Gulu la zochita mankhwala

A mankhwala anachita ndi ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa zinthu, imene nthawi pali kusintha mu dongosolo lawo kapena zikuchokera. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi kusintha kuyambira zipangizo kapena reagents mu mankhwala chomaliza. Today anapanga gulu momveka mosiyanasiyana mankhwala.

Kufotokozera zosiyanasiyana ntchito maikwezhoni. Zizindikiro za zochita mankhwala

Pali classifications angapo, iliyonse ili n'komwe mbali umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Mwachitsanzo, zochita mankhwala akhoza anapambulwa kulabadira:

• kuchuluka ndi zikuchokera kwa reactants ndi mankhwala komaliza;
• boma la loitanirana wa koyamba ndi womaliza zinthu (mpweya, madzi, mawonekedwe olimba);
• chiwerengero cha magawo;
• chikhalidwe cha particles amene anasamutsidwa pa anachita (ion, elekitironi);
• matenthedwe zotsatira;
• kuyenda mu n'zosiyana malangizo anachita.

Tikumbukenso kuti zochita mankhwala zambiri olembedwa ntchito mitunduyi ndi maikwezhoni. Chakumbali ya aone kuti pali anafotokoza zikuchokera reactants ndi chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana awo, ndipo kumanja mukuona chomaliza mankhwala. Mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri - chiwerengero cha maatomu aliyense amafotokozera mu kumanja ndi kumanzere ayenera kukhala ofanana. Only mu njira iyi zimawonedwa chilamulo cha kusamala misa.

Monga tanenera kale, pali classifications ambiri. Izo akambirana zambiri ntchito.

Gulu la zochita mankhwala pa zikuchokera, chiwerengero cha mankhwala koyamba ndi womaliza

Zimene pawiri: iwo adzasala zinthu zambiri zomwe kuphatikiza kupanga chinthu chovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, linachepa limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kutentha.

zochita kuwonongeka: ndi reactant koyamba ndi pawiri zovuta imene imagwiritsidwa mu ndondomeko kutha zinthu penapake chosavuta. Zimenezi zingakhale onse redox ndi saonetsa kusintha valence.

zochita M'MALO - kuimira ankachita pakati pa chinthu chovuta kwambiri. Mu ndondomeko ya m'malo atomu iliyonse ya mpanda wa. Schematically, zimene tingasonyezere monga:

A = AB + BC + C

metathesis - njira imene awiri reactant Zingayambe anasinthanitsa pakati pa mbali chigawo. Mwachitsanzo:

AB + CD = AD + CB

zochita kutengerapo - yodziwika ndi posamutsa atomu kapena gulu la atomu ku chinthu chimodzi kupita ku china.

Gulu la zochita mankhwala: kusintha ndipo sizingasinthe njira

khalidwe lina zofunika zotani - ndi mwayi kusintha njira.

Chotero anaitana kusintha ngati anachita zinthu zimene mwina kucheza ndi mzake, kupanga chimodzimodzi zipangizo poyambira. Childs, mbali ayenera kuonekera mu aone kuti pali lapansi. Mu nkhani iyi, lamanzere ndi lamanja mbali ya aone kuti pali anaika otsutsana mivi awiri.

Pamene sizingasinthe mankhwala mankhwala anachita izo sangathe chiyani wina ndi mzake - osachepera pansi bwinobwino zinthu.

Gulu la zochita mankhwala pa zotsatira matenthedwe

Thermochemical anachita ali m'magulu ziwiri:

• njira exothermic, imene pali kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera (mphamvu);
• njira endothermic omwe amafunika kunja mphamvu mayamwidwe.

Gulu la zochita mankhwala chiwerengero cha mbali ndi gawo kudziika

Monga tanenera kale, boma la loitanirana cha mankhwala ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa ntchito zonse za zochita mankhwala. Pa malo awa zambiri kusiyana:

• mpweya anachita;
• zosiyanasiyana mu njira;
• mankhwala zako pakati pa zolimba.

Koma koyamba ndi womaliza mankhwala si nthawi zonse amanena kuti boma wina loitanirana. Choncho zochita ndipo anawagawira zochokera chiwerengero cha magawo:

• osakwatiwa-gawo kapena zochita homogeneous - ndi njira amene mankhwala ali mu chikhalidwe chomwecho (nthawi zambiri, anachita izi zikuchitika ngakhale mu gawo mpweya kapena njira);
• sakanikira anachita (multiphase) - reactants ndi mankhwala komaliza kungakhale limati osiyanasiyana loitanirana.