Chimandarini Chinese mbiri chinenero ndi TV

China - Dziko lalikulu ndi anthu waukulu. Tsopano ndi kunyumba kwa anthu oposa biliyoni. Mwina n'chifukwa chake mu boma ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'zilembo ndi zinenero zina zambiri. Ngakhale pano kwambiri pali ndi chinenero, amene amadya m'madera ambiri. Lilinso zosiyanasiyana m'kamwa ndi olembedwa. Choncho, timaphunzira lero ngati chinthu chimodzi chinenero Chimandarini ndi zipatso, komanso kumene ndi amene ntchito.

Kodi?

Ponena za chinenero ichi, tiyenera kuyamba kuchokera kunyumba. Chimandarini Chinese si yekha zambiri ntchito mu dziko. Ena ankaona chilankhulo magulu waukulu. Lokhudza pano ndi chinenero Chinese Chimandarini. Kuwonjezera pa kukhala woona Chimandarini Dungan, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wake "Chimandarini" (kuchokera ku mawu a "Putonghua"). Dzina limeneli mwina wolungama. Ngakhale chinenero Chimandarini pano ali mbali imodzi ya gulu. Koma dzina zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa Chimandarini Western mabuku, makamaka azungu. Pomvetsa okhala CIS ndi chinenero Chinese - ndi Chimandarini, kapena Putonghua mitundu.

zosiyanasiyana Chimandarini

Monga tanena kale, chilankhulo izi si Putonghua (Chimandarini), koma m'zilembo ena. Iwo agawidwa mu 8 subgroups. Ndipo chifukwa cha madera wachinsinsi wa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, pali subgroup a m'zilembo kumpoto kum'mawa. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu a m'dera la China. Palinso subgroup wa Beijing, kumene anthu a likulu kulankhula.

Pali, ndithudi, mayanjano zovuta zambiri kudzera zomwe anthu wamba zovuta kumvetsa chilankhulo wachokera zonyamulira. Mwachitsanzo, tszyanhuayskaya subgroup ali ndi malo ochepa, limene lili mu mtsinje Yangtze. Mwa zina, pali chzhunyuanskaya, Doe-yin, Chi-Lu ndi Jiao-Liao subgroups. Iwo amakhala ndi lalikulu. Koma ambiri, mwina tinganene kuti kum'mwera chakumadzulo subgroup. Mu chithunzi pansipa, mdima wobiriwira utoto m'madera Chimandarini ntchito.

Kuwonjezera

Pamodzi ndi chinenero Chimandarini, palinso zochepa wamba mu gulu Chimandarini. Mwachitsanzo, Jin chimaopseza anthu 45 miliyoni okha. Iwo amakhala m'chigawo cha Shanxi, komanso kumpoto Shaanxi ndi Hebei.

nthambi Beijing

Izi zikuphatikizapo asanu m'zilembo zikuluzikulu. Anthu ambiri odziwika: ku Beijing ndi Putonghua (chinenero Chimandarini). Mwa zina, pali chilankhulo wapadera umene pa mfundo mizu ofanana ndi chinenero muyezo Chinese. Koma iwo ali distinguishable chifukwa cha kufalitsa ndi onyamula.

Pali Karamay, Hailar, m'zilembo chifensky, komanso adverbs ndi Chengde Jin, yemwe tamutchula kale. mitundu onsewa zinenero ali, makamaka, kuti nthambi Beijing ndi zomveka kwambiri kwa anthu amene akuphunzira Chinese ngati yovomerezeka kwambiri.

mwalamulo

M'chinenero cha boma cha China ndi Chimandarini Chinese. Iye ali chilankhulo magulu 10. Kulankhula anthu amagwiritsa ntchito muyezo chinenero Chinese, lomwe pano limatchedwa Putonghua. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu Singapore (Huayu) ndi Hong Kong, ndipo Taiwan umatchedwa guoyu. Putonghua ambiri amawatcha chilankhulo analankhula pakamwa. Polemba muyezo wotchedwa baihua.

maziko

Monga tanena kale, Putonghua amatanthauza Beijing chilankhulo m'dziko la gulu Chimandarini. The kalembedwe ka chinenero umagwirizana ndi mfundo zonse, zimene enshrined ntchito zolembalemba.

dzina

Putonghua angatchedwe m'madera osiyana mu njira zosiyana. Dzina lovomerezeka ntchito mwachindunji ku Beijing ndi madera ozungulira. Monga tanena kale, mu Singapore umatchedwa Huayu, komanso Malaysia. Koma Taiwan - guoyu. Putonghua mu West ndi onse muli dzina lachilendo - chinenero Chimandarini. Zonsezi zinayamba chimodzimodzi ndi mabuku European. Komanso, pali otchedwa chikondi si basi Chimandarini ndi Chimandarini lonse gulu.

Komanso West zambiri ntchito imeneyi chilankhulo akuti - Standard Chimandarini. Iwo ali zambiri zimene mungachite: .. "Chimandarini", "Chimandarini", etc. Mu Russia, koma kusiyanitsa Putonghua ndi zinkalankhulidwa ake okhudzana. A "zipatso" njira sakuvomereza ndi anthu ammudzi maphunziro. Ngakhale atolankhani kuti "zoseketsa" kugwiritsa ntchito dzina ili.

mizu Chipwitikizi

Chimandarini ngongole imeneyi "zipatso" Chipwitikizi mutu. anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti Chimandarini Chinese limatchedwa Guanhua. Aliri, anamasuliridwa ngati - ". Kulankhula malamulo" Izi kamodzinso zimatsimikizira kuti Putonghua anthu okhawo ophunzitsidwa bwino kuwerenga.

Mu Portugal, nthawi zambiri akuluakulu waukulu otchedwa "mandarins" omwe amatanthauza "mtumiki, mkulu." Mu masiku a Imperial China ndi Chipwitikizi wotchedwa anthu otchuka. Choncho, pang'ono kenako anaonekera pa zikopa lolembedwa Guanhua ndi Putonghua Dzina mwamwayi - "Chimandarini".

mtundu wa "Chimandarini"

Ambiri, kusiyapo mfundo kuti Putonghua - chilankhulo sizachilendo, komabe angapo a subgroups. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti, pamene kutumikiridwa monga chilankhulo boma m'madera amene kale osati kulankhula chinenero chilichonse cha Chimandarini, Putonghua reformatted mu Baibulo lake. Chifukwa, m'zilembo chinenero Chimandarini, monga tanenera kale, sizachilendo m'madera ena. Pakati pawo guoyu Taiwan, Singapore Huayu, komanso zosiyanasiyana Putonghua - guandunsky.

maziko mbiri

Pamaso Putonghua kale ntchito mwamwayi m'kamwa mawonekedwe a chilankhulo kumpoto - Guanhua. Pali kuthekera kuti anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe mwamsanga 1266. Ndiye likulu Chinese wakhala anasamutsidwa ndi gawo la Beijing ano. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anayamba ulamuliro wake n'chokwana Mafumu. Mu 1909, iye anadziwika guoyu, nthawi zina anali mkulu muyezo. Pambuyo pake, anadzatchedwa mu Putonghua. Muyezo kumaphatikizapo sikuti lalembedwa komanso m'kamwa ponseponse.

Amene ati?

Aboma panali vuto: momwe kumapangitsanso kufalitsa Putonghua ndi m'kamwa lofanana kulankhula m'madera a China, kumene ntchito m'zilembo ena. Funso limeneli ngakhale opezeka mu Constitution Chinese. Koma kufala kwa ndondomekoyi wosakwiya zokwanira. Putonghua tsopano ntchito pa TV ndi wailesi, koma theka la anthu angafotokozedwe m'chinenerochi. % 18 Only ntchito adverb kunyumba kulankhula. Ndipo 42% ya anthu ndi kulankhula Putonghua kusukulu ndi ntchito.

Kuugwira nkhaniyi, mudzaona wakhala anayambitsa, lomwe limasonyeza mlingo wa chidziwitso cha chilankhulo cha. Kudziwa amene amalankhula chinenero Chimandarini, chakhala zosavuta. Koma kunapezeka kuti zotsatira si zimene tingafune kuwona zaka zoposa 30 Patapita oyamba Putonghua.

Mlingo wokweretsa ndi "1-A". Iwo amagwira ntchito anthu amene zolakwa zosakwana 3%. Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachititsa mayeso ndi nzika Beijingers. Ndipo pakati pa anthu, chithunzi ichi ndi chosowa kwambiri. Ngati Beijing analandiracho 90% examinees, mzinda wapafupi wa Tianjin wakhala mtsogoleri ndi 25% amene zapita.

Ntchito pa wailesi ndi televizioni, mungachite zosaposa 8% zolakwa, ndi kuti mlingo wa "1-B". Kuti anthu a TV ayenera kupeza zotsatira mayeso. Kuti mphunzitsi wa mabuku Chinese, zingakhale 13% zolakwa - mlingo wa "2-A". Ngakhale ngati zomvetsa chisoni ntchito Putonghua kuchulukana, koma amatha kudziwa chilankhulo ambiri Chinese. Ngakhale kuti sangathe kulankhula chilankhulo.