Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: yonena, kuyenda ndi anapeza

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) si lodziwika bwino kuyenda panyanja, asilikali, aulemu membala wa Petersburg Academy of Sciences, komanso wapadera wotchuka ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa Russian Oceanology. Munthu uyu kunathandiza kwambiri pa onse zochitika za Maulendo zoweta m'madzi, ndipo ambiri chifukwa chilikupita onse ambiri. Osati ambiri kudziwa kuti mlembi woyamba "Atlas South Sea" zinafika Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Mwachidule yonena za kuyenda panyanja Russian ndi mu mabuku ndi malo ake mu sukulu zonse wapadera monga dzina limene amadziwika kuti munthu aliyense ophunzira amazisonyeza kugwirizana ndi oceanography Russian, malo ndi zina zotero. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: yochepa yonena

Izi oyendetsa Russian amene pobadwa dzina lake Adam Ioann, anachokera ku Russified German olemekezeka banja Ostsee, amene anayambitsa anali agogo ake - Filipp Kruzius. Anabadwa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, amene yonena kumagwirizana ndi nyanja, ndi chitatu November 1770 ku Estonia, chuma Hagudis. bambo ake anali woweruza. Kuyambira ndili mwana oyambirira, asilikali tsogolo amafuna kutenga mozungulira ndi nyanja lonse. Ngakhale kuti moyo wake nthawi zonse kumayambitsa nyanja, kuti loto lake nthawi yomweyo kuzindikira.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern pambuyo Revel Church School, kumene anaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka zitatu kuyambira zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, pomwepo adalowa yekha pa nthawi ya sukulu Kronstadt, omwe aphunzitsidwa akapitawo a zombo za - sitima Corps. Ndawala yoyamba ya midshipman wamng'ono expanses madzi anavala 1787 ndi nyanja ya Baltic. Posachedwapa Chirasha Swedish nkhondo. Mofanana ndi ena ambiri, Ivan Kruzenshtern, alibe nthawi kumalizabe mpikisanowo, patsogolo pa ndandanda wa dziko mu midshipmen pa liniya 74 mfuti ngalawa "Mstislav". Izi zinachitika mu 1788. Wolemekezeka okha Nkhondo ya Hogland m'chaka chomwecho, achinyamata Ivan zinali zodzaza ndi lamulo. Ndipo misonkhano wake nkhondo nyanja mu Vyborg Bay pa Krasnaya Gorka ndi Revel mu 1790 iye anapangidwa ndi msilikali.

podzipereka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi mu UK

Mu 1793, khumi ndi akapitawo standouts kuti kusintha zochitika apanyanja anatumizidwa ku England. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali ndi Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Wambiri ya m'tsogolo asilikali ku nthawi iyi iyamba kwambiri kukula. Popeza anasiya Russian ufumu nthawi yaitali anapita pa frigate Thetis kuchokera kugombe la kumpoto kwa America, kumene kangapo nkhondo ndi zombo French anapita Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda. Pofuna kuphunzira East Indian madzi, adalowa Bay la Bengal. cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa njira malonda Russian m'chigawochi.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, pamene iye anali Commander wa Order wa St. George kalasi chachinayi, mwamphamvu chidwi ndi ubweya malonda Russia ndi China, kumene kunachitika ndi njira munda Okhotsk pa Kyakhta. Kukhala Canton, iye anali nawo mwayi kuona ubwino, amene akanakhoza kutenga Russia pa malonda mwachindunji tsitsi lawo kuti China mwa nyanja. Komanso, ngakhale kuti wachinyamata, tsogolo asilikali Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern anayesa kukhazikitsa ubale mwachindunji ndi wambiri Russian mzinda ili m'dera la America, kuti athe kupereka iwo ndi zonse zofunikira. Kuwonjezera apo, iye anali kale kuti kwambiri kuganiza za izo zinayambira pamaso pa Swedish nkhondo epic kuzungulira ntchito, amene waukulu cholinga adzakhala kusintha Russian Navy ngati njirazo lakutali, komanso chitukuko cha malonda atsamunda. Choncho, kusambira pa utumiki mu madzi a Indian, Pacific ndi Atlantic nyanja, kuyenda panyanja ndi kuwona njira zonse zotheka.

Homecoming

Ndi zinachitikira ndi mbe, mu 1799 Ivan zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kenako anabwerera Russia. Mu St. Petersburg, iye anayesa kuti mupereke ntchito zawo ndi malingaliro mu nkhondo za pamadzi, koma sanawapeze kumvetsa.

Komabe, pamene mu 1802 akafunsiridwa ofanana anali kuchita bolodi yaikulu ya Russian Unduna wa Zamalonda, Mfumu Alexander I wobvomerezeka, ndipo anaganiza, motsatirana kukonzekeretsa dziko ulendo. Mu nthawi imeneyi ndi Ndinakumbukira Kruzenshtern, akupempha kuti mfumu.

The kuzungulira loyamba

Mfumu, kwambiri ouziridwa ndi polojekiti, wotsimikiziridwa ndi mwayi kwa munthu Kruzenshtern kukhazikitsa. ulendo anaikidwa tiwiri chilikupita sloop "Hope," yolemera matani 450 ndi pang'ono mbandakucha ngalawa "Neva". Alamule maulendowa ndi sitima zazikulu Kruzenshtern anali Ivan, kutsegula chomwe pambuyo anali kupita pansi mu mbiri ya navigation Russian monga mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri. A lamulo la sloop "Neva" zopatsidwa kwa bwenzi lake lapamtima, mkulu-Commander Yu Lisyansky.

ulendo Glorious inayamba pa chiyambi cha August 1803. Zombo zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi kuchokera Kronstadt gombe kupita pa ulendo wautali ndi wovuta kwambiri. Ntchito yaikulu amene anaikidwa kale ulendo wa - kuphunzira m'kamwa mwa Amur Mtsinje kupeza maulendo latsopano. Wakhala wokondedwa cholinga Russian Pacific zombo, kuzindikira kuti nthawi yaitali anadalira abwenzi ndi m'kalasi - Kruzenshtern ndi Lisyansky. Iwo ankayenera kudutsamo mabvuto.
Court anali kuvala mbendera zankhondo. Kupatula zolinga kugula, ndi sloop "Hope" kunyamulidwa ku Japan, kazembe Russian - Chamberlain Rezanov, amene anakakamizika bungwe asapita malonda ndi Japan. Ndipo cholinga cha kafukufuku wa sayansi ku Russian Academy of Sciences ulendo anatumizidwa zachilengedwe Langsdorf ndi Tilesius ndi zakuthambo Horner.

Kumwera Chigawo

Kutuluka ndi kuukira Kronstadt, Khoti kusambira ku doko la Copenhagen, mu Falmouth, anapita ku chilumba cha Tenerife, ndipo ali kale chinayi wa November, mwa kuwonekera equator kwa nthawi yoyamba anabweretsa Russian nkhondo mbendera mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera. Pa lonse mapu ulendo kudzudzulidwa, sakani zilumba latsopano ozungulira kugombe la kuwombera ndendende chinkhoswe Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Amene anatsegula pa kuzungulira uyu wa Wofufuzayo kwambiri, izo zidziwike mu zaka zingapo, pamene anafalitsa zolemba zake pa ulendo, kupereka anthu ambiri zinthu zosangalatsa zonse zimene anaona pa ulendo wa.

Kufika ku Brazil Santa Catarina, ofufuza anapeza kuti "Neva" chofunika kusintha nsanja ziwiri, motero tinafunika kuti yaing'ono oyimitsira. Mukamaliza kukonza, zombo anapitiriza kuwoloka equator. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndi Kruzenshtern Lisyansky kale mwina kunyadira mautumiki awo kwa dziko. Ndipotu, mbendera Russian poyamba kugunda Chigawo kum'mwera, umene panthawi imeneyo unali kwenikweni sitepe chosintha.

Mu February 1804, woyamba wozungulira zombo dziko, nazo Cape Horn, lidagawikana. chifukwa panali kwambiri nyengo. Pakutha April Kruzenshtern anakwanitsa kufika kwa a Marquesas Islands, mmene anthu apaulendo kukakhalanso: pa doko la Anna Maria, amene anadzakhala kudziwika monga Nukuhiva, "Neva" ndi "chiyembekezo" anakumana.

Kudutsa zilumba Vashingtonovyh, woyamba Russian kuzungulira ulendo anapitiriza cha kumpoto. Koma "Neva" ndi "chiyembekezo" adalowanso ku May pafupi zilumba za ku Hawaii. Sitima yoyamba anayamba kupalasa motsogozedwa Alaska ndi zina ndi wopanda kugombe la Kamchatka ku Japan. Iwo wakhala Ingalik Eskimo Island, m'dziko la United States, anali mwalamulo chilumbachi dzina Krusenstern.

Japanese gawo la Ulendo wa

Makumi awiri ndi chimodzi mwa September 1804 ndi sloop "Nadezhda" anafika ku Nagasaki. Mu Japan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern anali kukhala mpaka chaka chamawa. Kusakhulupirira ndi wodekha kwambiri Japanese kukwana adakana kazembe Russian. Kenako, mu April, nkhaniyo ndiyakuti.

Bwererani ndi Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern anaganiza mwa nyanja ya Japan, umene panthawi imeneyo zinali unexplored panyanja. Momwe iye anali wokhoza kufufuza kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Nipon ndi Matsmaya, komanso kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa theka Chilumba cha Sakhalin. Komanso, Ivan kupeza ndi malo a zilumba zina zambiri.

ntchito akamaliza

Kusambira mu Petro ndi Paulo doko, anafika kazembe Kruzenshtern amabwerera kugombe la Sakhalin, Atamaliza maphunziro ake, ndiye nazo izo kumpoto, akulowa Amur estuary, pamene lachiwiri la August anabwerera ku Kamchatka, kumene, chimathandiza m'matangadza chakudya, "Hope" imatumizidwa Kronstadt. Choncho mapeto a ulendo lodziwika bwino padziko lonse Kruzenshtern, amene ali woyamba alembedwa mbiri ya navigation Russian. Iwo ndithu wolungama ntchito zomwe munakonza adzakhala osati nyengo yatsopano, komanso zathu malo ndi zachilengedwe mfundo zothandiza za mayiko pang'ono odziwika. Mfumu mowolowa manja kwambiri mphoto Kruzenshtern ndi Lisiansky, komanso anthu ena onse a ulendo wa. Kuti azikumbukira chochitika chofunika a Alexander I ngakhale analamula Mendulo wapadera kugogoda.

Polongosola mwachidule

Mu 1811, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, amene zithunzi Tingaone mu buku iliyonse ya masukulu m'madzi ndi masukulu ena apadera anasankhidwa Woyang'anira wa makalasi mu Nyanja Cadet Corps. Komabe, kukhala ndi matenda diso osati bwino kwathunthu ndi ubale ndi mtumiki m'madzi achifumu chinamuchititsa kupempha chilolezo kuchokera ku ntchito, ndipo mu December 1815 woyamba kupita pa tchuthi kalekale.

Mumakhala kuyambira pamenepo iye anayamba malamulo anafuna ulendo dziko, umene unachitika ku 1815 kuti 1818 motsogozedwa Kotzebue - junior kapitawo buthulo ulendo. Kruzenshtern ngakhale ndinapita ku England, kumene analamula zofunika zipangizo kuyenda. Ndi kubwerera, iye anapatsidwa chilolezo kalekale, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha lake "Atlas South Nyanja" imene akanayenera limodzi ndi zolemba hydrographic ndi kusanthula antchito izyasneniem. Ivan kumuthandiza kuti akatswiri agwira ndipo analenga ikulongosola maphunziro a ulendo ndi zambiri mapu ndi zithunzi. ntchito ili lofalitsidwa mu Russian ndi German, latembenuzidwira French, ndipo kenako onse mosachotsera zilankhulo za ku Ulaya. Iye anali kupereka kwa Demidov Prize.

Buku sitima Corps

Mu 1827 Kruzenshtern anakhala mkulu wa sitima Corps. Pafupifupi nthawi imodzimodziyo anakhala membala wa Board Admiralty. zaka sikisitini pa helm zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha ofunika bungwe usilikali: Ivan anayambitsa nkhani yatsopano pa chiphunzitso ndi Unakhala ndi mabuku owonetsera zakale kwambiri. kusintha kwakukulu anakhudzidwa osati mlingo makhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Asilikali anakhazikitsa kalasi Ofisala, ofesi thupi ndi Observatory.

Ndi chopempha chapadera cha thupi Ivan mu 1827 anakhala Naval Academy.

ntchito Scientific ndi gulu

Pa chiyambi cha World Chachiwiri, 1812, Kruzenshtern, pokhala munthu wolemera, nsembe anthu ankhondo -third chuma chake. M'masiku amenewo zinali ndalama zambiri - zikwi rubles. Mu chaka chomwecho anafalitsa zitatu buku "kuzungulira dziko ...", mu 1813th wa anasankhidwa membala wa magulu ambiri sayansi ndi ngakhale maphunziro ku England ndi Denmark, Germany ndi France.

Mpaka 1836 Kruzenshtern lakuti "Atlas South Sea", amene anali yaikulu zolemba hydrographic. Kuyambira 1827 TH ndi 1842 TH, pang'onopang'ono kuwuka mwa zigawo, nadza iye kwa asilikali. zambiri apaulendo otchuka ofufuza anafuna thandizo kapena malangizo Ivan. Iye anali kulinganiza za ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi Otto Kotzebue, osati kokha, komanso Vavileva ndi Shishmareva, Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev, Stanyukovicha ndi Litke.

mwa- kuthupi

Malinga ndi zosiyana, Kruzenshtern anaima mu malo awo, anasiyana othamanga ndi phewa lamba ndi amunamuna chifuwa katswiri pa ulendo wa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuyenda, ngakhale anzake kuchuluka, anagwira naye pa miyeso tsiku maziko ndi kugwira nawo limodzi. akamapereka akhafunika pikulu akhali Kankhani atolankhani.

Okumbukira

Mu St. Petersburg mu 1874 ndi mmisiri ndi zosemasema Monighetti Schroeder kutsogolo kwa sitima Corps anakhazikitsa chipilala Krusenstern. Iye inamangidwa ndi ndalama zapadera, ngakhale gawo laling'ono analandiridwa ndi ku boma.

Dzina lalikulu wofufuza wotchedwa chopapatiza, m'madzi ndi khungwa. Ndipo mu 1993, ku Bank Russian chikalata ndalama chamadzulo "The woyamba Russian wozungulira ulendo dziko" zino.

Kumizidwa wamkulu wa asilikali Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ku Tallinn Dome Church.