Elizabethan Baroque m'mapangidwe a St. Petersburg: mafotokozedwe, maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe

Elizabethan Baroque ndizojambula zomwe zinachitika panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth Petrovna. Kulowa kwake kumagwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 18. Wopanga mapulani, yemwe anali wolemekezeka kwambiri wa kalembedwe, anali Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Polemekeza iye, Elizabetani baroque nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Rastrelli".

Pulofesa

Ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu unasintha kwambiri miyambo ya dzikoli. Mzinda watsopanowu unamangidwa ndi nyumba zojambulajambula zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi mayendedwe a ku Ulaya. Iyi ndi nthawi ya otchedwa Petrine Baroque, yolimbikitsidwa ndi zomangamanga zachi German, Dutch ndi Swedish. Ndondomeko yatsopanoyi yatsala pang'ono kuchoka ku miyambo ya Byzantine, yomwe idakhala nayo ulemu ndipo nthawi zonse inkayang'aniridwa mu zomangamanga za Russian. Inde, ndipo amatchedwa baroque conditionally. Zomangamanga za nthawi imeneyo sizinali kudziŵa zokongoletsera zapamwamba zomwe zinalipo kalembedwe.

Petrovsky ndi Elizabethan baroque, omwe anabwera kuti alowe mmalo mwake, ali ndi zingapo zosiyana kwambiri. Otsatirawo adagwiritsa ntchito miyambo ya ku Moscow yomaliza zaka za XVII - zaka za m'ma 1800, adabwerera kumalo osungirako zipilala za nyumba zomanga nyumba, zopangira zowakometsera ndi zooneka ngati mapeyala.

Zizindikiro za kalembedwe

Ulamuliro wa mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa Peter Wamkulu unadziwika ndi kukula kwa ulamuliro wa mphamvu za boma, kulimbikitsa ukulu wa dzikoli. Izi sizingatheke koma zimakhudza zomangamanga. Elizabethan inalembedwa ku St. Petersburg ndi kumtunda kunakhala mphamvu ya boma. Tiyeni tiwone mbali zina zomwe zimakhala ndi machitidwe awa:

• Zinthu zodabwitsa zosiyana siyana;

• Mapulasitiki ndi mphamvu za mitundu yojambula;

• Kusakaniza mitundu yosiyana kumakongoletsa kunja;

• Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa pilasters ndi zigawo zitatu za magawo atatu;

• Zosangalatsa ndi zinthu zambiri zokongoletsera m'nyumba yokongoletsa;

• Bwererani ku miyambo ya zomangamanga zaku Russia.

Maestro wa kalembedwe

Zolengedwa zake zoyamba Rastrelli adalenga ku Courland kwa Duke wa Biron. Kenaka adakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Anna Ioanovna ndipo, potsiriza, Elizabeth. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, Rastrelli adayendera ku Moscow, komwe adali ndi mwayi wodziwa zojambulazo zachi Russia. Monga tawonera ndi akatswiri a zamatsenga, ulendo wawung'onowu unayambitsa ntchito ya mbuye wawo, ndipo chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a Petersburg amakono.

Nyumba yoyamba, yomwe idamangidwa ndi Rastrelli pa malamulo a Mkazi, ndipo kuchokera pamene ulemerero wake unayamba, inali nyumba yachifumu ya chilimwe. Mwatsoka, nyumba iyi sinasungidwe, chifukwa inali yamatabwa. Kenaka, pogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, adagwira ntchito pazinthu zingapo:

• Grand Palace ku Peterhof (1747-1752);

• Cathedral ya St. Andrew's ku Kiev (yojambula mzere wa nyumbayo mu 1747);

• Nyumba yomangidwa ndi Tsarskoe Selo Catherine Palace (1752-1757).

Nyumba yayitali kwambiri mzindawo

Winter Palace inakhala imodzi mwa zolengedwa zomaliza za Rastrelli. Nyumba yomwe lero Hermitage ilipo, ndipo masiku athu akuwonetsa Elizabetani baroque kwa anthu onse. Ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 1754. Malo a nyumba yachifumu anali masentimita 60,000 mamita ndipo ankakhala ndi zipinda 1500. Nyumbayi inali yaikulu kwambiri m'nyumba zonse zogona. Mfumukaziyo inasamalira izi, kupereka lamulo loletsa kumanga nyumba zapamwamba. Ndipo izi sizinafotokozedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha mfumu, koma pozindikira kuti Rastrelli anawerengera kuchuluka kwa nyumbayi poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha Neva. Komabe, mfundo zake zomwe adapeza sizinadziwike ndipo ochita kafukufuku amanena mosapita m'mbali kuti izi sizinangokhala zongopeka. Komabe, lamuloli linawonetsedwa mosamalitsa.

Kukongola kosakumbukika

Ntchito yomanga Nyumba ya Winter inatha kale pansi pa Catherine II ndipo popanda Rastrelli: mfumuyo inamukankhira kutali, ndikukonda Felten, Wallen-Delamot, Rinaldi ndi Betsky. Nyumbayi yakhala ikukonzekera ndi kukonzanso, koma lero mukhoza kuona zomwe Rastrelli adalenga ndikupanga pansi pa utsogoleri wake. Chokongoletsera chapamwamba, choyimira cha mitundu yonse ya kavalidwe ka Baroque, chimapatsa nyumba yachifumu mawonekedwe okongola. Zomangamanga za nyumbayi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chida chapadera chokhazikitsidwa ndi zipilala, kenako chikanasiyanitsidwa ndi mtunda wautali, kenaka anasonkhanitsidwa mu mtengo wofanana, ndi risalites (zojambula zigawo za nyumbayo mpaka pamtunda wake wonse).

Chipinda choyang'anizana ndi Palace Square, Rastrelli anapereka chingwe. Pachilengedwe chake, womanga nyumbayo anauziridwa pamene anali kugwira ntchito yokonza nyumba yachifumu ku Strelna. Nyumbayi inabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza. Poyambirira, mtundu wapamwamba unali ocher, ofufuza (zokometsera, zokongoletsera) amaonekera ndi mandimu yoyera. Lero, makoma a nyumba yachifumu ali ndi mthunzi wa emerald. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo anakhalapo pachiyambi cha Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikondi.

Smolny Cathedral

Chimake cha ntchito ya Rastrelli ndi nyumba ya amonke ya Smolny. Elizabetani amamveka bwino kwambiri pomanga nyumbayi akuwala ndi ulemerero wake wonse. The Smolny Cathedral, yomwe ili pakati pa gulu, inakhazikitsidwa pa October 30, 1748. Amayang'aniridwa ndi ntchito za mmisiri wa zomangamanga Christian Knobel, koma woyambitsa polojekitiyi ndi Rastrelli.

Tchalitchichi chimakongoletsedwa ndi zinthu zambiri zokongoletsera: zitsamba zamakono, zowomba (lancet), angelo ndi mabasiketi. Poyamba, womanga nyumbayo anali kumanga nyumba pa European model - ndi dome imodzi. Elizabeti sanagwirizane ndi chisankho ichi ndipo adalimbikira ku mutu wa zisanu, khalidwe la akuluakulu a tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Komabe, ndi kachisi yemwe ali ndi imodzi yokha, dome lalikulu kwambiri. Imatuluka pa ng'anjo, imakhala ndi chisoti chachifumu ndipo imakhala yovekedwa ndi anyezi glaucoma. Zina zina zinayi ndizo nsanja za belu.

Tchalitchichi chimayang'aniridwa kukhala magawo awiri. Chimodzi chimaphatikizapo chigawo chakumunsi, chofanana ndi nyumba yachifumu. Yachiwiri ndi yapamwamba yokhala ndi zisanu, yomwe ili yowala kwambiri komanso zomangidwe zake zimagwirizana ndi fano lakachisi. Anthu ambiri a m'nthawi ya Rastrelli ankakondwera ndi Smolny Cathedral. Lero ndi chimodzi mwa nyumba zokongola kwambiri zomwe zimayimira Elizabethan baroque m'mapangidwe a St. Petersburg. Ili pa Rastrelli Square m'katikati mwa mzinda.

Zolengedwa za Kvasov

Pa Catherine Palace ku Tsarskoe Selo, pamodzi ndi Rastrelli, ena ogwira ntchito yomangamanga a Elizabethan baroque anagwira ntchito: Andrei Vasilievich Kvasov ndi Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky. Otsutsa zamakono amakono akulemba wolemba woyamba wa Mpulumutsi pa Haymarket. Tchalitchi ichi chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1753. Mpaka pano, zidapulumuka pa zithunzi zokha: mu 1938 izo zinatsekedwa, ndipo mu 1961 - zinapsezedwa. M'zaka zapitazo, olemba tchalitchichi amati Rastrelli, koma akatswiri amakono sakugwirizana ndi izi.

Kwa abale Razumovsky, Kvasov adalenga nyumba zachifumu ku Kozel'ts, Gostilitsy ndi Znamenka (zomwe analembazo zikutsutsana). Mu 1748 anapita ku Ukraine, kumene ankagwiritsira ntchito pulojekiti ya Chibraque ya ku Ukraine.

Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky

Ku Tsarskoe Selo, malinga ndi mapulojekiti a Chevakinsky, nyumba ziwiri za Catherine Palace zinakhazikitsidwa, "Monbijou" yomwe ilipo mpaka pano, nyumba za antchito. Kuwonjezera apo, womanga nyumbayo adagwira nawo ntchito paulendo wa "The Hermitage".

Chevakinsky anali mtsogoleri wamkulu wa zombozi. Anayang'anira ntchito yomanga nyumba zosungiramo katundu ku chilumba cha New Holland ndipo anakonza dongosolo lomanga Kronstadt. Baroque wa Elizabeth wokhala ndi Chevakinsky adapeza zinthu zapadera. Wopanga zomangamanga nthaŵi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mabokosi a zipilala zitatu zokongoletsera, zipinda zamatabwa ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi masamba.

Mtsinje wa Nazareti wa St. Nicholas

Ntchito yaikulu ya Chevakinsky ndi Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Ilipo pa St. Nicholas Square ku St. Petersburg ndipo ndi mmodzi wa okonzeka kwambiri a Elizabethan baroque.

Anamanga katolika kuyambira mu 1753 mpaka 1762. Malinga ndi nyumbayi ndi mtanda. Zokongoletsera zazikuluzikulu za Katolika ku St. Nicholas ndizitsulo za Korinto, zojambula za stuko, zowonongeka ndi zitsulo zamatabwa pamapalasitiki. Nyumbayi imapanga nyumba zisanu.

The Elizabethan Baroque, yomwe mafotokozedwe ake akufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, inasiya kukhala chilembo chachikulu pambuyo pa imfa ya Elizabeth Petrovna. Malangizowa sankafalikira ku midzi yapadera. Komabe, kalembedwe kameneku sikanangowonekera osati ku ntchito ya ambuye a St. Petersburg. Elizabethan baroque ankagwiridwa ndi ntchito za zomangamanga ku Moscow, makamaka D. V. Ukhtomsky ndi I. Michurin.