Vladimir Propp ndi katswiri wa maphunziro a ku Russia. Mbiri yakale ya nthano. Chiwonetsero champhamvu cha Russia

Vladimir Propp ndi sayansi wotchuka, wofufuza wa nkhani za ku Russia. Cholembera chake ndizo ntchito zodabwitsa pa philology. Akatswiri ofufuza a masiku ano amamuona kuti ndi amene anayambitsa chiphunzitsocho.

Makolo wa philologist

Vladimir Propp - mbadwa ya St. Petersburg, anabadwa mu April 1895. Dzina lake lenileni ndi Hermann Waldemar. Bambo ake anali olemera bwino kuchokera ku dera la Volga, mbadwa ya dera la Volgograd. Mwa maphunziro iye anali katswiri wamaganizo, katswiri mu mabuku a Chirasha ndi German. Anamaliza maphunziro a yunivesite ya Petrograd.

Bambo Proppa adaphunzitsa Chijeremani kwa ophunzira a ku St. Petersburg maphunziro apamwamba. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, iye adagwira nawo ntchito, akugwira ntchito ngati wachipatala ndi m'bale wachifundo.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Pambuyo pa Revolution ya October, banjalo linasamukira kanthawi kuti likhale pa famu. Komabe, Vladimir Propp anachezera makolo ake kangapo kokha. Mu 1919 bambo ake adamwalira atakhala ndi matenda aakulu. Vladimir anabwera ku maliro, ndipo adakhala kanthawi kuti agwire ntchito pa famu. Osadzipeza kuti ali pantchito yambiri, adapeza ntchito monga mphunzitsi wa sukulu m'mudzi wa Goly Karamysh, womwe unali pamtunda wa makilomita 70 kuchokera kumunda. Tsopano ndi mzinda wa Krasnoarmeysk m'dera la Saratov. Koma posachedwa Vladimir Propp anabwerera ku Leningrad.

Mu 1929 banja la Proppov linathamangitsidwa. Zonsezi, mbuye wamkulu omwe panthawiyo anali mayi - Anna Friedrichovna, m'ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito anatumizidwa ku famu yamagulu yotchedwa Stalin.

Ntchito yophunzitsa

Mu 1932, Propp adalowa ku yunivesite ya Leningrad, zaka zisanu adakhala pulofesa wothandizira, ndipo mu 1938 pulofesa. Zimagwira ntchito nthawiyi ku Dipatimenti ya Chikhalidwe cha Chiroma, Chifilosofi ndi Chirasha. Kuchokera mu 1963 mpaka 1964, iye adagwira ntchito mofulumira. Anaphunzitsanso ku Faculty of History kwa zaka zitatu, zokambirana zake zinapindula ku Dipatimenti ya Ethnography ndi Anthropology.

Kafukufuku wamatsenga wa nthano

Mu philology ya Chirasha analowa monga wolemba mabuku, Vladimir Propp. "Morphology of the myth" inafalitsidwa mu 1928. Mmenemo wolemba amapereka tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ya mawonekedwe a ntchito yamatsenga. Izi mwina phunziro lodziwika kwambiri la chizungu cha Russian mu XX century. Mu ntchito yake Propp imafalitsa nkhani ya chikhalidwe m'zigawo zake ndikuyang'ana mgwirizano wa wina ndi mzake. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lachikhalidwe cha anthu, amanenapo kukhalapo kwa nkhani zosasintha komanso zosasinthika, zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo ntchito zomwe zimapezeka m'zinthu zapamwamba, komanso momwe zimakhalira.

Kodi ndikuyesera kunena chiyani mu ntchito yake, Vladimir Propp? "Morphology of the myth" imapanga mfundo zazikulu zingapo. Choyamba, zigawo zikuluzikulu zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zamuyaya. Iwo amatumikira monga ntchito kwa ojambula. Chachiwiri, chiwerengero cha ntchito zoterezi sizingatheke. Chachitatu, zonsezi zimakhala zofanana. Zoona, chitsanzo choterocho chiripo mu masewero chabe, ndipo ntchito zamakono sizizimatsatira. Chachinayi, nkhani zamatsenga ndizofanana mofanana. Kwa zosiyana, Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp amafotokoza nambala ndi njira zomwe ntchitozo zikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Ndiponso ndondomeko ya chilankhulidwe ndi zikhumbo za olembawo.

Ntchito za nthano

Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp amanena kuti ntchito za nthano zimakhala zofanana, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yonse. Zomwe zimapezeka pazomwezo zikusiyana. Chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu, Propp ikuzindikiritsa ntchito 31. Onse a iwo alipo mu nkhani yaku Russia. Ambiri mwa iwo ali awiriawiri, mwachitsanzo, choletsedwa nthawi zonse chikusiyana ndi kuphwanya kwake, kulimbana ndi kupambana, ndipo pambuyo pa kuzunzidwa kuli chipulumutso chosangalatsa.

Zomwe zili zochepa ndi nambala ya anthu omwe ali m'nthano za chi Russia. Iwo nthawi zonse sali oposa 7. Propp imatanthawuza kwa iwo khalidwe lopambana, tizilombo (antipode), wotumiza, wopereka, wothandizira khalidwe labwino, bwana wamkazi ndi wonyenga. Chifukwa cha zinthu zonsezi, pamapeto pake timapeza ntchito yamakono, yomwe ili ndi dzina - nthano ya chi Russia. Propp akutsutsa kuti zonsezo ndizosiyana ndi nkhani ya nthano.

Mfundo Yopanga

Mu 1946 nyumba ina yosindikizira, Propp, inafalitsidwa m'nyumba yosindikizira ya Leningrad - "Miyambi yakale ya nthano". M'menemo akukhala mwatsatanetsatane ponena za lingaliro lofotokozedwa ndi French ethnographer wa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi m'ma 1900 Emil Nurri. Malingana ndi iye, nkhani zamakatulo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito masakramenti omwe protagonist imagonjetsedwa, mwazinthu zina. Maonekedwe a nkhani zambiri zachi Russia zimakhala ndi khalidwe lomwelo.

Komanso, kufotokoza "Miyambi yakale ya nthano," Propp ikuyang'ana zokhudzana ndi tanthawuzo la malo, kufunafuna ntchito zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mabungwe a anthu akale, amapeza kutembenuzidwanso kwa miyambo yambiri.Achikhalidwe cha Russian akufotokoza kuti ntchito yaikulu ndikutsimikizira kuti miyambo yotchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ikuimira chiyani - ku gawo lina la chitukuko cha anthu, kapena sichigwirizana ndi nthawi inayake yakale.

Zitsanzo za kuyambitsa

Chitsanzo choyambirira, chomwe chimatsogolera Propp, ndi kuyambitsa kwathunthu. Iwo anali osatheka kufika kwa akazi, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo mu nkhani za Chirasha zoterezi zikuchitika ndi Baba-Yaga, mfiti wachikulire, mmodzi mwa anthu osiyana kwambiri ndi fuko. Momwemonso, khalidweli limaphatikizidwa mu lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Russian. Baba-Yaga pa nkhaniyi amachitapo kanthu kuti ndiwotchuka.

Propp imatsimikizira kuti m'nthano mulibe mbiri yakale kapena chikhalidwe. Masitayelo ndi machitidwe muzojambula zamakono zimayang'anizana nthawi zonse ndipo zimasokonezeka. Pa nthawi yomweyi, njira zokhazokha zomwe zikhoza kukhalapo nthawi zambiri zakale zimasungidwa.

Umboni wakuti nthano zachiyambi zimachokera ku miyambo yomwe imayambitsidwa kuchokera kumayendedwe ndi miyambo yoyamba ndi yakuti zolinga ndi ntchito za anthu otchulidwazo ndizofanana ndi zikhalidwe za anthu osiyana kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala makilomita zikwi zosiyana.

Kuonjezerapo, monga umboni Wopereka umboni umapereka deta pa ethnography. Kwa sayansiyi, adayanjananso. Amasonyeza momwe miyambo ya pamlomo imene anafalitsidwa kuchokera kwa atate kupita kwa mwana, pomalizira pake, inakhazikitsidwa m'nthano zodziwika bwino. Motero, pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ameneŵa, akufika kumapeto kuti chiyambi cha nthano zonse ndi chimodzimodzi kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Chitsanzo chowonekera cha chiwerengero ichi ndi nkhani zachidule za ku Russia.

Ntchito ina yofunika kumvetsetsa kufunika kwa Propp mu philology ya ku Russian ndi "Russian Agrarian Holidays." M'bukuli, mlembiyo akufufuza maholide ambiri a Asilavo, miyambo ndi zikhulupiliro, akufika kumapeto kuti pafupifupi onsewo ali a chikhalidwe chaulimi.

Chiwonongeko cholimba

Mu 1955, Propp anatulutsa buku lotchedwa monograph lakuti " Chikoka cha Russia ." Ichi ndi phunziro lochititsa chidwi komanso loyambirira, lomwe, pambuyo pa 1958, silinatulutsidwe kwa nthawi yaitali. Kwa owerenga ambiri ntchitoyi inayamba kupezeka kokha m'ma 2000s. Imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za wolemba ndi buku. Ndipo otsutsa samangotchula za sayansi yake, koma komanso khalidwe labwino. Zinali zofunika panthawiyo, ndipo zidakali zofanana lero.

"Chidziwitso chachi Russia" -chifaniziro cha zochitika za epic ya zosiyana, kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane wa epics. Chotsatira chake, mlembi akufika kumapeto kuti maziko a ntchito zotero ndikumenyera zofuna zauzimu zomwe anthu enieni. Chinthu chosiyana ndi ntchito za epic ndi kukwaniritsa kwawo ndi mzimu wokonda dziko komanso zolinga za maphunziro.

Olemba kuchokera kwa anthu amagulitsa ntchito zowopsya chinthu chofunikira kwambiri - makhalidwe abwino, zowerengeka epos. Izi zikuwonetseratu mwachindunji khalidwe labwino la anthu omwe adalengedwa. Propp imatsimikizira kuti maziko a zovuta zapakhomo sizinja, koma nkhani zapakhomo ndi nthano zokha.

Mbali ina yofunikira ya epic epic ndi ndakatulo yake. Chifukwa cha izo, ntchitoyi ndi yosangalatsa komanso ikuwonetsedwa ndi omvetsera ndi owerenga ndi iliyonse ya maphunziro. Mwachidule kwa anthu, epicyo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mbiri yake. Bylins amaphatikiza malingaliro a mkati mwa anthu, chilakolako chawo chokhala moyo momasuka, mwaulere ndi mosangalala.

Propp's monograph ikukuthandizani kuti mudziwe ntchito zamatsenga, kuyambira nthawi zakale. Nthawi zonse zosamvetsetseka zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane apa.

Ntchito zazikulu

Kuwonjezera pa zapamwambazi, pakati pa ntchito zazikulu za Vladimir Propp, akatswiri olemba mabukuwa adalemba dzina lakuti Russian Fairy Tale, lofalitsidwa kokha mu 1984, zaka khumi ndi theka pambuyo pa imfa ya wolemba.

Kuzindikiranso ndi ntchito "Folklore and reality", yofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala yakuti "Science" mu 1989 ndipo inawona kuwala mu 1999 mu likulu la zolemba za Labyrinth. Kuonjezera apo, buku lakuti "Mavuto a Comicism ndi kuseka: Kuseka Kwachizolowezi M'zikhalidwe" kunasindikizidwa. Ntchitoyi imapereka ndondomeko yeniyeni komanso yeniyeni ya nthano ya Nesmeyan ndi kutanthauzira kosamvetseka.

Kumapeto kwa moyo

Propp Vladimir Yakovlevich (1895-1970) - katswiri wamaphunziro a sayansi ya zamaphunziro, dokotala wa sayansi, yemwe pa moyo wake adachita zochuluka ndipo adakali wowerengedwa kuti ndi wamkulu komanso wovomerezeka wofufuzira nkhani ya chi Russia. Ntchito zake ndi zojambula zapamwamba zimayendetsedwa m'mayunivesite, akatswiri olemba mabuku amawatenga ngati maziko oti apange kafukufuku wawo. Vladimir Propp anakhala moyo wake wonse ku Leningrad. Anamwalira mumzinda wa Neva pa August 22, 1970 ali ndi zaka 75. Pambuyo payekha, adasiya ophunzira ambiri ndi omutsatira omwe adakumbukira ndikumakumbukira ntchito zake. Ena mwa iwo: Cherednikova, Shakhnovich ndi Becker.