Gulu la mayiko mawu a chitukuko chuma dziko, mwa mawu a anthu, gulu lawolawo la maiko

Aliyense boma amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimene ofufuza zinasintha ntchito zizindikiro zina. Kuyerekezera ndi kusanthula kulola mumakumbukira nthawi za chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe cha chuma, ntundu, mapiri ake. Gulu la mayiko chofunika kudziwa zotsatira za aliyense wa iwo pa njira dziko lonse. Kusinthana kwa zinachitikira adzaona mphamvu komanso zofooka za bungwe chuma ndiponso umoyo wa limati ndi bwino ntchito.

Mayiko ndi madera

Economic tanthauzo la dziko ziri mosiyana ndi kumvetsa malamulo kapena ngakhale wamba anthu.

Gulu la mayiko tinganene kuti ngati mayunitsi m'zigawozo mayiko akuzindikiridwa ndi zimene sizili choncho. malo amenewa akhoza kuchititsa ndondomeko palokha zachuma ndi kuganizira za chitukuko. Chotero, n'komwe mu gulu la mayiko monga mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma. Izi imakhudzanso ena chilumba yozungulira dera la UK, France, Netherlands. Gulu la mayiko kuganizira m'madera monga mayunitsi osiyana zachuma.

Universal mabungwe mayiko kusonkhanitsa ndi mwakuya za mfundo za mayiko awo nawo. Zikuphatikizapo pafupifupi onse limati dziko.

gulu lothandiza

Popeza gulu dziko ikuchitika mu mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse (UN, IMF, World Bank ndi zina zotero. D.), The ambiri deta kupeza dongosolo lakonzedwa zofuna za makomiti amenewa. Pa mapu zake zili pansipa:

- wobiriwira - dziko olemera;

- chikasu - mlingo sing'anga ya boma;

- wofiira - dziko lachitatu dziko.

The World Bank atolele mfundo pa mlingo wa chuma cha dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, UN imatiuza vuto lawo zaziwerengero ndi umoyo ndi zachuma.

Asayansi amadziwikanso angapo Mitundu za kusonkhanitsa deta ndi processing, womwenso gulu la mayiko.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa dongosolo umoyo ndi zachuma analipo gulu kuti ukugawa dziko capitalist, zokomera ndi m'mayiko osauka.

Mlingo wa chitukuko cha dziko anawagawira monga anayamba ndi osauka.

Gawo Geographical wa mayiko amaganizira kukula ndi malo dziko pa mapu a dziko lapansi. Komanso n'komwe kukula ndi kapangidwe ka anthu, zachilengedwe.

Gawo Geographical

Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi zochita za dziko pa mapu a dziko lonse ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kuyambira izi zikhoza kukhala chiyambi kubala classifications ena. Location wa dziko pa mapu a dziko lapansi ndi wachibale. Pambuyo kumatanthauza wagawo okhudza malo zikhoza kusintha. Koma kusintha onse ndi zikhalidwe alipo zingakhudze mfundo pa zinthu za dziko kapena dera.

Pali mayiko ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri (Russia, USA, Canada, India), ndipo pali microstates (Vatican, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco). Mwachirengedwe komanso nawo ndi opanda mwayi kwa nyanja. Pali chokhala ndi chilumba mayiko.

Kuphatikiza mfundozi zambiri kudziwa zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma, lomwe limasonyeza gulu la mayiko.

Gulu la anthu

Kumanga njira ya dongosolo n'kofunika kuganizira gulu la mayiko mawu alionse. Pamafunikanso kusanthula kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe wa zinthu zaziwerengero.

Malinga ndi zimene amakhulupirirazi, mayiko onse anawagawa m'mayiko lalikulu, sing'anga ndi yaing'ono anthu. Ndipo pofuna kuti mfundo zoyenera za index ichi, masamu chiwerengero cha anthu unit malo. Zimenezi zimatithandiza amati anthu kachulukidwe.

anthu amaona mwa mawu kukula. Yerekezerani chonde ndi imfa. Ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zabwino, izo zikusonyeza owonjezera kubadwa opitirira, ndi mosemphanitsa. Lero, kukula anati mu India, USA, UK ndi mayiko ena African. The kuchepa anthu - kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, Russia, ndi Arab States.

Gulu la mayiko mawu alionse inamangidwa kutenga nkhani kapangidwe zaziwerengero. Cholowa cha ntchito zaka, ophunzira anthu, komanso adzadziwire dziko n'kofunika kuti kuwunika.

Gulu la Development Economic

Gulu ambiri ntchito ndi mabungwe mabungwe a kafukufuku lonse ambiri lili pa maziko a chitukuko zachuma.

Kukula kwa kufanizitsa uyu anapangidwa pamaziko a zaka za kafukufuku. Izo zonse ndiponso kubwereza bwino.

mayiko onse padziko lonse, malinga ndi njira yonseyi ikhonza kuikidwa mu malo okwezeka, sing'anga ndi underdeveloped chuma. Ndi njira ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito. Gulu la mayiko mawu a chitukuko Kodi kuganizira pambuyo zokomera ndi mayiko zokomera.

Pamaziko a kufanizitsa mabungwe lonse kupanga mfundo za moyenera ndi thandizo la ndalama kumayiko underdeveloped.

Mu gulu lililonse awa akhoza kuwasiyanitsa subtypes ake.

Kutsogolera mayiko zachuma

Gulu la mayiko olemera zikuphatikizapo US, Canada, Ulaya, South Africa, wa Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand. Mayiko amenewa ndi mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma ndi chikoka kwambiri pa mavuto azandale dziko. udindo wawo mu asapita ambiri malonda ndi khalidwe lalikulu.

Gulu la mayiko mawu a chitukuko zachuma chimasiyanitsa gulu la mayiko monga ogwirizira a mkulu kuthekera sayansi ndi luso.

Chikoka lalikulu pa zachuma amapatsa capitalist dziko, asanu amene ali mamembala a "Big asanu ndi awiri". Ichi ndi Canada, USA, UK, Germany, Japan, France, Italy. Kodi wamkulu specialization mu chuma dziko kwambiri kuyambira mayiko ang'onoang'ono (Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark ndi zina zotero. D.).

Gawo umoyo ndi zachuma a m'mayiko gulu la pansi kulingalira allocates osiyana subgroup dziko resettlement wa bizinesi. Ndi South Africa, New Zealand, Israel, Australia. Onse a iwo anali kamodzi chambiri Britain. Iwo agrarian ndi yaiwisi specialization malonda dziko.

Amtengo anayamba chuma dziko

Mtundu dzikolo chitukuko ubale zachuma, olekanitsidwa gulu mbiriyakale ndi umoyo-chuma wosiyana kufanizitsa m'mbuyomu.

limati amenewa pali zambiri, koma iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu ina. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mayiko osauka paokha ndi nditapatsidwa pafupifupi m'munda wa kasamalidwe. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ngati boma tinganene kuti Ireland.

Gulu la mayiko mawu a chitukuko zachuma likusonyeza subgroup otsatirawa a boma amene ataya chikoka chawo chakale pa zachuma. Iwo penapake kumbuyo chitukuko cha limati kwambiri capitalist. Malinga ndi gulu umoyo ndi zachuma, subgroup zimenezi zimaphatikizapo m'mayiko monga Greece, Spain, Portugal.

m'mayiko osauka

gulu ili ochuluka kuposa zosiyanasiyana. Pamafunikanso mayiko angapo mavuto dera ubale zachuma, onse mkati ndi kunja. Iwo alibe mphamvu ndi luso. The ngongole kunja m'mayiko amenewa ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Iwo yopanga ubale wolimba zachuma.

Gulu la mayiko pa zomwe gulu ili mulinso boma limene adaperekeza nkhondo kapena mikangano yosiyanasiyana. Iwo makamaka maudindo m'munsi mwa malonda dziko.

m'mayiko osauka kupereka kwa States ena makamaka zipangizo kapena ulimi. Pali mtengo mkulu ulova ndi kusowa ndalama.

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo m'mayiko pafupifupi 150. Choncho, apa pali subtypes ofunika mwapadera.

Mitundu ya m'mayiko osauka

Gulu la mayiko monga kutukula gulu kukhala limatchula subgroups angapo.

The woyamba maiko kiyi (Brazil, India, Mexico). Ali ndi kuthekera wamkulu mayiko ena ofanana. chuma awo ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko amenewa ndi ntchito ndithu, zopangira ndi chuma chuma.

Young limati ukapolo monga m'mayiko 60. Ambiri a iwo mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja. chuma awo ikusintha, ndi tsogolo la chikhalidwe chake kudzadalira okha mphamvu analandira zosankha ndi zachuma. chiwerengero cha limati zinthu zimene Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Libya, Brunei, Qatar.

The subgroup lachitatu ndi dziko ndi okhwima bizinesi. Izi zili kumene ulamuliro wa chuma msika lidatsirizika okha m'zaka zingapo zapitazi.

Gulu la maiko ndi okhwima bizinesi

Mu subgroup wa mayiko pa nkhani okhwima bizinesi ndi allocated angapo subspecies. Woyamba ndi boma resettlement mtundu ndi woyambirira wa likulu yozungulira (Argentina, Uruguay). anthu awo ali ndi mwachilungamo mkulu muyezo wa moyo, chimene chinapangidwa zikomo zotheka angapo kusintha latsopano.

Gulu la mayiko mu sub magulu a boma allocates krupnoanklavnogo chitukuko cha bizinesi. jakisoni mitundu chuma kudzera katundu wa zipangizo minofu ya madipoziti lalikulu mchere.

Zotsatirazi akufotokoza subspecies wa dziko vneshneorientirovannogo osadziwika chitukuko cha bizinesi. ndalama zake lolunjika pa katundu ndi matanthauzo M'MALO.

kusiyana A ndi chitukuko dziko ndi chilolezo strany- "Landlords" mtundu achisangalalo.

GDP ndi GNI

Pali gulu wamba mlingo wa GDP pa munthu. Zimalimbikitsa chapakati ndi zotumphukira zigawo. Chapakati ndi monga mayiko 24, okwana GDP kupanga dziko kuti 55% ndipo 71% mu wolowa wonse.

Gulu limati chapakati ndi mlingo wa GDP pa munthu ndi za $ 27 500. pafupi periphery wa dziko ndi chithunzi ofanana kuchuluka kwa $ 8600. m'mayiko osauka akukhudzana kutali periphery. GDP zawo zili $ 3,500, ndipo ngakhale zochepa.

Gawo Economic cha mayiko amene ntchito Bank World amagwiritsa GNI pa munthu. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti sankhani gulu la maiko ndi mlingo wapamwamba ankaona mayiko 56. Ndi boma, "zazikulu zisanu ndi ziwiri" Koma m'gulu izo, koma osati mu malo oyamba.

Mlingo avareji GNI olembedwa Russia, Belarus, China, ndipo ngakhale m'mayiko 102. Low GNI anati limati kutali periphery. Zikuphatikizapo 33 limati, kuphatikizapo Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.

Gawo UN

The United Nations allocated m'mayiko okwana 60 otukuka, amene mitengo apamwamba m'munda wa chuma msika, sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, kupanga dzuwa. gulu komanso amaganizira mlingo wa ufulu ndi mfundo zokhudza anthu. GDP pa munthu m'mayikowa anthu ndi pa 25 000 $. Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, ndipo Russia ndi mwa maiko otukuka. Komabe, zizindikiro Mkhalidwe wa njira zachuma ndi chikhalidwe musalole tiziganizira Russian Federation, maganizo UN, dziko otukuka.

M'mayiko onse positi-zokomera ndi chilli ndi chiwerengero cha mayiko ndi chuma mu kusamba. m'mayiko ena m'gulu la magulu yapita awiri, lili pa nambala ya United Nations ku mayiko amene akutukuka ndi mmene wamkulu kapena wamng'ono, mavuto dera umoyo ndi zachuma.

Izi zinthu ndi mbali amakulolani gulu boma mu subtypes ena. Gulu la maiko ndi chida champhamvu kusanthula poyerekeza, potengera zimene mungathe kuchita pulani ndi kuwongolera udindo wawo m'tsogolo.