Quaternary nthawi ya Cenozoic Nyengo: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi anthu

Last Geological ndipo tsopano akubwera Quaternary anali olekanitsidwa mu 1829 ndi wasayansi Jules Desnoyers. Mu Russia, limatchedwanso anthropogenic. Mlembi wa dzina ili mu 1922, anakhala miyala ndi nthaka Alexey Pavlov. chongoganiza anafuna kutsindika kuti nthawi imeneyi amagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a munthu.

Wapadera nyengo

Poyerekeza ndi masiku ena miyala ya nthawi Quaternary losiyana yochepa kwambiri nthawi (okwana miliyoni 1,65. Zaka). Kupitiriza lero, ikhala yosatha. Mbali ina - pamaso pa m'dambo Quaternary wa zatsalira chikhalidwe anthu. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi kusintha angapo ndi woopsa nyengo kwambiri mukopedwe chilengedwe.

Kobwereza kuzirala zinachititsa glaciation M'madera a zitunda kumpoto ndi wetting M'madera a zitunda m'munsi. Kwanyengo anachititsa ndendende azisiyana. formations nyanja ya m'mbuyomu zaka osiyana dongosolo zovuta kwa odulidwa wachibale kufupika kwa mawonekedwe ndi zigawo variegated. Quaternary lagawidwa Mmasiku awiri (kapena dipatimenti): Pleistocene ndi Holocene. Malire pakati pawo lili pafupi 12 zikwi zapitazo.

Kusamuka kwa nyama ndi zomera

Kuyambira pachiyambi cha nyengo Quaternary anali yodziwika ndi pafupi mbewu zamakono ndi zinyama. Kusintha thumba amadalira kwathunthu kusintha kwa kuzirala ndi kutentha. Ndi isanayambike mitundu glaciation cold- asamuka kum'mwera ndi wothira akunja. Mu nyengo kuchuluka kutentha pafupifupi ndi ndondomeko iwowo. Panthawi imeneyi, zambiri kwambiri kudera la Pamudzi ndi amtengo ofunda, subtropical ndi otentha nyama ndi zomera. Kwa nthawi yaitali, yasowa lonse Titafika pamalo kucheza dziko organic.

Flora anali kangapo kuti azolowere kusintha zinthu. masoka ambiri nthawi imeneyi zinali zodzaza ndi nthawi Quaternary. alili nyengo zinachititsa kuti impoverishment mitundu yotakata-Ndalankhula ndi masamba obiriwira, komanso kukula kwa malo herbaceous mitundu.

Zamoyo nyama

Kusintha kwambiri yodziwika nyama dziko nyama anakhudzidwa (makamaka mlingo wa ungulates ndi Proboscidea kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi). Mu Pleistocene chifukwa mwadzidzidzi nyengo zodabwitsa kufa mitundu thermophilic. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa chomwechi pali nyama watsopano umene bwino ndinazolowera moyo Pamakhala mavuto zachilengedwe. Pachimake ikutha zomera anafika pakati pa Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 zikwi zapitazo). Komabe, kuzirala kwa mapangidwe nsanja chivundikiro anatsimikiza mu Quaternary.

Kumapeto kwa Pliocene South Eastern Europe kwawo kwa mastodons, kum'mwera njovu hipparions, saber-imodzi akambuku, rhinos ndi Etruscan T. D. Mu kumadzulo kwa World Old kukhala Nthiwatiwa ndi mvuu. Komabe, mu Pleistocene oyambirira zomera anayamba kusintha kopambana. Ndi isanayambike wa Dnieper glaciation, ambiri mitundu thermophilic anasamuka kum'mwera. Mbali imodzi ankatembenukira kugawa malo zomera. Nyengo Cainozoic (Quaternary makamaka) anakumana mphamvu mitundu yonse ya moyo.

quaternary bestiary

Pa kum'mwera kwa dziko la glacier pali kotereku choyamba, ngati amphamvu, ndi wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya rhinoceros, mphalapala, musk-ng'ombe, lemming, woyera grouse. Onse a iwo amakhala m'madera ozizira. Cave mikango, zimbalangondo, afisi, rhinos ndi zina chimphona kukoma poyamba ankakhala m'madera awa zisathe.

Nyengo yozizira unakhazikitsidwa mu Caucasus, ndi Alps, ndi Carpathians ndi Pyrenees, kukakamiza mitundu kusiya mapiri atali, ndi kukhazikika mu zigwa. Wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya rhinos ndi mammoths wotanganidwa ngakhale kum'mwera kwa Ulaya (osanenapo lonse la Siberia kumene iwo anagwa mu North America). zomera Relict la Australia, South America, South ndi pakati pa Afrika anapulumuka kuyamika kudzipatula ake ku dziko lonse. Mammoths ndi nyama zina bwino ndinazolowera nyengo ankhanza, anakhala zinatha kumayambiriro Holocene. Dziwani kuti ngakhale glaciation zambiri za 2/3 la dziko lapansili sizitha anakhudzidwa ndi pepala ayezi.

chitukuko anthu

Monga tanena matanthauzo osiyana Quaternary simungakhoze kuchita popanda "anthu." Kukula mofulumira munthu - mwambo wofunika kwambiri nthawi imeneyi yakale. Place wa zosayembekezereka anthu amakezana tsopano ankaona Africa East.

Makolo mawonekedwe a munthu zamakono - ndi australopithecines, amene anali kholo la banja la hominids. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, nthawi yoyamba iwo anaonekera mu Africa, 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Australopithecus pang'onopang'ono anayamba ankayenda ndi omnivorous. About 2 miliyoni zapitazo, anaphunzira kuti zipangizo achikale. Choncho panali munthu imathandiza. miliyoni zapitazo anapanga Pithecanthropus, zotsalira za zimene zimapezeka Germany, Hungary ndi China.

Akalewa ndi anthu amakono

zaka 350 zikwi zapitazo kunali Paleoanthropes (kapena Neandertals), zinatha zaka 35,000 zapitazo. Kuda ntchito yawo zimapezeka M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera ndi pakati pa Europe. Paleanthropic m'malo mwa anthu amakono (neanthropines kapena Homo sapines). Choyamba analowa America ndi Australia, komanso zilumba zambiri njuchi ndi nyanja zingapo.

Kale neanthropines oyambirira pafupifupi munthu wosiyana ndi anthu lero. Iwo ali bwino ndipo mwamsanga atengere kusintha kwa nyengo ndi anaphunzira mwaluso kusamalira mwala. hominids awa ali zakale fupa, zida wosazindikira nyimbo, zinthu luso chabwino, zodzikongoletsera.

Quaternary kum'mwera kwa Russia anasiya zambiri malo archeological zokhudzana neanthropines. Komabe, iwo anapita ku madera ambiri a kumpoto. Yozizira anthu aphunzira adzapulumuka ndi thandizo la zovala za ubweya ndi moto. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, Quaternary Western Siberia anaonanso kukula kwa anthu kuyesera kulowa m'dera latsopano. zaka 5000 zapitazo Mkuwa Age, zaka 3000 zapitazo - chitsulo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Mesopotamia, Egypt ndi Mediterranean anayambitsa malo a chitukuko wakale.

mchere

Asayansi m'magulu angapo mchere kuti wachoka nthawi Quaternary. Miyala ya Zakachikwi otsiriza zosiyanasiyana madipoziti, sanali zachitsulo ndi zipangizo kuyaka, ores chiyambi nyanja. Mumadziwika littoral ndi alluvial madipoziti. Mchere wofunika kwambiri mu nthawi Quaternary: golide, diamondi, pulatinamu, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile ndi zircon.

Komanso, phindu lalikulu la chitsulo ores zosiyanasiyana za m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja-chithaphwi chiyambi. gulu ili mulinso manganese ndi mednovanadievye madipoziti. masango ameneŵa ndi ofala kwambiri m'nyanja.

Kuchuluka kwa subsoil ndi

Ngakhale masiku ano eroding ndi yamphamvu ndipo otentha miyala ya nthawi Quaternary. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi aumbike laterite. mapangidwe otere TACHIMATA ndi aluminum ndi chitsulo ndipo ndi mchere wofunika African. Metalliferous kutumphuka M'madera a zitunda chomwecho wolemera miyala ya faifi tambala, cobalt, mkuwa, manganese, komanso clays refractory.

The Quaternary anawonekera zofunika mchere sanali zachitsulo. graviyniki izi (ntchito zawo ambiri kumanga) ndi kupanga mchenga galasi, mwala ndi potaziyamu salt, sulfure, borates, peat, ndi lignite. Zakufa Quaternary pansi anapeza kuti ndiwo madzi akumwa. Musaiwale za Madzi oundana ndi matalala. Ambiri otsiriza Geological nthawi ndi korona, amene anayamba zaka zoposa biliyoni 4.5 zapitazo, zamoyo miyala ya Earth.