Gawo Ukachenjede: tanthauzo, makampani ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Tonsefe tili ndi mfundo yaitali bwino monga ulimi, makampani ndi ntchito. Koma n'chifukwa chiyani kuwachitira m'nkhani ino? Choncho simplistic zikuwoneka chitsanzo atatu gawo. Iwo anayamba kupanga mu 1935-1949, motero. Ukachenjede gawo la chuma chabe akuphatikizapo zimene zikutanthauza ife ndi gawo utumiki. Malinga zomwe gawo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri mawu zipatso, n'zotheka kudziwa siteji ya chitukuko cha dziko.

Pakali pano, kuwonjezera chachikulu, ndi kumabungwe zasekondale ndi ukachenjede kuzindikiridwa Fischer, Clarke ndi Fourastié, review ndi quaternary - mankhwala a siteji ano, otchedwa kudziwa chuma.

lingaliro

Boma chiphunzitso kapena kusintha structural, anayamba kupanga mu 1930-1940 wa Alan Fisher, Colin Clark ndi Jean Fourastié. Asayansi anagawa chuma zigawo zitatu za ntchito:

• Chachikulu. cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho m'zigawo za zipangizo kugwira ntchito. Pamafunikanso ulimi. Komanso gawo chachikulu - ndi mitundu ya makampani. Pakati pawo pali nsomba, migodi ndi nkhalango.
• Secondary zikuphatikizapo china chirichonse mafakitale kupanga ndi kumanga malonda.
• gawo ukachenjede wa zachuma - izo a misonkhano, maphunziro ndi ntchito zokopa alendo.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kusintha structural Fischer-Clark cholinga kosangalatsa amapezeka ndi chitukuko cha anthu ku gawo yaikulu yachiwiri kenako kwa ukachenjede. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa kusintha chikhalidwe cha kufunika ogula. Ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama pa munthu ofuna ulimi yafupika, zopangidwa mafakitale - poyamba kumawonjezera ndiyeno nkuyamba kugwa, koma misonkhano - zonse tikupitiriza kwambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti gawo lalikulu ndi ukachenjede mayiko olemera.

Clark ananena kuti magawo atatu a chitukuko cha limati. Choyamba - ulimi. Pa ntchito yake kukula pang'onopang'ono. Chachiwiri - mafakitale. Iwo amagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha gawo yachiwiri ndi kupambana kukula pachimake. Mbali yachitatu zachokera predominance wa gawo utumiki. Kumakhudzana ndi izo Fourastié ndimalota za pachimake watsopano wa maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe, humanization wa anthu ndi kuziziritsa umphawi.

Zomwe Boma aphatikizidwa mu gawo ukachenjede ya chuma?

Pamafunikanso zinthuzo zimene anthu kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zawo kuti patsogolo zokolola, dzuwa, mphamvu ndi kukhazikika ntchito. Nthambi amene ali mbali ya nchito za ukachenjede wa za cuma, Musapereke mankhwala wokonzeka, ndi kupereka chithandizo. Iwo amene amalima sanali zakuthupi. Kapangidwe ka gawo ukachenjede wa zachuma kale m'gulu processing zambiri, koma tsopano ntchito zonse deta amaonedwa payokha. Ichi ndi chifukwa zikamera ndi maganizo chidziwitso chuma. Ndi gawo latsopano mu chitukuko cha anthu positi-mafakitale. Choncho, kupanga mfundo tsopano nthawi zambiri amanena kuti gawo quaternary.

Komabe, ena chuma osaganizira kofunika kusokoneza zinthu ndi ntchito chitsanzo muyezo wa Fischer-Clark. The gawo ukachenjede zikuphatikizapo makonzedwe a misonkhano osati makampani komanso kuthetsa owerenga. Iyi ndi zoyendera wa katundu kwa Mlengi kuti wogula, ndi tizilombo kapena gulu la zochitika zosangalatsa. Mu makonzedwe a ntchito zambiri amapezeka kusinthidwa katundu, onse mu malonda odyera. Komabe, cholinga akadali pa ntchito mogwirizana ndi anthu ndi kukonza awo.

vuto kudziŵa

Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuti muganize momwe izo zikutsiriza ndipo akuyamba sekondale ukachenjede gawo la chuma. Nthawi zina yotsirizira mulinso apolisi, asilikali, boma lokha, gulu lothandiza. Choncho, malamulo adziko lonse yapangidwa machitidwe wapadera gulu. Iwo amakulolani kudziwa kapena mfundo mankhwala. kachitidwe kamodzi ngati ndi International Standard Industrial gulu, anayamba ndi United Nations.

Chiphunzitso cha patsogolo

Pa zaka zapitazi zana, nchito za ukachenjede wa zachuma ndi pang'ono ndi pang'ono kukhala wamphamvu mu dziko otukuka. Achita positi-mafakitale. The Boma pulayimale ndi sekondale anataya pansi kwathunthu. Fourastié limatchula magawo atatu a chitukuko cha mayiko. Mu anthu chisanadze mafakitale, 70% ya anthu ogwira ntchito mu gawo pulayimale, 20% - mu sekondale, 10% - mu Ukachenjede. Kenako gawo lachiwiri. Fourastié amanenela mafakitale.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, ntchito za 40% ya anthu a ku sekondale mu gawo chachikulu - 40%, mu ukachenjede ya - 20%. Iwo amagwirizana ndi zochita zokha zozama za ulimi. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti kufunika kwa gawo ukachenjede wa zachuma ndi kukula. Anthu positi-mafakitale ndi ntchito 70% ya chiwerengero chuma yogwira, pamene yaikulu ya - okha 10% mu sekondale - 20%. Ena akatswiri a masiku ano kuzindikira mbali ziwiri za chitukuko kugwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Boma quaternary ndi quinary.

Pakali pano, kuchuluka kwa ntchito m'mayiko olemera, osauka kwambiri pompopompo. Nayo nthawi zambiri kulandira kuposa antchito mafakitale. Pang'onopang'ono kusuntha cholinga ku ulimi ndi makampani migodi mafakitale, ndiyeno ntchito Ndi mmene kwa chuma onse. Choyamba kukuchititsa zimenezi adachimanga UK. Mlingo pa mayiko kukhala postindustrial, ndi ndime ya nthawi kumawonjezera yekha. dziko likusintha kwa zaka zingapo mofulumira kuposa pamaso pa zana.

Mavuto a ukachenjede gawo

Companies kuti zikugwira makonzedwe a misonkhano, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto amene sakudziwika kwa alimi a katundu. nchito za ukachenjede ndi chiyani? Izi makamaka sanali nkhani yopanga. Ndipo ogula si akudziwa kuti iwo adzalandira, ndi zimene ndalama. Makampani ambiri amene amapereka zithandizo kufunsira Kodi sitingakumane ndi khalidwe la ntchito yawo, koma ayenera kulipira. Izi zidalira pa luso ndiponso zimene zinachitikira anthu.

Malipilo a anthu ogwira nawo makonzedwe a misonkhano, ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri za kufunika kwake. Apa, makampani a gawo ukachenjede n'zokayikitsa ndalama. Opanga mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito luso latsopano wosalira zambiri, lonse zotsatira, kudula mtengo. Koma kampani, amene ntchito, anakakamizika kukweza mitengo kuti kusintha khalidwe lawo. Vuto lina ndi zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala. Kodi kusankha pakati pa Makampani kufunsira? Koyamba zikuoneka kuti kupereka ntchito zofanana. Choncho mlandu mpaka nthaŵi zambiri yekha Makampani ambiri otchuka amene amadziwika mtundu ndipo amayenera kuzindikira.

zitsanzo

N'kosavuta kumvetsa chimene icho chiri, ngati timaona kuti ena mafakitale ndi mbali ya nchito za ukachenjede. Pakati pawo:

• Entertainment.
• Boma.
• Kutumiza mauthenga.
• Hotel ndi odyera malonda
• Tourism.
• Media.
• Chisamaliro chaumoyo.
• luso Information.
• Nazo.
• Kufunsira.
• Njuga.
• CIMODZI CIMODZI NDI choposa chimenechi.
• Franchising.
• Malo ntchito.
• Education neri Al.

ntchito ndalama monga banki, inshuwalansi ndi kasamalidwe ndalama. Professional - mlandu, malamulo ndi thandizo anira ntchito.

Mndandanda wa mayiko ndi kukula kwa ntchito

ziyenera a kukula kwa gawo ukachenjede, zimatithandiza kuona siteji ya chitukuko cha dziko. Taonani mndandanda wa mayiko pa zopereka gawo utumiki mu mankhwala aakulu m'banja. Mu malo oyamba United States. Mu 2015, mtengo wa utumiki anakwana thililiyoni 14,083 dollars. Choncho, United States ndi dziko ndi ambiri anayamba gawo ukachenjede. Mu malo wachiwiri ndi European Union. Mu 2015, mayiko mwawomwawo, pamodzi akhala akupereka ntchito kuchuluka kwa thililiyoni 13,483 dollars. Mu malo lachitatu China. Mtengo wa gawo ake a ukachenjede 2015 anakwana thililiyoni 5,202 dollars. Pa wachinayi - Japan. zopereka zake za mabungwe kuti GDP anakwana 2015th thililiyoni 3,078 dollars. Pa wachisanu - Brazil. Iwo mu 2015 inaperekedwa ntchito mtengo thililiyoni 1,340.

Latsopano la Russia

gawo Ukachenjede ya Russian chuma mu 2015 anali kukula kwa malo lakhumi mu dziko. zopereka zake GDP anakwana US $ biliyoni 720. Ndi ntchito 58,1% ya chiwerengero chuma yogwira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dziko si koma pambuyo mafakitale.

Agriculture ntchito 9% ya anthu, makampani - 32,9%. Komabe, gawo ukachenjede udindo gawo lalikulu kwambiri lalikulu mankhwala zoweta Russia. Pafupifupi 58,6% ya GDP amapangidwa mu izo. Chopereka cha ulimi kuti lalikulu mankhwala zoweta Russia ndi 3,9%, makampani - 37,5%.

chuma kudziwa

The quaternary gawo gawo chuma masiku ano amakonda kuonetsetsa wotuluka zokhudza chilengedwe, chiphaso ndi processing zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kufunsira, maphunziro, mapulani a zachuma, kulemba mabulogu, kamangidwe.