Dirac ndi tanthauzo lake. Dirac aone kuti pali. Kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso munda

M'nkhani ino tikukamba pa ntchito ya Paulo Dirac aone kuti pali umene unatichititsa kwambiri zimango kwadzidzidzi. Limafotokoza mfundo chofunikira kudziwa tanthauzo thupi la aone kuti pali, komanso ngati njira tanthauzo lake.

Science ndi asayansi

Munthu si kugwirizana ndi sayansi, ndi chidziwitso ndondomeko kupanga ena tingati zamatsenga. Asayansi, mu maganizo a anthu - izo cranks amene chilankhulo chachilendo ndi pang'ono wodzikuza. Kudziwana ndi kafukufuku wa kutali ndi sayansi munthu kamodzi iye ananena kuti sankamvetsa sayansi kusukulu. Choncho munthu msewu ndi wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kuchokera kwa sayansi, ndi zopempha zochuluka ophunzira interlocutor kulankhula mosavuta ndi zambiri mwachilengedwe. Ndithudi Paulo Dirac aone kuti pali tiganizire, analandira komanso.

particles pulayimale

Kapangidwe ka nkhani nthawi zonse poona maganizo chidwi. Mu Greece wakale, anthu aona kuti masitepe nsangalabwi, amene adatenga zambiri mwendo, kusintha mawonekedwe pa nthawi, ndipo adati: phazi lililonse kapena nsapato umabweretsanso pang'ono ting'onoting'ono kanthu. Zinthu zimene anaganiza kuti aitane "maatomu", ndi "indivisible". Dzina amakhalabe, koma kunapezeka kuti maatomu ndi particles kuti kupanga maatomu - pawiri chomwecho, zovuta. particles zimenezi zimatchedwa pulayimale. Iwo ali odzipereka pa ntchito iwo Dirac aone kuti pali amene analola osati kufotokoza sapota wa elekitironi ndi, komanso amati pamaso pa antielectron.

Wave-tinthu duality

Chitukuko cha zithunzi luso m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa, zinafuna osati mawonekedwe imprinting yokha, chakudya ndi amphaka, komanso analimbikitsa mwayi wa sayansi. Atalandira ngati chida chothandiza chithunzi mwamsanga (timakumbukira kale kukhudzana anafika pafupi 30-40 Mphindi), asayansi anayamba paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi kukonza zosiyanasiyana makulidwe.

Ilipo nthawi chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka zinthu sanathe bwino kuwafotokozera kapena kuneneratu makulidwe a maselo. Choyamba, wotchuka kuyesa kwa Rutherford anasonyeza kuti atomu si choncho indivisible: mtima wake zolemera zabwino phata mozungulira amene amapereka zosavuta ma elekitironi negative. Ndiyeno anapeza cha mpweya wa poizoni anatsimikizira kuti ngale si monolith, ndipo wapangidwa mapulotoni neutrons. Ndiyeno anapeza pafupifupi munthawi yomweyo ya kwadzidzidzi mphamvu, ndi Heisenberg njakata mfundo probabilistic chikhalidwe cha particles pulayimale malo kutsogolera chitukuko cha njira wachibadidwe latsopano la sayansi kuphunzira dziko loyandikira. A gawo latsopano - zakuthambo particles pulayimale.

Nkhani yaikulu pa chiyambi cha zaka atulukira wamkulu mu lonse kopitilira muyeso-ang'ono anali kufotokoza pamaso pa misa pulayimale tinthu ndi katundu yoweyula.

Einstein anatsimikizira kuti ngakhale imperceptible fotoni ali misa, monga olimba chikutumiza zimachitika, amene imagwera pa (kuthamanga chodabwitsa kuunika). Pankhaniyi, zatsopano zambiri pa kubalalika wa ma elekitironi mu mphako ya anati osachepera ali ndi mapindidwe akuwala ndi kuwasokoneza, ndi achilendo yekha kuti aziweyule. Chifukwa, ine ndinali kuvomereza: particles pulayimale nthawi yomweyo chinthu misa ndi mafunde. Kuti Misa ya, kunena, ndi elekitironi ngati unali "topaka" mu phukusi mphamvu katundu yoweyula. mfundo ya yoweyula-tinthu duality walola kufotokoza woyamba wa zonse chifukwa elekitironi asagwe mu phata, ndi zifukwa ziti kulibe mu kanjira atomu, ndi kusintha pakati pa iwo ndi mosayembekezeka. Izi kusintha ndi kupanga ndi sipekitiramu wapadera mankhwala aliwonse. Kenako, pulayimale tinthu sayansi ayenera kufotokoza anali katundu wa particles okha, komanso ankachita.

Yoweyula ntchito ya manambala kwadzidzidzi

Erwin Schrödinger anapanga zodabwitsa ndipo ndigwira samveka kutsegula (pamaziko a Pol wake Dirak anamanga chiphunzitso wake). Iye anatsimikizira kuti boma la tinthu aliyense pulayimale, mwachitsanzo, limafotokozera elekitironi yoweyula ntchito ψ. Paokha sizikutanthauza chirichonse, koma lalikulu Mwina chopeza elekitironi pa mfundo anatipatsa malo. Mmenemonso wa particles pulayimale mu atomu (kapena kachitidwe kena) anafotokozedwa ndi manambala anayi kwadzidzidzi. Wamkulu uyu (n), yozungulira (l), maginito (m) ndi sapota (m _s) manambala. Zimaonetsa katundu wa particles pulayimale. Monga kufanizira ndi inu mukhoza kubweretsa chipika mafuta. tingachidziwe - kulemera, kukula, mtundu ndi okhutira mafuta. Komabe, katundu amene amalongosola particles pulayimale, sangakhoze kumvetsedwa intuitively, iwo ayenera kudziwa kudzera malongosoledwe a masamu. Ntchito Dirac aone kuti pali ndiye - Cholinga cha nkhaniyi zoyenera otsiriza, chiwerengero cha sapota.

sapota

Akuyendera mwachindunji aone kuti pali, ndi bwino kufotokoza zimene akutanthauza sapota chiwerengero mamita _m. Izo zikusonyeza mwini okhota patsogolo pa elekitironi, ndi particles ena pulayimale. nambala iyi ndi nthawi zabwino ndipo akhoza kufunika inteja, ziro phindu theka (kwa mamita _m = 1/2 elekitironi). Sapota - kukula vekitala ndi yekhayo amene akufotokoza lathu la elekitironi lapansi. Kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso munda amaika sapota maziko a mogwirizana kuwombola, zomwe ziribe mnzake mu zimango zambiri mwachilengedwe. Sapota chiwerengero akusonyeza mmene vekitala aleke kudza kwa boma wapachiyambi. Chitsanzo adzakhala wamba mpira mfundo cholembera (kulemba gawo ndigwisire malangizo abwino a vekitala a). Kuti iye anadza ku dziko pachiyambi, m'pofunika kupatutsa madigiri 360. Zimenezi limafanana kumbuyo kwa 1. Pamene theka kumbuyo, ngati elekitironi kasinthasintha ayenera kukhala madigiri 720. Choncho, kuwonjezera kwa yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale masamu, ayenera kuti anayamba kuganiza okhudza malo kumvetsa chuma ichi. Pamwamba chabe anachita nawo ntchito yoweyula. Ndi waukulu "wosewera" Schrodinger aone kuti pali ndi limene limafotokoza boma ndi udindo wa particles pulayimale. Koma ubwenzi maonekedwe choyambirira anafuna particles spinless. Longosolani mkhalidwe wa elekitironi akhoza kokha kugwira ngati generalization wa Schrödinger aone kuti pali, zomwe zachitika ntchito Dirac.

Bosons ndi fermions

Fermion - particles ndi theka inteja sapota phindu. Fermions imakonzedwa mu kachitidwe (mwachitsanzo maatomu) mogwirizana ndi Pauli kupatulana lothandiza: uliwonse boma sayenera kuposa wina tinthu. Motero, aliyense elekitironi mu atomu ndi yosiyana ndi ena onse (ena ambiri kwadzidzidzi ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana). Kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso munda limafotokoza nkhani ina - bosons. Ali ndi sapota, ndi onse akhoza imodzi kukhala mu chikhalidwe chomwecho. Kukhazikitsa Pankhaniyi otchedwa Bose-Einstein condensation. Ngakhale amamudziwa anatsimikizira kuthekera ongolankhula kwa izo, izo kwenikweni ikuchitika mu 1995 chokha.

Dirac aone kuti pali

Monga tidanena pamwamba, Pol Dirak anachokera kuti aone kuti pali munda chakale elekitironi. Komanso limafotokoza udindo wa fermions ena. The weniweni wa ubale ndi zovuta m'zigawozigawo, ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ayenera kukhala kwambiri apeza ofunika. Mawonekedwe aone kuti pali ndi motere:

- (MC ² α _{0 + m'ma Σ ndi K tsa K {} K = 0-3}) ψ (×, T) = ine H {∂ ψ / ∂ T (×, T)},

kumene mamita - Unyinji wa fermions (makamaka ma elekitironi), c - mathamangidwe kuwala, p _K - ntchito atatu patsogolo chigawo (ndi nkhwangwa ×, Y, z), H - nakonza Planck mosaleka, × ndi T - atatu ndondomeko okhudza malo (lolingana nkhwangwa X , Y, Z) ndi nthawi, motero, ndipo ψ (×, T) - chetyrohkomponentnaya zovuta yoweyula ntchito, α _{K (k} = 0 1, 2, 3) - Pauli masanjidwewo. Yotsirizira ndi liniya ntchito kuti kuchita ntchito yoweyula ndi malo ake. chilinganizo Izi imavuta kwambiri. Kuti timvetse osachepera zigawo zake, m'pofunika kumvetsa matanthauzo yaikulu ya kwadzidzidzi zimango. Muyeneranso nacho chidwi kudziwa masamu kuti osachepera mukudziwa chimene vekitala, masanjidwewo, ndi woyendetsa. Katswiri mawonekedwe aone kuti pali ndi kunena kuposa zigawo zake. Munthu wodziŵa sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi kwadzidzidzi zimango bwino, akumvetsa kufunika ubwenzi. Komabe, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti Dirac aone kuti pali ndipo Schrödinger - yekha mfundo chiyambidwe cha malongosoledwe masamu a njira zimene zimachitika mu dziko la zedi kwadzidzidzi. sayansi ongolankhula, amene asankha kudzipereka kwa particles ndi maziko ndipo ankachita, kumvetsa akamanena ubale izi pa digiri yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Koma sayansi ndi chidwi, ndipo m'dera lino angapange yojambula kapena kupitirizabe dzina lake, kupatsa kuti anthu aone kuti pali, kutembenuka kapena katundu.

Tanthauzo thupi la aone kuti pali ndi

Monga tinalonjeza, tingawauze chiyani mfundo zimaphimba Dirac aone kuti pali chifukwa elekitironi lapansi. Choyamba, ubale izi zimaonekeratu kuti elekitironi sapota ndi ½. Kachiwiri, malinga aone kuti pali, ndi elekitironi ali nacho maginito mphindi. Ndi wofanana ndi Bohr magneton (wina pulayimale maginito yomweyo). Koma chifukwa chofunika kwambiri kupeza chiŵerengero imeneyi chagona pa inconspicuous woyendetsa α _K. Pomaliza Dirac aone kuti pali kuchokera Schrödinger aone kuti pali anatenga nthawi yaitali. Dirac poyamba ankaganiza kuti ntchito izi kulepheretsa chibwenzi. Mothandizidwa ndi zidule osiyana masamu iye anayesera kuti achotse iwo kuchokera aone kuti pali, koma analephera. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Dirac aone kuti pali kwa particles ufulu zikuphatikizapo α anayi woyendetsa. Aliyense wa iwo umaimira bokosi [4x4]. Awiri zizigwirizana misa zabwino elekitironi, chimene chikutsimikizira kuti pali kamba awiri sapota ake. Ena awiri kupereka yankho kwa misa particles negative. Chidziwitso ofunika kwambiri a sayansi kupereka munthu kuganiza kuti n'zosatheka kwenikweni. Koma chifukwa zimenezo chinapezeka kuti mawerengetsedwe ziwiri zapitazi ndi njira zothetsera particles alipo, elekitironi zosiyana - odana ndi elekitironi. Monga elekitironi, positron (wotchedwa tinthu izi) ali misa, koma mtengo ndi zabwino.

positron

Nthawi chinachitika mu nthawi ya atulukira kwadzidzidzi Dirac poyamba sankakhulupirira awo nokha yankho. Iye sanayese n'komwe poyera kufalitsa ulosi wa tinthu latsopano. Komabe, m'madera angapo mapepala ndi symposia pa akatswiri osiyanasiyana pa mfundo kuthekera linakhalapo, ngakhale si postulated. Koma patangopita nthawi yochepa achire izi chiŵerengero positron wotchuka anapeza mu cheza dziko. Choncho, linakhalapo wakhala anatsimikizira empirically. Positron - woyamba anapeza anthu antimatter amafotokozera. Positron anabadwa monga peyala imodzi mapasa (mapasa zina - ndi elekitironi) mu mogwirizana kwa photons ndi mitima kwambiri mphamvu mankhwala m'munda amphamvu za magetsi. Perekani kanjedza ife sadzatero (ndi owerenga chidwi azingotengekatengeka zonse zofunika). Komabe, tiyenera potsindika kuti ndi sikelo dziko. Kuti apange chofunika photons mphamvu zitha supernova zikuphulika ndipo mwansanga galactic. iwo nawonso ali mu angapo ali mtima wa nyenyezi otentha, kuphatikizapo dzuwa. Koma munthu nthawi zonse amamuchititsa mwayi. Kuwonongedwa kwa nkhaniyo antimatter amapereka mphamvu zambiri. Zithetsedwe ndondomeko imeneyi ndi kuziyika izo zabwino anthu (mwachitsanzo, adzakhala injini bwino zombo interstellar kwa chiwonongeko), anthu aphunzira kuti mapulotoni zasayansi.

Makamaka, accelerators lalikulu (monga LHC) angalenge zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron awiri. Poyamba Komanso ena amanena kuti simuli pulayimale antiparticles (kuwonjezera pa elekitironi iwo angapo), koma antimatter lonse. Ngakhale kachidutswa kakang'ono wa galasi aliyense wa antimatter adzapereka mphamvu dziko (mwina Kryptonite Chitsulo anali antimatter?).

Koma tsoka, chilengedwe cha mtima antimatter yolemera kuposa wa hydrogen sichinayambe zalembedwa m'chilengedwe kudziwika. Komabe, ngati owerenga amaganiza kuti anzake a nkhani (onani, izo ndi zoona, osati a elekitironi limodzi) ndi positron chiwonongeko yomweyo umatha, iye ndi kolakwika. Pamene positron deceleration pa liwilo ena zakumwa ndi sanali ziro Mwina tingafunse okhudzana zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron awiri, wotchedwa positronium. mapangidwe Awa ali ndi katundu wa atomu ndipo ngakhale mphamvu yotha kulowa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Koma pali izi osalimba tandem nthawi yochepa ndiye komabe akuwononga ndi umuna awiri, ndi zina, ndipo Popanga madzi a gamma cheza atatu.

kuipa aone kuti pali ndi

Ngakhale kuti kudzera mu ubale izi anatulukira ndi odana ndi elekitironi ndi antimatter, ali drawback kwambiri. Kulemba maikwezhoni ndi chitsanzo anamanga ofotokoza sangathe kulosera mmene particles timabadwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Izi Izitu n'zovutitsa achilendo wa dziko kwadzidzidzi: chiphunzitso, ananeneratu kubadwa kwa awiriawiri kanthu-antimatter, sangathe kufotokoza mokwanira bwino maonekedwe ndondomeko imeneyi. sangathe Izi yathetsedwa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi kumunda. Ndi powapatsa quantization minda, chitsanzo umu mogwirizana awo, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe ndi kuwonongedwa kwa particles pulayimale. Ndi "kwadzidzidzi chiphunzitso m'munda" Pankhaniyi zikutanthauza kwenikweni yaitali. Izi ndi mbali ya sayansi kuti amaphunzira khalidwe la minda kwadzidzidzi.

aone kuti pali Dirac mu ndondomeko cylindrical

Choyamba, tiyeni inu mukudziwa chimene cylindrical ntchito dongosolo. M'malo alipidwa atatu nkhwangwa matanthauzo perpendicular kudziwa malo enieni mfundo danga ntchito njingayo, ndi utali wozungulira ndi kutalika. Izi zili chimodzimodzi ngati kumalo ozizira ntchito dongosolo pa ndege, koma anawonjezera gawo lachitatu - kutalika. dongosolo lipindulitsa pamene mukufuna kufotokoza kapena kufufuza pamwamba symmetrical za olamulira limodzi. Kwadzidzidzi zimango ndi kothandiza kwambiri ndipo imathandiza chida kuti angathe kuchepetsa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha kachitidwe ndi kuwerengetsera. Izi ndi zotsatira za ofananira chosokonekera wa elekitironi mtambo atomu. The Dirac aone kuti pali ndi kuthetsedwa mu ndondomeko cylindrical pang'ono mosiyana kuposa masiku mu dongosolo, ndi zina zotsatira mosayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, ena ofunsira vuto kudziŵa khalidwe la particles pulayimale (zambiri ma elekitironi) mu quantized kusandutsa mtundu munda anathana maikwezhoni kuti ndondomeko cylindrical.

Kugwiritsa maikwezhoni kudziwa kapangidwe ka particulate ndi

aone kuti pali Izi zikulongosola particles pulayimale: anthu amene suli wa zinthu ngakhale ang'onoang'ono. Asayansi amakono amatha kuyeza mphindi maginito molondola mkulu. Choncho, mismatch kuwerenga ntchito Dirac aone kuti pali mfundo experimentally anayeza mphindi maginito adzakhala njira zina amasonyeza kapangidwe zovuta particles. Kumbukirani, aone kuti pali inakwaniritsidwa fermions, awo theka inteja sapota. Kapangidwe zovuta kwa mapulotoni neutrons linatsimikizidwa popereka ntchito aone kuti pali ichi. Aliyense wa iwo tichipeza zigawo ngakhale ang'onoang'ono otchedwa quarks. Gluon munda akugwira quarks pamodzi, osati kuwalola iwo kugwa. Pali maganizo amenewa quarks - si particles kwambiri chiyambidwe cha dziko lathu. Koma bola ngati anthu alibe zokwanira mphamvu luso lapadera kwa kutsimikizira izi.