Dagestan wakale. Mzinda wa Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan - ndi limodzi la Chitaganya cha Russia. Ili mu kum'mawa kwa North Caucasus, izo chimakwirira kudera la makilomita lalikulu 50,3 zikwi. Kuchokera kum'mwera Dagestan zitunda mkulu wosiyana Azerbaijan ndi Georgia. Kummawa ndi osambitsidwa ndi Nyanja ya Caspian. Kumpoto kwa Republic ndi expanses lalikulu la steppes mchenga.

Dagestan wakale (onani pansipa chithunzi) - ndi lamapiri, amene kukongola zitayimbidwa ndi amisiri ambiri, olemba ndi ndakatulo.

njira yachilendo wa moyo, mitunda wokongola, komanso za akatswiri ceramic, zodzikongoletsera mankhwala ena chifukwa chodabwa ndiponso kusirira onse amene koyamba ndi Republic.

Dagestan wolemera mbiri yake. Kufikira tsopano, m'gawo lake ndi zoposa zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe zipilala otetezedwa ndi boma. Ndipo aliyense amene anapita ichi ambiri kum'mwera Russian Republic, chidwi kukongola ndi chuma cha miyambo yakale.

quaternary

Umayamba nkhani ya Dagestan kuchokera kalelo. Woyamba munthu magalimoto pa m'gawo lake anakakhala kumbuyo mu M'badwo Stone, m'nyengo Paleolithic. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi zinthu zabwino Hrs zosiyana malowa. Choncho, nthawi Quaternary, m'madera ambiri Asia ndi Ulaya ndi glaciations kakusintha. Mu Caucasus, panali awiri okha. Komanso, olimba ayezi chivundikiro silinkachitidwa pano. Izi anali ntchito ndi mphepo zotentha ndi kuuma atagonjetsa kwa Asia Central. Mu Dagestan glaciation zinali kokha pa zitunda mbali ndi m'madera a mapiri aatali.

Chinthu yabwino kwa moyo anthu pankhani zimenezi chinali chifukwa chakuti zochuluka za izo chidafundidwa ndi nkhalango. The mipata ufulu wa mitengo, zinali zabwino odyetserapo anthu wonenepa nyama za m'tchire.

m'munsi Paleolithic

Chifukwa malo labwino, Caucasus anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kuthetsa amakezana anthu. Ngakhale m'nyengo Acheulean, kuposa zikwi zana zapitazo, ndipo izo zinakhazikitsa ku Dagestan.

Kuda wa munthu mbiri isanayambe anapeza zinthu zakale kumalire a zigawo ziwiri - Kaytagskogo ndi Derbent. Apa, mu kapepala Chumus-Init, anapeza flakes chachikulu, ndipo anapanga zida wosazindikira (scrapers, akuigwiritsa zida, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Anthu atakhazikika mu Dagestan wakale, chinkhoswe mu kusaka ndi kusonkhana. Monga kupanga iwo anali mitundu ambiri, komanso zipatso ndi zipatso kukula kuthengo.

Zida zofunika kwambiri mu nthawi Acheulean anali mwala dzanja nkhwangwa. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mfuti matabwa kusaka, komanso butchering nyama yosakidwa ndi processing kuchotsa zikopa.

anthu Acheulean moyo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito moto. Anatumikira iwo gwero la kutentha, pophikira ndi chida kuopsyezera kutali adani.

Middle Palaeolithic

Pambuyo nyengo Acheulean anadza Mousterian. Mu nthawi yake (100-30 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo) kupitiriza ndondomeko ya kuthetsa munthu wosazindikira. Komanso akupitiriza kukhala ndi Dagestan. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi zipilala za nyengo lakutali, kuimira zotsala za m'misasa lotseguka. Iwo anapeza pafupi ndi Makhachkala, mu mapiri, pa zigwa, ndi pafupi ndi phiri nyanja Kezenoi am, yomwe ili m'malire ndi Chechnya-Ingushetia. mokhala Cave Mousterian nthawi opezeka Dagestan chosowa kwambiri.

Nthawi imeneyi, kusintha kwakukulu mu njira ya ntchito mwala. Cannon therefrom zitsulo chopangidwa mwa elongate mbale mpeni ngati. Komanso, mu nthawi iyi chakhala lofala kusaka ntchito zolembera. njira Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti chakudya china.

Zonse za kusintha pamwamba mwapang'onopang'ono motani ntchito mafakitale anthu wosazindikira, m'mawu dongosolo chikhalidwe. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi imeneyi unayamba kuonekera zoyamba za matriarchal Fuko bungwe.

chapamwamba Palaeolithic

The lothandiza lotsatira okha nyengo kuchokera 30 mpaka 15 chikwi. Zaka zapitazo. Iwo amakhala ndi chitukuko winanso wa dongosolo wosazindikira limodzi.

Dagestan ndi zipilala wakale wachokera ku nthawi iyi, opezeka maere magalimoto pafupi ndi mudzi wa Chokh mu Gunibsky m'deralo. Mu zigawo zake chikhalidwe anapeza mabwinja campfires, apezeka wa ocher, mafupa nyama, ndi zambiri. Koma koposa china opezeka oyimitsira wa pakachitsulo luso. nkhaniyi ankagwiritsa ntchito osati kwa zipolopolo, komanso chifukwa kupanga awo.

Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa, asayansi kuona kuti anthu oyambirira amene anakhala pa Dagestan mu Upper Paleolithic, ankasakidwa mammoths. Komanso, kwa kupanga nyama ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi mwapang'onopang'ono njira Corral. Komanso m'nyengo mwachindunji anthu akale anayamba ziwiya kwa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Nthawi imeneyi, panali chomaliza kupanga dongosolo matriarchal banja, kulimbitsa kugwirizana pakati pa magulu payekha.

Pambuyo mapeto a Upper Paleolithic nyengo kubwera kwanyengo konsekonse. Nthawi ya Mesolithic. Malinga zakale phiri Daghestan panthawiyo anali kuli anthu. Mwa maonekedwe a chikhalidwe chake amalembedwa fanizo zipilala munthawi yomweyo ya North Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, kutsimikizira kufanana kwa njira anthu okhala kudera.

The zaka Mkuwa

Pambuyo Upper Paleolithic wakale mbiri ya Dagestan walowa nyengo yatsopano, kuyambira nthaŵi imene mapeto a wachinayi mpaka kumapeto kwa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. Anabwera ndi Mkuwa Age. Iye anabweretsa kwambiri mwa zinthu chikhalidwe ndi kupanga komanso zinthu zokhudza anthu wosazindikira.

Nthawi imeneyi, pachimake anafika zitsulo zamkuwa ndi mkuwa. zinthuzi anthu anayamba kutulutsa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, amene anachita mbali yaikulu pamoyo wawo. Matumba a yopanga zitsulo anali ndi Dagestan. dziko wakale anali wolemera mu nkhokwe miyala.

Mu mkuwa-mkuwa m'ma anatuluka ndi zachitika ulimi khasu. Komanso, anthu anayamba zimaswana ng'ombe. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya nyama nthawi zonse chinawonjezeka.

Zikamera wa nyama husbandry ndi ulimi - ndi mwambo wofunika kwambiri kwa mkuwa atumwi ndi mkuwa, zomwe anakumana Dagestan. dziko wakale wakhala pakati njira yogwira zaziwerengero ndi chitukuko mofulumira chuma. Pa m'gawo lake kukula mofulumira anthu anayamba kufufuza m'mayiko ena.

Nthawi imeneyi, olemera ndi zinthu zake zina chikhalidwe. Kukhala midzi wakale Dagestan imene kumanga m'misasa ankagwiritsa ntchito zina miyambo ya zomangamanga zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga. Ena mwa midzi awa anali a chikhalidwe zosakhalitsa kapena nyengo.

Pa chiyambi cha Mkuwa Age mkuwa-kwambiri mphatso za ulimi chikhalidwe anabweretsa Dagestan. dziko wakale mu nthawi ino anafika kupambana kwakukulu, kulandira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tirigu zovuta ndi yofewa, pafupifupi makumi asanu mitundu ya barele, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa, apurikoti, zipatso pome ndi mbewu zina.

Development wa maubale

Mu Mkuwa Age makamaka adakula udindo wa kuwombola pakati pa mafuko. Izi chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa ntchito ndi zinachititsa kuti kulimbitsa ubale wa pakati pa okhala m'madera osiyanasiyana Dagestan.

Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, kukula kwa mphamvu lapansi ali kulimbikitsa chuma zosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka ankakonda yolimbirana odyetserako ziweto, ndiponso olimapo, komanso madipoziti zitsulo.

Komanso mbiri yakale wa Dagestan mu Mkuwa Age anali imene anayamba kupanga ethnocultural ammudzi. Pambuyo pake anatumikira monga maziko, amene panali mapangidwe m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mafuko.

Mogwirizana ndi kukula kuswana ng'ombe, zitsulo ndi kulima ulimi, amene anali pa ntchito amuna, panali m'malo matriarchal-wa umutu asapita mafuko. Komanso mogwirizana ndi zinthu zatsopano za ulimi chikhalidwe. Panthawi imeneyi, chiyambi cha kudzikundikira chuma kwa mu manja a mabanja ena. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti magawano katundu mu mtundu.

Kumapeto kwa Mkuwa Age anayamba zikamera kupanga chitsulo. M'tsogolo, zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kusintha chosintha chikhalidwe, chuma, komanso mu malingaliro a anthu. Zotsatira zake zinali mapangidwe otchedwa demokalase asilikali, kenako boma anaonekera.

Caucasus Albania

Siteji yotsatira m'mbiri ya Dagestan anabwera pakati woyamba Zakachikwi BC. Nthawi imeneyi, pa madera kum'mawa kwa Caucasus zinachitika kuphatikiza a mafuko amene ankakhala kumeneko, malizitsani chilengedwe cha chiyambi cha ukwati, ndiyeno - oyambirira kapolo boma - Caucasus Albania. Awa anali m'mayiko ambiri kunama pakati pa Kura Mtsinje, Nyanja Caspian ndipo Alazan, zimene zinaphatikizapo madera akuluakulu pano Dagestan.

Chifukwa nyengo yake Caucasus Albania anali malo aakulu kuti anthu azikhala. dziko lake ndi bwino yothiriridwa osiyana chonde.

mafuko Albania

Ambiri a boma anayambika anali kulamulidwa ndi mapiri. Iwo mafuko pankhondo moyo. Iwo anali pansi ake mipita zonse kuyang'aniridwa, yomwe ili pa Main Caucasus Ridge.

Mafuko ochuluka kuposa okhala Albania ndi anthuwa anali utii agwilitse gawo pa gombe la nyanja Caspian. Wamkulu ofunika kwambiri boma analinso Leahy ndi Gela, ndi Didur gargareytsy, andaki ndi Silva neri Al.
Kale mafuko awa ankadziwika kuti ndi ya Caspian ndipo Mickey. Choncho, Albania wogwidwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Pa m'gawo lake anakhala mafuko twente-sikisi osiyana. chithunzi ichi ndicho kwambiri ethnography, amene akupezeka mu Dagestan ano.

M'madera lamapiri la dziko, komanso pa mbali ya gombe la nyanja Caspian anakhala mafuko a Albania. Akukhulupirira kuti ndi akale mtundu kwambiri Daghestan - makolo wa Republic yamakono ya phiri anthu.

vuto la zachuma Albania ndi

The gawo lalikulu chuma cha boma wakale anali ulimi. Ndipo alitcha chitukuko osati zigwa, komanso m'mapiri. Zochizira Albania nthaka ntchito pulawo matabwa, omwe ndi mamangidwe ake anali ofanana ndi masiku dagestantskomu "purutsu".

gawo lina n'kofunika kuti anthuwa anali ng'ombe. Izi anali ntchito ndi msipu yaikulu phiri meadows mu m'tsinde lapansi. Komanso pa dera la Albania walandira ndithu chitukuko Chotsimikizika malonda. Akutulukira makampani opangidwa galasi ndi isinglass, ndi chinkhoswe mu processing miyala theka amtengo wapatali, ndi ena ambiri.

Panthawi imeneyi mbiri Albania inkafika zitsulo zake. Akatswiri anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zovuta, amene analola kuti mipeni ndi mikondo, mivi trehperye, lakuthwa malupanga apakavalo ndipo zosiyanasiyana zida ntchito. Chifukwa munda wa ntchito kukodzedwa kwambiri zitsulo. A specialization makamaka anamuona pa ntchito zodzikongoletsera.

mzinda wakale

Pa gawo la boma Albania anayamba uka mizinda yambiri ya malonda ndi ntchito zamanja. Ambiri a mzinda wakale wa Dagestan (a okwana 29 limatchula) anapezeka pa zinthu zofukulidwa m'mabwinja pa dera la Republic ano. Komanso, mbuto ikulu, ali mabwinja a midzi wakale - Piedmont mwanyanja Dagestan.

Mudzi waukulu mu Albania ankaona Kabalaka. Iye anali gawo la chi kumpoto Azerbaijan. Mzinda wa Dagestan - izo Geldiev, Alban ndi Thelene. Iwo lili pakati pa mitsinje Pike ndi Samur. Ichi ndi dera la Republic yamakono ya Dagestan. Mzinda wakale lili hinterland la Albania - Niga. Mayiko awa anaima Bakrn Daglana ndi Tagode.

Mzinda wamkulu mu Dagestan, dera limene amadziŵika chifukwa cha kafukufuku pofukula - Urtseki. Pa kuli boma Albania, iye anali ndi dongosolo limene limafanana ndi kalembedwe akale. Ziyenera kuti zimenezi angapo a m'midzi imeneyi dera la Republic of Dagestan. Mzinda wakale Urtseki malo ena ofanana utsogoleri, anali miyambo zinthu ngati yakale yoyendera monga citadel, zomera, wapafupi distilikiti.

Mapeto a nthawi zakale

Kumapeto kwa m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC magulu osiyanasiyana a pankhondo woyendayendawu Huns litalanda Dagestan. dziko wakale anatengedwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa Derbent chikudutsa.

Huns anayamba kuthandizapo mwachangu mu zochitika zandale anthu a Transcaucasia ndipo kwambiri mochedwa chitukuko ndi chuma chitukuko cha Dagestan. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha anthu a dziko lino, iwo sakanakhoza chikoka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti wongosamukasamuka anali pa rung m'munsi wa chitukuko.

chakuti Huns anakhalabe m'gawo la Dagestan, dera malinga ndi kafukufuku wa ofukula. Kotero, ife tinapeza m'manda a wongosamukasamuka, amene pamodzi ndi asilikali anakwiriridwa mauta ndi mbale fupa ndi mipeni yachitsulo.
Hun State anakomoka basi pakati pa zaka za m'ma wachisanu. Amathandiza kugwa zotsutsana zambiri mkati. Kenako, mabungwe fuko la Dagestan anakhala mayunitsi palokha ndi kulamulira ndale.