Dzina lachidziwitso lapadziko lonse: kufotokozera, mawu akulu ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi

Chiwalo chilichonse mu thupi la munthu chili ndi dzina. Aliyense amadziwa izi, koma owerengeka, kupatula madokotala, amadziwa kuti chilichonse cha dimple, hump, notch kapena groove chimaperekedwanso ndi "mayina". Kumayambiriro kwa ulendo wake, sayansiyo inali sayansi yodziwika kuchokera ku "zomwe ndikuwona ndiyeno ndimayimba," choncho dokotala aliyense amene anabwera pansi pa mkono ankatchedwa dzina latsopano.

Zakale, zinapezeka kuti chilankhulo chomwe chinasankhidwa kuti chiyankhulane ndi malo azachipatala chinali Latin. Chifukwa chake izi zimachitika - sikoyenera kufotokozera, koma chifukwa chomwe chinakhalapo nthawi yayitali mu sayansi ndi chinsinsi ngakhale kwa "ogwiritsa ntchito" pa malo azachipatala. Mwinamwake mwa chizolowezi.

Tanthauzo

Dzina lakuti nomenclature ndilochokera ku liwu lachilatini lotanthauza "mndandanda". Ndipotu, ili ndi mayina, mayina ndi mfundo zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nthambi iliyonse yodziwa. Pofuna kulilemba bwino, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la magawo.

Dzina lachibadwa ndi machitidwe a Chilatini, omwe amatanthauza ziwalo za thupi, ziwalo kapena zidutswa zake. Apatseni dzina lachidziwitso, lomwe, monga lamulo, likupangidwa m'chinenero cha dziko, kwa ife - Russian, ndi mayiko ena, omwe amachotsedwa m'Chilatini.

Kuwonekera kwa dzina lamanenedwe

Dzina lachibadwa lamanambala linayambira chifukwa cha kudzikundikira kwa munthu za thupi lake. Panthawi ina, padali kusowa koonetsetsa zonse zomwe zilipo panthawiyo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti nomenclature inalembedwa m'Chilatini, pali mawu ambiri mmenemo omwe ali ndi mizu yachi Greek ndi Arabic. Izi ndi chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mankhwala kummawa.

Tanthauzo loyamba lomwelo linawonekera pafupi zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo ku Greece. Iwo anawuka pang'onopang'ono ndipo ankangoganizira chabe malingaliro ndi kusamvetseka kwa anatomist. Pa nthawi imeneyo, madokotala ankadziwa maina mazana asanu ndi awiri. Pamene Aroma anagonjetsa Greece ndipo adasandutsa gawo lonseli kukhala ufumu, adalandira chikhalidwe ndi zasayansi, naphatikizapo chikhalidwe chawo ndi mawu awo m'Chilatini.

Dothi lalikulu la mfundo izi, komanso chigawo chawo chachikulu, chinaperekedwa ndi Claudius Gallen yemwe anali anatomist ndi dokotala. Ponena za kufalitsa kwa mawu ku Central ndi kumpoto kwa Ulaya, mawonekedwe atsopano, maonekedwe ndi ziphuphu zinawonekera zomwe zikuwonetsera chilankhulidwe cha chigawo chino. Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha zizindikiro pakati pa mayina a anatomical chinayambitsa chisokonezo ndipo chinachititsa zolakwika.

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa nomenclature m'zaka za zana la XIX

Maina achibadwa amayamba mwachisawawa, pamene ku Florence m'zaka za zana la XV sanaoneke katswiri wodziwa bwino Leonardo da Vinci. Anayesa kupanga maina a minofu ya thupi la munthu, pogwiritsira ntchito ntchito yawo monga mndandanda. Pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa imfa ya Da Vinci, Vesalius anayesera kuthandiza kulamulira kwa dzina lachidziwitso ndi kuchotsa ziganizo za Chiarabu kuchokera pamenepo, komanso kumasulira mawu onse achilendo m'Chilatini.

Ngakhale izi zonse, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu kunali maina oposa zikwi makumi atatu. Inde, chiwerengero chawo chiyenera kuchepetsedwa. Henle ndi Owen anapanga kusintha kwawo mu mawu otanthauzira mawu, ndipo adatulutsanso malingaliro monga ndege ndi nkhwangwa. Pamapeto pake, ntchito yapadera inakhazikitsidwa ku Germany, yomwe kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatuyi inali mndandanda wa mawu, mwa maganizo awo. Analandira dzina lofanana - Basel nomenclature.

Mfundo zofunikira

Dzina lachidziwitso la mayiko lonse likuchokera pa kagulu kochepa ka mawu omwe kamagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Maina awa ndi awa: dzenje, kanjira, chisa, chikhomo, mphira, pamwamba, gawo, m'mphepete, ndi zina zotero. Iwo amafunika kufotokoza maonekedwe a chiwalo kapena dongosolo. Ndi mawu omwe aperekedwa, ziganizo monga zazikulu, zing'onozing'ono, zozungulira, zozungulira, zopapatiza, zazikulu, zazikulu, zina zotere zimagwirizanitsidwa.

Pofotokoza momwe zinthu zimagwiritsira ntchito mawu awa:

• Zotsatira (zili kutali kwambiri pakati);
• Zamkatikati (pafupi ndi pakati);
• Kusintha (pafupi ndi mutu);
• Caudal (pafupi ndi pansi);
• Kuthamanga (pafupi ndi pakati);
• Kusiyana (kumalo ozungulira).

Pali, ndithudi, mawu ambiri omwe muyenera kumaphunzira, chifukwa simungathe kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake amatchulidwa mwanjira imeneyi, ndipo ayi.

Mizere ndi ndege

Mu August 1997, pemenclature yomaliza ya anatomical inavomerezedwa. Nkhwangwa ndi ndege, zomwe zimalongosola malo a ziwalo, zinagwiritsa ntchito zofanana zomwe zili mu dongosolo lokonzekera.

Pali nkhwangwa zitatu za thupi:

• Choyimira;
• Chosokoneza;
• Zozengereza.

Iwo ali osiyana kwa wina ndi mzake. Mzere wodutsa umadutsa mu thupi laumunthu ndipo umagawaniza kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Sagittal imakhala ndi chitsogozo chakumbuyo ndipo imagawaniza thunthu kumbali yoyenera ndi ya kumanzere. Malo osakanikirana ndi ofanana ndi ndege ya chithandizo. Nkhwangwa ndi zitsulo zingathe kugwira ntchito zingapo, ndipo zowonekera - imodzi yokha.

Manenclature a Paris ndi Basel

Dzina lamanambala la Paris ndilo buku lachidziwitso lonse lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka lero. Anavomerezedwa pakati pa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ku Sixth International Congress of Anatomists. Linapangidwa pamaziko a dzina loyambirira. Chidziwitsochi chimatengedwa ngati maziko a kulemba mawu omaliza.

Poyambirira, mu 1895, pamsonkhano wachikhalidwe cha Germany ku Basel, dzina loyamba lachinayilo linavomerezedwa, lomwe linavomerezedwa padziko lonse. Zinali zochokera pamaganizo omwe amasonyeza njira yomwe ikuyenda motsatira nkhwangwa ndi ndege.

Dzina lachiroma lachinenero

Zomwe zinthu zinali mu Russia? Dzina lachibadwa la munthu m'dziko lathu linayamba kupanga pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu. Panali nthawi imeneyo m'dzikomo anayamba kuoneka zofalitsa zachipatala mu Chirasha. Zopereka zake popanga chithunzithunzi zikuphatikizapo anatomists otchuka monga Zybelin, Ambodik-Maksimovich, Zagorsky ndi ena. Makhalidwe apadera pakufala kwa dzina la mayina a mayiko onse ndi a Shein, amene anasulira Chijeremani m'chinenero chake.

Izi zinkalola mau ambiri a Chirasha tsiku ndi tsiku kuti alowe m'machitidwe achipatala a tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo anali osiyana ndi Achilatini mwa iwo kuti anali omveka bwino ndi omveka. Ndiponso, sizinaphunzire Chilatini kuti amvetsetse zofunikira za thupi. Malo ofunika kwambiri pakufalitsidwa kwa dzina lachinyamatako adasewera ndi Dictionary ya Anatomical Terms, yofalitsidwa mu 1928.

Panthawi ya Soviet Union, nomenclature ya anatomical inavomerezedwa mu 1949 ku All-Union Congress of Anatomists. Ndipo mu 1956, dzina lakuti Nomenclature la Paris linasankhidwa.

Mafilimu ndi Maonedwe

Chilatini ndi chilankhulo chakufa, kotero chiri ndi maulamuliro ndi zovuta. Dzina loti "anatomical nomenclature" silinakhale losiyana. Mfundo zofunikira zingalengedwe mothandizidwa ndi maina ophatikizana ndi ziganizo, komanso kusintha kwa zomangamanga ndi zochitika. Chiwerengero cha mawu ndi pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Zina mwa izo zimachitika kamodzi, mwachitsanzo, "dzenje losweka", "keel", "filterrum". Koma izi ndi maluwa okha. Kumbukirani maina a matupi kapena zigawo zake - theka la nkhondoyo, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe aliri ndi wina ndi mzake ndi ntchito yomwe akuchita. M'mabuku otchedwa nomenclatural reference izi sizinalembedwe.

Ngakhale kuti mawuwa amawonekera nthawi zonse, ndipo zomangamanga zosafunikira zimachotsedwa, komabe nthawi zina zimakhala zosakanikirana kuti munthu wosadziwika akhoza kusocheretsa. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo "minofu ya anthu onyada", mitsempha ya vagus, chisilo cha Turkey ndi ena.

Mabaibulo osindikizidwa

Dzina lachibadwa, monga lamulo, likufalitsidwa mwa mawonekedwe a bukhu kapena kabuku, komwe mawu amaperekedwa m'zinenero zingapo. Kawirikawiri ndi Chilatini ndi chinenero cha dziko, mwachitsanzo Russian. Kumanzere kuli malemba apadziko lonse, ndipo kumanja iwo amalembedwa m'chinenero china. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kumayambiriro kwa bukuli mndandanda wa mawu omwe anthu amawagwiritsa ntchito komanso zolemba zawo zimaperekedwa kuti apite mosavuta.

Mawu ndi ndondomeko zonse zimakonzedwa m'magulu omwe amasonyeza malo awo otsogolera. Poyamba, machitidwe a ziwalo amatsatiridwa, ndiye mkati mwa dongosolo lirilonse pali magulu otsogolera, ndiyeno amathyola mawu pa gulu lirilonse. Utsogoleriwu ukhoza kuwonetsedwa mwa kusintha mazenera, ziwerengero kapena zilembo za alfabheti, ndi kusintha malo a mawu mu chingwe.

Pali matembenuzidwe a nomenclature yamatomu yomwe nthawi imodzi imasonyezera mawu mu zinenero zitatu kapena zambiri. Kuphatikiza kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri, koma Chilatini nthawi zonse ilipo, ndipo zina zonse zimakhalabe kukoma kwa woyambitsa, komanso zosowa za msika zimaganiziridwa. Ngati amenewa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndiye kuti Chingelezi, Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani. M'mayiko a Asia - Chinese kapena Japanese.