Ivan Fedorov Chipilala mu Moscow. Kufotokozera za chipilala Ivanu Fedorovu

Analengedwa mu 1909, chipilala upainiya Fedorov - ndi kukopa wina wa Moscow, kumene mazana la alendo ndi osakhalitsa wotumidwa tsiku.

Ivan Fyodorov

Ivan Fedorov anali mbadwa ya Russian Ufumu. Ngakhale kuti anabadwa mu gawo la Moscow masiku ano , pafupifupi onse moyo wake anakhala m'mayiko a Grand Duchy la Lithuania, ndi Ukraine, mu Lviv, umene panthawi imeneyo unali mbali ya chigawo cha Russian ndi wa Commonwealth. Kwa nthawi yaitali anagwira ntchito Moscow yofalitsa, lotseguka pa ndalama ya mfumu, lodziwika bwino Ivan Fyodorov, ndi chosindikizira choyamba. chipilala wake poyamba inamangidwa pafupi nyumbayi.

Komabe, amaona woyambitsa chosindikiza. The Russian ufumu nthawi Ivan IV nthawi yoyamba iye anatulutsa ntchito chipembedzo, "Mtumwi." Iwo Fedorov wa yoyamba m'mbiri ya ndiye kunena nyumba yosindikizira.

Anabadwa katswiri pakati pa zaka 1510 ndi 1530. Pali mabuku a kubadwa kwake dera la chigawo Vileyka, Minsk dera.

Choncho, lero ndi kukumbukira yochepa. Akatswiri ena amaganiza moyo Fedorov kuti iye anaphunzitsidwa mu Kraków nakhala yoyamba. The University City ali ndi umboni wa izo.

Poyamba anafuna kudzipereka ku utumiki wa Mulungu ndi ankaona dikoni pa tchalitchi cha St. Nicholas Kremlin Gostunskii.

kusintha ntchito

Kuti Fedorov ntchito mu yosindikiza pabwalo Ivan IV, deta ndi sanasunge inde. Iye akutchedwa buku la timabuku angapo anonymous inakhazikitsa mu Moscow.

Chaka chimodzi 1563 pa 1564 ntchito Fedorov ndi wachiwiri wake Petrom Mstislavtsem pa bukhu "Mtumwi". Mu buku lino, woyamba kuika sitampu lake Ivan Fedorov. chipilala lake limaimira tsamba loyamba la "Mtumwi." Patapita chaka chimodzi, a chosindikizira woyamba limafalitsa buku latsopano - ". Breviary"

Moyo Lithuania ndi Ukraine

Pambuyo cholimbana boyars ndi printshop Fedorov ndi mnzake anathawa Duchy la Lithuania. Kumeneko anakakhala Chodkiewicz, Hetman la Lithuania, ndi kuyamba nawo ntchito limodzi. Getman adagula ndi kutsegula nyumba kusindikiza kwa iwo.

Munda adasokera, ndi kumene ili, pali buku 'kuphunzitsa uthenga "ndi" Masalmo ndi Chasoslovtsem ". The kusindikiza kwachiwiri "Mtumwi" zipsera Fedorov kale mu Lviv. Abukhuli, analemba ndi kusindikiza wake mawu koyambirira. Pa pempho panokha Prince wa Ostrog anakakhala kwa zaka zingapo mumzinda uno, kumene mabuku oyamba Baibulo padziko lonse mu Mpingo. Ine ndinali nthawi kukaona Vienna ndi Kraków. Kwa nthawi yaitali, ine zinagwirizana ndi otchuka zounikira Loona za sayansi.

Iye anafa Lviv, kumene anaikidwa m'manda.

yosindikiza

Monga mtumiki wa Mpingo wa kalasi m'munsi, Ivan Fedorov kusankha kusindikiza ambiri pa nthawi mabuku achipembedzo. Iye mabuku angapo galamala, kuti aliyense akhoza kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba.

The zitsanzo woyamba anapangidwa mabuku pafupifupi mfundo ano. Lemba pa tsamba limodzi anaikidwa mizere twente-faifi. Iwo ali pafupifupi ofanana kwa mtundu ano A4. Woyamba kusindikizidwa buku maheda ndi footers, ndi maumboni ngakhale subscript ndi superscript yapamwamba nthawi mu Europe. Iwo analamulira ndipo pali Ivan Fedorov. chipilala wake akunena mpukutu ndi zilembo zofanana.

mitundu iwiri anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yosindikiza mabuku. Pamaso pa buku anafunika mwawerenga mosamala lemba, kukonza zolakwika, kusintha ena mwa mafanizo. Lililonse latsopano mutu mpainiya chokongoletsedwa ndi vignettes choyambirira ndi zilembo kukongoletsa.

makina

Pa chida ichi lodziwika bwino, kenako usana ndi usiku ine ntchito Fedorov, pafupifupi munthu deta. Atamwalira wofalitsa akhala kokha kufotokoza zimene anali pa izo. makina anali chopangidwa ndi luso Italy. Kwa iye anapita m'thumba mbali matabwa. Zilembo za pepala mbamuikha mwa mbale, mkuwa wononga tinakwera lalikulu. Linapezeka mu malo amodzi ndi chimango kwa makalata. Machine kulemedwa pafupifupi 104 makilogalamu. Iwo mosavuta ntchito ndi Ivan Fedorov. The chipilala amaonetsera makina mu view zikuluzikulu.

Mbiri ya chipilala cha

Zikutanthauza kuonetsetsa kuti zimalimbikitsa kukumbukira lalikulu Ivan Fedorov, anayamba kusonkhanitsa mu 1870. The initiators a msonkhano anali oimira Moscow m'mabwinja Union. Ngakhale ndalama ndi kuika pamodzi m'malo mwamsanga, funso ndendende amene ntchito chosema, ndi limakhalabe lotsegula.

Chipilala Ivan Fedorov, kumene upainiya amaima msinkhu wake wonse, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1909. Ndalama izo anasonkhana zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi. Isanafike yomanga chipilala izo anali anasonkhana 29 000 rubles, ndi ndalama isanachitikepo pa nthawi imeneyo. Mpikisano mapulani ndi Osema kwa nthawi yoyamba analephera. The Commission sakonda mwina akufuna ntchito.

Pambuyo kusankha mosamala bwino ntchito yabwino aluso la Russia ndi mayiko ena analembetsa ziboliboli SERGEY Mihaylovich Volnuhin ndipo wamanga Ivan Pavlovich Mashkov. ntchito ayesedwa Klyuchevskii kuwina mbiri ndi zojambulajambula Apollinaris Vasnetsov.

Kufotokozera za chipilala kuti Ivan Fedorov

Ivan Fyodorov anaima pa chipilala mu kaimidwe amalikonda pamene ntchito. Mu dzanja limodzi iye kusindikizidwa gulu chili ndi zilembo. Mu dzanja lake ena amaona iye anangopanga tsamba m'buku "Mtumwi." The chosema wapangidwa zamkuwa.

Kufotokozera za chipilala kuti Ivan Fedorov sadzakhala kotheratu ngati mulibe kulankhula za zovala zake. Ngakhale wofalitsa ndi munthu wauzimu, Osema otchulidwa chovala nthawi zonse kwa nthawi zimenezo: yaitali odula buttoned mabatani, amene sakhoza kuona mathalauza tucked mu nsapato.

Tsitsi mpainiya womangidwa ndi riboni, kotero kuti kulowerera pa ntchito.

pedestal ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi chovala manja Fedorov mu dzanja ndi chishango ndi Maina ndi. Pamwamba pa makalata amasonyeza nsonga pang'ono, ngati muvi. Mu chifanizo cha mbuye ali ndi siginecha "Nikoly Chudotvortsa Gostunskogo dikoni Ivan Fedorov".

The zosemasema sakanatha amanyalanyaza buku la "The Mtumwi" ndi kuika kuyamba tsiku pochimanga pansi pa dzina la wofalitsa lapansi.

Location

Malo chipilala kuti Ivan Fedorov, sindinasankhe mwangozi. Pambali pake ndipo anali kamodzi yosindikiza nyumba, umene ndalama zolipirira Ivanom Groznym. Pali iyawonekambo buku la "The Mtumwi" mu Baibulo loyambirira. Pabwalo anakhazikitsidwa mu 1553, ndipo pa yemweyo Fedorov anayamba ntchito kumeneko.

Pamene Peter Wamkulu mu malo awa anayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala "Vedomosti".

Koma ngati malo kupemphedwa pamene pali chipilala Ivanu Fodorovu, anaitana malo osiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kulanda chipilala ndi pedestal ndi. Mu 1934, misewu ya Moscow anayamba patsogolo, kuwononga nyumba zakale. Kitai-Gorod khoma anali atapita, ndipo anaganiza kusuntha fanoli.

Ndipo mu zaka 90 chipilala mtima kwambiri Metropole Hotel. Ntchito Fedorov, kamodzi timbewu ndi waukulu, panali chabe nsanja yaing'ono. Pamenepo, poyamba "Chabwino" Ivan Fyodorov ntchito. Ulendowu pa chipilala womwe unachitikira pa mlungu ndi mlungu, komanso kuti umatha ndi ulendo wa attics lapansi.

Pokumbukira Fedorov

Moscow chipilala - si Buku yekha kwa munthu woyenera, nkhope wauzimu ndi wophunzitsa. Mu 1997, Museum polemekeza Ivana Fedorova linatsegulidwa pa Potocki Palace. N'zotheka kudziwa zambiri za moyo wa mlengi wa mabuku, komanso mmene ndondomeko yosindikiza poyamba anasankha mabuku kufalitsa ndi chifukwa nthawi yoyamba zimaikidwa mabuku achipembedzo.

Near nyumbayi ndi "ofunika" monga munthu Ivan Fedorov - upainiya. chipilala lidalengedwa ndi ziboliboli Anatoly Galyanom.

Mu 1998, pa Utatu-Sergio Lavra opatulidwira mafano, chimene chimafotokoza tate wa mabuku ndi makina ake. chidina ndi wosiyana ndi chakuti, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri lonse la Orthodox pa zinafika kujambula atolankhani.

Mu 2009 Fyodorov anali canonized mu Old Okhulupirira Orthodox christened iye John Dikoni.

Ndipo mu 2010, dzina la Ivan Fedorov anali kupereka yunivesite State wa yosindikiza mu Moscow, tsiku a kubadwa kwake eightieth.

Mu Lviv, pa apakati amaima ndi chosema-mita zisanu - atavala mikanjo kachipembedzo Ivan Fedorov. Chipilala mu Moscow ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi izo. Chipilala mu Lviv anapangidwa pafupi pomwe anali typography.

Zowona zenizeni zokhudza chipilala cha

• Pa kutsegula kwa chipilala mu 1909, izo asonkhane akuluakulu onse a mzinda. kumanda anapangidwa. Tsiku lotsatira, anthu odutsa anapeza kuti panali chipilala nkhata pa amene anali akuti "Ofera Russian buku yosindikiza." Unknown ankafuna Zokuthandizani Choncho mazunzo amene anapirira Ivan Fedorov mu Moscow mwa ndiye akuluakulu.
• Nthano A ku Soviet Union anali Ivan Fedorov. Chipilala mu Moscow anaoneka pa masitampu Soviet wotumizira chaka kukumbukira zaka mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu pambuyo pa imfa yake.
• The chosema Tingaone pamene kuonera kamodzi-alitcha Soviet blockbuster "wu sizingasinthidwe." Pambali pake Sharapov ndi Anna anakumana.
• chipilala ili pafupi Rue St. Nicholas. Iwo kalekale wotchuka chifukwa buku lake msika ndi masitolo. Pamaso zitasintha, Nicholas unali likulu weniweni wa m'buku la moyo, kunyumba kuyambira m'mawa mpaka usiku onse Moscow osankhika.
• Mu Soviet Union, chipilala zinafika mwachindunji ndi mabuku. M'buku lake lidayandikira misika malonda ndi ogulitsa latsopano.
• Fedorov chipilala kuonekera ku Okhotny Ryad.
• Mlengi wa mankhwala amati kukhala kholo la Volnukhin Nouveau ndi ophiphiritsa mu chosema Russian. Pamwamba pa iye, iye anagwira ntchito kwa zaka ziwiri.
• Lero mulibe zinasungidwa yotchula momwe kuyang'ana Ivan Fedorov. Chipilala mwina anathandiza kulenga I. Zabelin, mbiri Russian, amene anatsogolera ziboliboli poganizira nthawi imene wofalitsa moyo.