Donatello a Kukwera Akavalo fano. Osema ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. chipilala kuti Gattamelata

Nthawi ya pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano Italy m'mbali ambiri anali ngati kamphepo kayaziyazi pambuyo kukula ndi mdima wa Ages Middle. Dziko, wolowa nyumba zakale Woyera Roma, chothetsera izi mthupi mwawo, kupereka dziko chiwerengero chachikulu aluso waluntha. Chitaliyana Kubadwa Kwatsopano inali nthawi kuyanga zaluso onse, kuyambira zomangamanga nyimbo. Modzi wa atsogoleli mu ndondomeko imeneyi kumanja ndi zosemasema. Mulengi chachikulu, kwa zaka zambiri, anatsimikiza chitukuko cha chosema anali wamkulu Donatello. Koma zinthu oyamba.

Kudzuka pambuyo tulo yaitali

Mu Middle Ages, ndi chosema anali mbali ya zomangamanga, osati pathupi luso osiyana. Chiyambireni cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano zikusintha: zimayamba apange ensembles mapulani monga wowonjezera, koma zinthu koma osiyana. Munthu woyamba mwa nthambi zambiri za luso la zosemasema anatembenuka amasokonezeka ndi miyoyo ya zivundi wamba, kusunthira kutali zili achipembedzo. Inde, mitu Mkhristu ndi cholinga aluso, koma kunadetsa iwo atembenukira ku m'nthawi.

Pali Mitundu atsopano anayamba chithunzi, Kukwera Akavalo ziboliboli kumeneko. Chosema amakhala chigawo chapakati cha ensembles kamangidwe, kusintha tanthauzo ndi kuwayika kumvera pa kulankhula - kusuntha kuchoka ku ntchito mothandiza. Pali zipangizo zatsopano. Pa mtengo m'malo nsangalabwi ndi mkuwa. Ku Northern Italy lalikulu zedi opangidwa terracotta ziboliboli (anapanga dongo). Popeza amaloledwa Lorenzo Ghiberti akuyamba kufalitsa njira Khoma terracotta. Sanachedwe mu chikondi ndi ambuye ndi mkuwa, ndi khamu lake chidwi ubwino pa zipangizo zina.

Osema ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kale dzina lake Lorenzo Ghiberti ntchito cha m'ma XV ndipo anali mmodzi mwa ojambula zithunzi woyamba amene atembenuka Kuzindikira. Malo chapakati mu ntchito yake mu moyo (1378-1455) polimbana ndi vuto la kulenga wokongola yaikulu mpumulo. zaka zoposa makumi awiri Ghiberti ntchito pa khomo kumpoto kwa mobatizira wa Florence. The nyimbo mpumulo, olengedwa ndi mbuye mwa zotsatira za kalembedwe Gothic: ndi angularity mafelemu ndi ananenedwa iwo kayendedwe ka zikuchokera amatanthauza enieni mwambo uwu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali ntchito ndipo masomphenya atsopano a danga, khalidwe kale Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Zosatheka chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu anatembenukira kwa mobatizira kum'mawa khomo limene Ghiberti ntchito zaka zina makumi awiri. Akuonetsedwa nkhani chibadidwe kukongola ndi liveliness lapadera: chithunzi molingana ndi malo chonse mwatsatanetsatane, mizere zolembedwa bwino kukongola wolemekezeka. Kum'mawa Chipata cha mobatizira amaonedwa kukhala mmodzi wa zokopa za Florence ndipo ngati chizindikiro cha kupambana kwa mumaganiza latsopano chosema pa zotsatira za m'mbuyomu.

Wina ziboliboli wotchuka wa ku Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Iye anali mphunzitsi Velikogo Leonardo da Vinci, amene anasonyeza wophunzira njira zambiri mu chosema ndi kupenta. Komabe, Verrocchio zojambula pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo, sitinganene a ziboliboli wake.

Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri za ntchito zake - chifanizo cha Davide, chimene, malinga ndi nthano, chitsanzo anali wophunzira wanzeru wa mbuye. mfundo imeneyi, Koma kwambiri wofooka. Mosakayikira wina - David Verrokko limasonyeza momveka bwino pamene da Vinci anatenga ambiri njira zawo lapamtima: zobiriwira angelo mapini, wapadera thupi kaimidwe ndi wotchuka theka kumwetulira.

The ntchito yaikulu ya Verrocchio anali chifanizo Kukwera Akavalo a condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Fano anasonyeza makhalidwe ambiri a Kubadwa Kwatsopano luso: chilakolako kusonyeza mawonekedwe mu uthunthu wake, mphamvu ya thunthu ya chosema, ndi chilakolako kuti musonyeze mmene mukumvera ndi kayendedwe mu chithunzi achisanu.

Primus yapakati pares

Osema ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi kufufuza zake kalembedwe yatsopano ndi kuthandiza kalekale pafupifupi aiwala akanakhalabe kuoneka ngati chithunzi chosakwanira, usakhale mmodzi Mwa iwo Donatello. Mfiti kwambiri, mukhoza mosakayikira adzatchedwa mpainiya, choncho panali zambiri zaluso mu chosema chifukwa cha izo. Popanda kwambiri kuti asalandidwe ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano: Donatello anapeza njira yothetsera chiphunzitso khola vuto kanjedza, tinaphunzira pochitika kukula, kulemera, ndi kukhulupirika thupi, yoyamba kuchokera ambuye wakale analenga fano wamaliseche ndipo anayamba kulenga zithunzi sculptural. Anamuzindikira monga Mlengi pa moyo wake, ndipo mukopedwe chitukuko cha luso m'nyengo.

kuyambira pa msewu

Donatello, amene yonena lilibe tsiku lenileni la kubadwa (mwina 1386), anachokera ku carder banja waluso ubweya. Iye anabadwa mwina Florence kapena kunja kwa mzinda wake. dzina Full Donatello - Donato Di Niccolo di Betti Bardi.

Tsogolo wotchuka wa ku Italy ziboliboli anaphunzitsidwa mu msonkhano wa Ghiberti pa nthawi imene ankagwira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha chipata kumpoto kwa mobatizira. Mwina apa Donatello anakumana ndi wamanga Brunelleschi, amene ubwenzi ali anapitiriza moyo.

Kukula mofulumira luso kwachititsa chakuti kale mu 1406 achinyamata Donatello kunali kuti osiyana. Iye anauzidwa kuti apange fano la mneneri wa zipata za Florence tchalitchi.

nsangalabwi David

Donatello, amene ntchito mu zaka zoyambirira za ntchito yake zikuonetsa umunthu yowala a wolemba atangosiyana kuti linapangidwa latsopano. Mu zaka 1407-1408 anagwira wa nsangalabwi fano la Davide. The chosema si wangwiro monga fano ina ya ngwazi m'Baibulo, zopangidwa ndi mbuye, koma amasonyeza kudzipereka ndi kusakasaka Mlengi. Davide otchulidwa chakale mawonekedwe kufewa mfumu azeze zojambulidwa pamiyala kapena mpukutu. Koma ngati mnyamata amene anali atangogonjetsa Goliati, ndipo amanyadira ft wake. Fano anati chifanizo cha ngwazi wakale: David apuma dzanja limodzi pa ntchafu, mapazi ake akupuma mutu mdani wa thupi atakulungidwa zofewa makutu zovala. Ngakhale nsangalabwi fano lili kumatikumbutsabe wa Gothic, adzaupereka kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi wosatsutsika.

Kapena San Michele

Donatello anafuna kulenga ntchito zawo kutenga nkhani osati umodzi wa kufanana ndi kumanga wonse wa chithunzi, komanso malo apadera komwe fanolo adzaikidwa. zolengedwa zake ndi zaphindu kwambiri anayang'ana ndendende kumene iwo anaiika nditamaliza. Iwo amalenga kuganiza kuti nthawi kumeneko ndipo ali. Mu ntchito iyi ndi Donatello ndi kusintha kwa talente kunadetsa ukusunthira kutali ndi malamulo a Gothic ndi akale depersonalization. Zithunzi analengedwa ndi iwo kupeza yowala mbali payekha, expressiveness kawirikawiri Zimapezeka ndi mbali osasamba.

mokoma awa onse a mbuye bwino Umboni wa zithunzi za oyera mtima, amene analenga kwa Mpingo wa Kapena San Michele. Ziboliboli anaikidwa mu niches, koma ankaoneka yomalizidwa ziboliboli yoyenda yokha woyenera mogwirizana mu zomangamanga ya mpingo ndi Musati muzidalira pa izo. Makamaka pakati pawo ndi mafanizo St. Mark (1411-1412) ndi St. George (1417). Mu fanizo la Donatello woyamba anatha kupereka akhama ndi malingaliro achiwawa ikayamba chiweruzo bata kunja. Pamene munakonza fano la mbuye anasanduka njira zakale za khola kolowera chithunzi. Anaŵerama ndi torso ndi manja, komanso malo a m'makwinya a zovala - zonse subordinated ku phwando ili.

St. George akuoneka ngati achinyamata zida, zochokera chikwangwani ndi, wauzimu, anatsimikiza maso. chimake ndi abwino khalidwe, amene mofanana anatsekula mu zonse lothandiza ambiri Donatello.

mkuwa David

Akatswiri onse amavomereza kuti mmodzi wa zolengedwa wamkulu wa Donatello Davide anali, zosemasema, kuponyedwa mu yamkuwa (mwina 1430-1440-ntchentche). Vasari, woyamba luso yakale, analemba kuti iye analamula Kozimo Medichi, koma deta zina kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, pali.

David - chosema mwambo. Kupitiriza chimake cha dongosolo lake, kuikidwa mu nsangalabwi Davide, Donatello akunena wamng'ono m'Baibulo ngwazi ndi mutu monga Goliati pa mapazi ake. Kufanana Komabe, pa izi ndi malekezero. Mkuwa David osati wamng'ono, iye ali wamng'ono. Donatello ankafotokozedwa iye wamaliseche, kuganizira za amazipotokola onse amphamvu, koma zisanathe kupangidwa thupi la mnyamatayo. Zovala m'busa yekha limagubuduzika ndi mlombwa wreath ndi nsapato ndi greaves. Kuika chithunzi cha mbuye ntchito contrapposto phwando. Kulemera lonse la thupi anasamukira ku mwendo, kumanzere Davide akhumudwa mutu mdani. Choncho phwando zimatheka womasuka kaimidwe, kupumula pambuyo chidule. Mphamvu mkati achilendo chithunzi, zosavuta kuwerenga chifukwa cha kupatuka a thupi ku olamulira chapakati chosema ndi malo lupanga.

Mkuwa David analengedwa monga fano, chimene chikhoza kuonedwa kumbali zonse. Icho chinali choyamba maliseche fano kuchokera kalelo. Zotsatira za ambuye wa Greece ndi Rome wakale ankaona mu chithunzi cha ngwazi za. Pa nthawi yomweyo zimaonetsa chibadidwe chosema, wodzazidwa ndi makhalidwe amphamvu ndipo potero chimake Kubadwa Kwatsopano zolinga.

Ataona City Wamuyaya

Wangwiro luso lake amaphunzira zimatsogolera pa ulendo wopita ku Rome. Ku mzinda nayo zotsatira za ufumu waukulu, Donatello anabweretsa tanthauzo la malamulo akale ndi zipangizo stylistic. Zotsatira rethinking wakale Greek ndi Roman luso Donatello ntchito polenga Dipatimenti ya Bungwe la Florence, zomwe zinali kugwira ntchito kuchokera 1433 1439. Mwinamwake Mzinda Wamuyaya mfundo yatsopano anapita Donatello: ndi Kukwera Akavalo fano la condottiere Erasmo wa Narni, mu maganizo ofufuza ambiri, pathupi patapita msonkhano ndi chipilala wakale wa Marcus Aurelius.

ngwazi

Erasmo wa Narni anali condottiere Venetian, waganyu mkulu. Chilango si amunamuna kwambiri chiwembu amazipotokola, koma anauziridwa ndi Donatello. Gattamelata (kutanthauza "honeyed mphaka") - ndi dzina analandira msilikali wa mwayi kuti chikhalidwe cha softness ndi chisamaliro munthawi yomweyo ndipo insinuating, amatikumbutsa khalidwe la mphaka ikuyendayenda. Iye anayamba ntchito yake pansi kwambiri ndi moona kutumikira Florence, ine anatha kukwaniritsa kwambiri. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Gattamelata anatumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali a nkhondo ya Republic Venetian. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, msilikali wa mwayi kuti m'manda mu tchalitchi del Santo mu amapemphera. Gattamelata anafa 1443.

Chigonjetso Donatello: ndi Kukwera Akavalo fano la Erasmo wa Narni

Venetian Republic, kukumbukira ubwino wa mkulu wa asilikali, analola mkazi wamasiye ndi mwana pa ndalama zake kukhazikitsa condottiere chipilala. Chimake cha mfundo imeneyi ndipo anayamba Donatello. Kukwera Akavalo fano anawalenga kwa zaka khumi, kuchokera 1443 chaka 1453.

Atatu mita fano la dongosolo mbuye choikidwacho pa eyiti-mita pedestal. Miyeso ya ziboliboli zinali zotsatira za maganizo ndi Donatello: fano Kukwera Akavalo anali anaikidwa ndi maziko a tchalitchi chachikulu ndi pokhapokha ngati impressiveness yake akanakhoza kuyang'ana ngati yofunika ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ntchito. chipilala anaikidwa mu njira imene anapereka kuganiza kuti wasiya pa tchalitchi ndi pang'onopang'ono kuchotsedwa yomweyo.

pedestal ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi za zitseko, adalekana kum'mawa, kumadzulo ndi zokhoma. khalidwe ali ndi kutanthauzira yeniyeni: ulamuliro wa akufa akhoza kulowa, koma sangathe kutuluka kumene. zitseko amatikumbutsa cholinga choyambirira cha chipilala ndi, mwangwiro anaphedwa ndi Donatello. Gattamelata pa mahatchi anayenera kuuka kwa manda a tchalitchi. The chipilala unali wapachiyambi cenotaph gravestone - ndipo apa Donatello anasonyeza propensity wake kwa luso.

m'badwo munthu

Condottiere wasonyeza Donatello - chikhulupiriro ndi wodzaza mphamvu, koma munthu wachikulire. Mu dzanja lamanzere Wand ufulu wake iye wagwira impso. Iye ophatikizapo chifaniziro cha ngwazi za Kubadwa Kwatsopano: osati otentha chilakolako, koma kusintha malamulo moyo - wankhondo-nzeru zapamwamba, mwina chosakanikirana ndi makhalidwe a Donatello. Chifaniziro condottiero Gattamelata nthawi yomweyo ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha maonekedwe ziboliboli luso. nkhope yake sangathe kusokonezedwa ndi anthu ena: mphuno zitamangiriridwa, mzere bwino pakamwa, chibwano ang'ono ndi cheekbones aime.

Robe mkulu - umboni mtima wofuna izo mbali ya ngwazi wakale. Gattamelata atavala osati ano Donatello zovala ndi zida zina Roma. Mwina, ndi kuthamangitsa mbali zovala zotengedwa kuchokera mbuye nthawi yaitali. Komabe, mu ndondomeko ya kulenga chipilala kuti Donatello ananyamuka mavuto ambiri: kunali koyenera kuti akonze kusintha n'zogwirizana kuyambira chithunzi cha condottiere kavalo, kumvera pa kulankhula kulenga kuganiza ankafuna. Izi ndi nkhani zina anatenga nthawi. The Chifukwa opaleshoni osonyeza mosalekeza anakumana zivute zitani.

Donatello kutamandidwa ntchito yake, anamutenga ndi m'nthawi yake. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi siginecha ya mbuye, iye anachoka pa ntchito zake zonse. Chipilala condottiere Gattamelata ouziridwa Osema ambiri ndipo nthawi wotsatira (monga Andrea del Verrocchio kale pamwambapa).

Judith

Chitsanzo china chabwino cha luso ndi Donatello anali chifanizo "Judith ndi Holofernes", olengedwa mwa zaka 1455-1457. Zojambula chikusonyeza nkhani ya mkazi wamasiye wa ku Bethulia Old Testament, molimba mtima kupha Asuri Holofernes ambiri kupulumutsa mzinda wake ku kugonjetsa. Ofooka mkazi ndi maso alibe ndi nkhope zonse wazisoni, Akuzigwira mu dzanja lake lupanga zokhazokha, wokonzeka anadula mutu atatsamira limply pa mapazi ake kuledzera Holofernes.

"Judith ndi Holofernes" - ndi zosinthika ya otchuka mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano miyambo ya ungwazi wamkazi. Donatello kuyika mu ntchito maluso awa ake onse ndipo anali wokhoza pochitika monga osiyanasiyana maganizo, Judith, ndi ikuimira fano wonse. Mbali kwambiri limaonetseratu za zikuchokera - nkhope ya mkazi wamasiye. Zinayenda bwino kuti zikuwoneka moyo. Tikayang'ana pa Judith, analengedwa ndi Donatello, zosavuta kumvetsa zimene mtima mwake. Zochenjera luso nthano maso limaonetseratu mbali khalidwe la mbuye, mwathunthu panayikidwa Donatello ali chosema ichi.

Donatello anafa kwambiri mu 1466. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, moyo wa zolinga za ukalamba, imfa ndi mavuto bwino chogwidwa ndi ntchito zake. Nthawi imeneyi, panali Mariya Magdalina ndi Donatello - osati akuphulikira ndi kukongola ndi wodzala mphamvu mtsikana, koma wotopa ndi kusala kudya ndi kumva kulemera kwa zaka za moyo mkazi wakale. Komabe, mu izi, ndi ntchito kale za mzimu wa ziboliboli wanzeru ndi wamoyo ndipo akupitiriza kuuzira ndi chimwemwe.