Internal dongosolo a chule. NKHANI chule kapangidwe

Chule - lililonse woimira achule. Chitsanzo cha nyama zimenezi akhoza kuphunzira makhalidwe a kalasi lonse. Nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo mkati mwa chule ndi.

zophimba thupi

Marsh chule amakhala ku matupi madzi ndi mabanki awo. Iwo ali dongosolo losavuta kunja - chachikulu lathyathyathya mutu, amene amaziralira kakafupi torso, yafupika mchira, forelimbs lalifupi ndi zala zinayi ndipo anagwira kumbuyo - ndi asanu. Zikuthandizani kumvetsa kapangidwe mkati mwa chule zojambula kusonyeza mafupa ndi machitidwe lalikulu limba.

Choyamba, tiyenera kufufuza khungu la nyama. thupi chule ali yokutidwa ndi yosalala khungu adachitira ndi zambiri zopangitsa multicellular kuti secrete ntchofu. chinsinsi lubricates khungu, kuthandiza kusunga madzi zimathandiza kuti kuwombola mpweya. Komanso, amateteza tizilombo zoipa.

Woonda ndi kusintha chule khungu amateteza amaona zikuchitika kunja, komanso amagwira ntchito yofunika kuwombola mpweya. Komanso, chule zimatenga madzi basi kudzera pakhungu. N'chifukwa chake m'pofunika kwambiri nthawi mu chinyezi kapena madzi.

mafupa

Chule chigoba dongosolo lili ndi zinthu mogwirizana ndi anatengera kwa magulu a hock lapansi. Amakhala chigaza, msana, miyendo ndi mafupa mabacteria. Chibade flattened, lonse. Nyama okhwima izo amapulumutsa wambirimbiri chichereŵechereŵe minofu chimene chimagwirizanitsa achule nsomba Crossopterygii.

Short msana ukufanizidwa ndi magulu anayi: thunthu, sacral, khosi ndi mchira. Khomo lachiberekero msana tichipeza chimodzi chokha linkawonongeka wozungulira woboola pakati, koma chifukwa sayenda chule yake mapendekeredwe mutu wanu.

Njovu dera zikuphatikizapo vertebrae zisanu ndi ziwiri. Nthiti ya nyama ayi. gawo Sacral ndi ankatsogoleranso ndi linkawonongeka limodzi, anagwirizana mafupa a chiuno. Last, kulekanitsa kumbuyo ankaimira yaitali fupa urostyle amene anapanga 12 zinaphatikizidwa vertebrae.

Kapangidwe chule chigoba chidwi chifukwa peculiarities wa pachilengedwe cha miyendo, amene kugwirizana lamba m'makona mafupa msana. forelimbs lamba zikuphatikizapo sternum, masamba awiri, akhwangwala awiri, ndi mafupa awiri a clavicle yokha forelimb tichipeza phewa, mkono ndi dzanja ndi zala zinayi (chala chachisanu ndi mu Chiyambi chake).

kunsana nthambi lamba chifukwa cha katundu waukulu chachikulu kuposa paphewa. Iye ankayimiridwa zinaphatikizidwa mafupa m'chiuno. hindlimb mafupa zikutanthauza umembala wake pa ntchafu, atavalanso zoteteza ndi miyendo ndi zala zisanu. Kutalika kwa miyendo yakumbuyo nthawi ziwiri kapena zitatu kuposa kutsogolo.

muscularity

minofu chule akhoza kugawidwa mu minofu segmented wa thunthu ndi nthambi, torso minofu ndi metameric kapangidwe (ofanana ndi minofu ya nsomba). Minofu ya miyendo yakumbuyo ndi kamwa ali makamaka bwino anakamba.

dongosolo alimentary

NKHANI chule dongosolo kuoneka bwino pa nkhani ya kapangidwe ka boma lake m'mimba. ziwalo zonse za mkati mwa amphibian opezeka M'mimbamo coelomic. Mtundu uwu wa thumba lake makoma wapangidwa ndi maselo zaminyewa. Mkati M'mimbamo muli zochepa madzi. Ambiri mwa zikwama nyamulani ziwalo m'mimba.

dongosolo m'mimba akuyamba oropharyngeal patsekeke. Pa chinenero chake pansi Ufumuyo kuti amagwiritsa chule kuti akakole tizilombo. Chifukwa kapangidwe zachilendo ndi wokhoza ejected pa liwilo kuchokera mkamwa ndi Pamilunguyo zinakuchitikiranipo.

mafupa Palatine, komanso chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi nsagwada mano achule zazing'ono conical mu mawonekedwe. Amatumikira kwa kutafuna, koma koposa zonse kusunga kupanga pakamwa. Ichi ndi kufanana kwina ndi nsomba amphibious. Chinsinsi, tochoka ndi zopangitsa ndi malovu, moisturizes M'mimbamo oropharyngeal ndi chakudya. Izi facilitates ingestion ake. M'mimba michere chule malovu lilibe.

Achule m'mimba thirakiti akuyamba pharynx. Pamakhala kholingo, ndiye - m'mimba. Kuseri kwa m'mimba ndi duodenum, ena intestine yaikidwa pa zingwe zopota. Itha intestine cloaca. Achule kudya ndi zopangitsa m'mimba - chiwindi ndi kapamba.

Anagwira mothandizidwa ndi kupanga chinenero mu oropharynx, ndiyeno mwa pakhosi mu kholingo akulowa m'mimba. Maselo ili pa makoma a m'mimba, acid amathiridwa ndipo amakhala ndi pepsin zimene zimalimbikitsa chimbudzi. Komanso semidigested kulemera ayenera duodenum ndi zomwe anatsanulira zinsinsi kapamba ndi umayenda chiwindi ya ndulu ritsa.

Pang'ono ndi duodenum akudutsa mu intestine, kumene zakudya onse odzipereka. chakudya zotsala kuti si m'mimba kugwera yotsirizira intestine - yochepa lonse rectum, mathero cesspool.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa chule ndi mphutsi ake ali osiyana. Akuluakulu zilombo zolusa komanso kudyetsa makamaka tizilombo, koma tadpoles - kwambiri herbivores weniweni. Pa kukamwa kwawo anakonza nyanga mbale amene mphutsi anali anafukula pamodzi ndi ang'ono algae moyo zamoyo izi unicellular.

dongosolo kupuma

mbali chidwi dongosolo mkati mwa chule kukhudza ndi mpweya. mfundo ndi yakuti pamodzi ndi kuwala, mbali yaikulu mu ndondomeko ya kuwombola mpweya kumathandiza capillary kuwonjezeredwa amphibian khungu. Mapapo ndi wophatikizidwa matumba woonda-mipanda ya mkati pamwamba mauna ndi misewu yaikulu Mitsempha.

Monga amapuma chule? Amphibian amagwiritsa mavavu angathe kutsegula ndi kutseka mphuno ndi pansi kayendedwe oropharynx. Pofuna pokoka mpweya, mphuno atsegulidwa, ndi pansi oropharyngeal M'mimbamo ndi adatchithisira, ndi mpweya wa m'kamwa mwa chule. Kotero iye anapita ku mapapo, mphuno chatsekedwa, ndipo pansi auka oropharynx. The mpweya zimachitika m'mapapo kugwa pa khoma ndipo kayendedwe ka minofu m'mimba.

Amuna, glottis ndi wazunguliridwa ndi cartilages wapadera arytenoid, lomwe silikuyenda timinofu. Mkulu buku amaperekedwa ndi matumba mawu, amene anapanga ndi mucosa wa oropharynx lapansi.

dongosolo excretory

Internal dongosolo a chule, kapena m'malo chake dongosolo excretory, ndi chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa muli wa achule kungakhale linanena bungwe kudzera mapapo ndi khungu. Koma ambiri a iwo excreted ndi impsozo, zomwe zili pa linkawonongeka sacral. Sami masamba ndi oblong thupi, pafupi ndi kumbuyo. mabungwe awa ndi glomeruli wapadera amatha imathandiza mankhwala kusokonezeka magazi.

Mkodzo linanena bungwe la ureters mu chikhodzodzo, pamene izo kusungidwa. Mutayankha, ndi chikhodzodzo minofu mu m'mimba padziko cloaca kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi akatulutsidwa kunja kupyolera cloaca lapansi.

mitsempha ya magazi

Kapangidwe mkati mwa chule ndi zovuta kuposa nsomba. Mtima wa chule wamkulu, atatu chipinda, wopangidwa mwa atria awiri ndi ventricle. Chifukwa umodzi wolumikizira yamitsempha yamagazi ndi magazi venous ndi pang'ono wothira, kufalitsa ziwiri si kwathunthu. Infundibulum kukhala kotenga helical vavu ukusunthira kutali ventricle ndi kugawira wosakaniza wolumikizira magazi ndi ziwiya zosiyanasiyana.

The atrium pomwe ati magazi wosanganiza: venous akubwera kuchokera ku ziwalo zina mkati, ndipo wolumikizira - pa khungu. Mu atrium kumanzere kwa mapapo akulowa magazi wolumikizira.

Yafupika atria imodzi, ndi mwazi wa kumenya awiri ventricle limodzi. Chifukwa Kapangidwe ka kotenga vavu magazi wolumikizira ukufika ziwalo mutu ndi ubongo, wosakaniza - kuti ziwalo ndi ziwalo, ndi venous - khungu ndi mapapo. Asukulu zingakhale zovuta kuzimvetsa kapangidwe mkati mwa chule ndi. Galimoto amphibian mitsempha ya magazi amathandiza muzione mmene makope ntchito.

Mitsempha ya magazi a tadpoles ali yekha makope umodzi, atrium ndi ventricle chimodzi, monga nsomba.

Kapangidwe ka chule ndi mwazi wa munthu ndi osiyana. Chule maselo ofiira ndi phata, ndi mawonekedwe chowulungika, ndi munthu - mawonekedwe biconcave, pachimake akusowa.

dongosolo endocrine

Dongosolo endocrine zikuphatikizapo achule chithokomiro, ubereki, kapamba, adrenal ndi pituitary zopangitsa. Mabele England umabala mahomoni koyenera kuti akamaliza metamorphosis ndi kukhalabe kagayidwe, zopangitsa kugonana ndi udindo kubalana. kapamba zochitika pa chimbudzi cha chakudya, zopangitsa adrenal kuthandiza zonse kagayidwe. The pituitary England umabala angapo mahomoni kuti kulimbikitsa chitukuko, kukula ndi mtundu wa nyama.

mantha dongosolo

Mantha dongosolo la chule ndi amakhala ndi mlingo wochepa wa chitukuko ndi ofanana mu maonekedwe ndi wamanjenje dongosolo la nsomba, koma lili ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. ubongo lagawidwa m'magawo 5: wapakatikati, wapakatikati, kutsogolo, medulla ndi cerebellum. The forebrain ndi bwino olemera ndi lagawidwa hemispheres awiri, omwe ali ndi ventricle lateral - ndi M'mimbamo wapadera.

Mogwirizana ndi kayendedwe wonyong'onya ndi ambiri asamapereke, ndi cerebellum ndi yaing'ono. Medulla zikuluzikulu. Onse a chule ubongo mwa awiriawiri khumi misempha.

zokhudzira

kusintha kwambiri achule akaona kugwirizana ndi linanena bungwe kwa sing'anga amadzimadzi pouma. Iwo ali kale zovuta kuposa nsomba, monga ziyenera kutithandiza kuyenda ndi madzi ndi pa dziko. Mu tadpoles anayamba ziwalo lateral mzere.

Wosanjikiza chobisika wa khungu ululu, chogwirika ndi kutentha zolandilira. Papillae pa lilime, kumwamba ndi nsagwada za ntchito ya ziwalo kukoma. ziwalo olfactory zigwirizana matumba wophatikizidwa olfactory amene anatsegula monga wakunja ndi mumtima m'mphuno mu chilengedwe ndi oropharyngeal M'mimbamo, motero. Mu madzi, mphuno kutsekedwa, kununkhiza matupi sachita.

Monga kumva anayamba khutu pakati imene unit kuti azimveka phokoso Phokoso kudzera likalowa m'makutu a.

chule ndi diso dongosolo zovuta, chifukwa m'pofunika pansi madzi ndi pa dziko. Kuteteza maso a akulu zikope makina ndi nictitating Kakhungu. Mu tadpoles m'ma kumeneko. The diso ndi diso chule otukukira kunja mandala - lenticular. Achule kuwona patali mokwanira ndi kukhala mtundu masomphenya.