadali yemweyo, "mphunzitsi": izo zonse atazunguliridwa ndi nyanja ya ophunzira mafunso. Iye anauza anaphunzitsa analimbikitsa. Iye anagwira mwaukali, ngakhale zaka 65.

Izo zinachitika kuti mutu wa aphunzitsi Soviet nkhulongera pang'ono ngakhale akatswiri a zinenero wamba ndipo anadabwa lalikulu Russian kudziwa mphunzitsi. Julia Abramovna ankakonda kunena kuti iye analibe aliyense anapereka. patatha zaka zisanu, iye anakhala katswiri ndi Italy. nkhani yolembedwa ake digirii zinachitikadi kuti alimi sayansi ya dziko.

Dobrovol'skaya ndinkangokhala nthumwi miyambo ya - Russian. Anachita nawo buku la mabuku omasuliridwa ndi upamwamba wake m'banja. Italy anamusilira "Russian mphunzitsi": wolemba Marcello Venturi tauzidwa za iwo ku buku lake "Gorky Street, 8, Nyumba 106". (Kalekale zinali adiresi kwawo).

Nthawi zambiri kutsogolo kwa ophunzira ake Italy anali misozi, pa pempho, kutiuza ife za moyo wake Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Wambiri wotanthauzira ndi mphunzitsi anafanana ndi ulendo buku: "Kodi inu kwenikweni anali kupirira Atamwalira anzake yunivesite anazindikira za 2016, kuti ntchito zake ziri zokwanira sayansi mtengo wa timu ?.?

Ndi momwemo chinachitika kuti mayiko awiri, zikhalidwe ziwiri, chitukuko awiri zikugwirizananso ndi tsoka kovuta mkaziyo.

Pomaliza

Utatha wa USSR, izo mobwerezabwereza kubwera kunyumba modzifunira zoyankhulana.

Kumapeto kwa kovuta moyo ŵanyake epistolary kukumbukira kumanzere Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Books kuphunzitsa Chitaliyana Russian, akutuluka cholembera chake, wodzilemekeza ndi mndandanda wa mbiri «Post Scriptum. M'malo Maulendo. "

Mphunzitsi womasulira padziko lonse alidi ndi chinsinsi kukambirana m'njira anauza owerenga za dziko, kumene iye anali, za maganizo za anzawo.
Atamwalira, amene sadamdziwa iye anavomera m'malingaliro kuti, nditachoka ake anachoka opanda kuona ayi. Zonse zimene iye anali kuchita, onse anauza, onse olembedwa.