Chilamulo, State ndi malamulo
Chilungamo zaumbanda: ndichiyani? Vuto la chilungamo zaumbanda latsopano la Russia
Gawo la chilamulo, lomwe lili ndi mavuto ndi lamulo ana, izo ndi zaumbanda ndondomeko ya chilungamo. Kodi izo tsopano akhoza kukuwuzani wofufuzayo kapena loya. Pa dzanja limodzi, ukuchita gawo ndi m'mabwalo a zaumbanda olakwa, ndipo ena - kuteteza ana omwewo chomwa ndi akulu. Ndi gawo loyamba ndi bwino. Zochita zake, aliyense ayenera kukumana. Koma zaumbanda dongosolo chilungamo Russia za chitetezo cha ana ali zambiri zina zabwino.
mabuku a mbiri yakale
Udindo wapadera wa juveniles anali mu masiku a Russian Ufumu. Ngati tikulingalira chilango Code ndi kuwongolera Wachifwamba kwa 1845, udindo zochita anayamba ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mphulupulu za makolo ana analandira chilango. Mu December 1866, Alexander Wachiwiri anali ovomerezeka mwa lamulo pa zili zaumbanda olakwa m'midzi wapadera ndi zinthu zochepa kutipanikiza moyo. The anyamata kuno akhoza kuphunzira ndiponso ntchito. Ngakhale ndiye, anyamata ndi atsikana ankakayikako payekha.
Chilamulo Wachifwamba cha 1903, zaka udindo chigawenga lasinthidwa. Zaumbanda olakwa anayenera kulangidwa kale umalandira zaka 10. Komanso, anyamata anatha kupitiriza novices mu obisika m'malo chilango njuchi. Chikhazikitso cha chilungamo zaumbanda mu Baibulo la makono a mwachangu anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XX. bwalo ana oyamba anadza mu 1910 ndipo zinatha mpaka October kuukira boma. Mnthawi ya Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, gawo ili la chilamulo inaimitsidwa chitukuko.
Mu 1922, miyezo Chilango cha udindo chigawenga analimbikitsidwa. Malinga ndi malamulo a nthawi watilakwira pa zaka 16 onyamula chilango chomwecho monga akulu. Zaumbanda wopalamulayo akhoza adzaikidwa mu mzinda wamba selo. Ine sindikufuna perekani olakwa pa zaka 18 okha muyeso apamwamba kudziletsa - kuphedwa.
Monga zinthu zilili masiku ano?
Modern dongosolo zaumbanda chilungamo latsopano la Russia anali woyamba legislated yekha mu 1995. Ndiye anadza Watsimikiza Pulezidenti wa 14.09.1995 chaka, amene anavomereza utheke kwa ana. dongosolo A yapadera yapangidwa kuti kulimbikitsa chitetezo malamulo a ana amene walandira dzina lovomerezeka la "chilungamo zaumbanda". Kodi gawo ili? Amene muzochitika za moyo Kodi kuphimba? Awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri poyamba analibe mayankho ochokera kwa akatswiri. Ndipotu, mfundo kusamala ndi udindo wa ana pamaso pa lamulo, komanso kuteteza ufulu wa ana.
Mu 1998, lamulo zapita za ukutitsimikizira chachikulu ufulu ana latsopano la Russia. Kwa nthawi yoyamba maganizo oti "ana zinthu zitavuta." Apa anagwira anyamata akaziwo anali ana aang'ono ndi atsikana amene ali ndi mavuto khalidwe, moyo mu mabanja amene amapeza ndalama zochepa kapena akuvutika ndi chiwawa ndi achibale wamkulu. The yogwira kwambiri pankhani imeneyi zachitika chilungamo zaumbanda mu Moscow. antchito Social kusunga malipoti a m'mabanja osokonekera, kuona ana amene makolo ndi mavuto ndi lamulo.
Inasintha chilungamo zaumbanda Russia anakhala chigamulo Supreme Court pa February 14 2000. Ndi mawu ake, wopalamulayo zaumbanda akhoza kumasulidwa ku udindo pa chigawenga, ngati sangathe kubwera kwa mawu ndi wovulalayo kapena achibale ake.
Mu 2008, kusintha anakonza Banja Code. Panali chaputala 22, limene limafotokoza n'zotheka kuchotsa ana ku mabanja zovuta moyo. Ngati patatha ena zinthu sichinasinthe, ana anatsimikiza mabungwe wapadera chipangizo banja latsopanolo. Panalinso nkhani ya Code Wachifwamba, amene amathandiza kuti udindo wa makolo kulephera kulera ana. Kuti ali kwambiri kumaphatikizapo kuthekera kwa chitetezo mwana zaumbanda chilungamo. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Ndipotu mchitidwe chilango zoweta ndikoletsedwa monga banja, ndi malamulo a chilango.
Pakali pano, pali malamulo amene zaumbanda chitsanzo chilungamo sayenera sachoka chilengedwe cha makhoti ana. Akatswiri amanena kuti pali udzakhazikitsidwadi njira yapadera kuphedwa kwa zilango mu kulemekeza anthu amene alibe atapeza zaka 18. Komanso mafunso patsogolo kwambiri azilankhula poyerekezera ndi ana mosatsata chisamaliro cha makolo. Akuluakulu akhoza amakanizidwa ufulu wa maphunziro wa ana awo pokha pokha yapadera.
ntchito munthu ukunenedwa kuphimba komanso nkhani zokhudza thanzi okhudzana kulera ndi maphunziro kugonana ana. Mawu oyamba a phunziro wapadera mu masukulu kungathandize kwambiri kuchepetsa umbanda ndi mlingo kubadwa kwa ana kovuta mabanja moyo vuto.
Kodi ndikufunika kusintha milandu ndi malamulo?
Kupatsila dongosolo la kupewa zolakwa za ana lero sizikuyenda pa mphamvu zonse. Sizikutetezedwa kwathunthu, ndiponso ufulu wa ana mu mabanja amene ali zovuta moyo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kwambiri wofooka maziko a banja. Malinga ndi kafukufuku chikhalidwe, ana amamuchititsa kucheza ndi m'malo achibale. Wachisoni yaikulu akulu amadziwikanso mukopedwe ndi Intaneti. Komanso utachepa ndi maudindo maphunziro a sukulu.
Justice zaumbanda mu Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina ya dziko kumagwirizana ndi muzochitika zones za moyo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kwambiri chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha makolo omwe ali ndi ana ozunzidwa. Osati otsiriza ntchito za mavuto azachuma pano. Ambiri opanda ntchito sangathe mabanja awo chakudya. Chifukwa ndi maganizo yaitali. Maganizo akulu wotopa anayamba kubudula mkwiyo wawo pa ana. Iwo likukhalira kuti kuchepetsa nkhanza m'mabanja kudzakuthandizani kulenga ntchito yatsopano. Economic bata - chinsinsi losangalala wene.
Judicial ndi malamulo kusintha ayenera amauza ana komanso kuchepetsa mwayi Intaneti. Pa Intaneti, pali mwayi lotseguka zambiri, amene angathe kuvulaza malingaliro osauka mwanayo. Ngati inu kuchepetsa mwayi wa achichepere Websites ena tidzatha kuchepetsa mokwiya mwana. Chifukwa, kusiyiratu milandu anachita ndi nzika osaposa zaka 18.
Commission pa ana
The vuto lalikulu chilungamo zaumbanda ku Russia ndi ku ungwiro malamulo zoweta. Ntchito zimene zimakhudzana ndi ana amafunika chisamaliro chapadera kwa akatswiri. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mbali yaikulu ya chilungamo zaumbanda akhale ntchito yapadera pa zochitika ana. Dongosolo Russian ndi zimasiyana kwambiri Ulaya. Mu mayiko mwaimika makhoti wapadera kwa ana. Ndi matupi kusankha tsoka la zaumbanda olakwa, ndipo amachititsa maphunziro a ana opanda chisamaliro cha makolo. Mu Russia Komabe, nkhani ngati ali anaganiza mwa thupi lomwelo limene ntchito ndi nzika achikulire.
Masiku ano, dziko ukugwirira ntchito ya ntchito zaumbanda, olengedwa mwa Soviet Union. ntchito yawo potengera malamulo wogwila feduro. Ntchito yaikulu ya thupi ndi kuteteza kusowa pokhala ndiponso n'kosaloleka zochita za ana amene alibe chidwi wamkulu. Komanso, ntchito ndodo ayenera kuchita zonse kuonetsetsa kutetezedwa kwa ufulu ndi zofuna za ana. Pakuti anyamata amene amapezeka mu mavuto unachitika chikhalidwe-pedagogical konzanso.
Commission ntchito Ana Akamatere positive. Ndi polojekiti mabanja amene amapeza ndalama zochepa simungathe kuzindikira makolo amene sangathe kulimbana ndi maudindo awo. Komabe, ntchito zimenezi ziyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu. ndi masukulu ndi mabungwe ena maphunziro a mogwirizana kwa yothandiza kuchepetsa mlingo wa kupanda makhalidwe kwa ana, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha juveniles zinthu zitavuta.
udindo waukulu kwambiri mapangidwe chilungamo zaumbanda
Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti dongosolo, amene umagwira lero, ndi kwa kotheratu. Polojekiti yatsopanoyi ya dongosolo chilungamo zaumbanda ayenera akuyendera ngati njira, monga mu West. Mu kukonzanso uku ayenera pang'onopang'ono, malinga ndi zenizeni Russian. chilungamo mayiko zaumbanda ikukhudza mogwirizana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo. Chitetezo cha ana zidzatheke ngati ntchitoyi sakuphatikizapo yothandiza komanso sukulu, mabungwe malonda.
Palinso maganizo maudindo. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti zaumbanda matupi chilungamo sanena phindu kwa anthu. Makhoti, otumikira ndi nyumba zina zomwe anachita kuyambira nthawi Union, iwo ndithu kupirira udindo wawo. Pali maganizo kukhazikitsa dongosolo chilungamo zaumbanda mu Russia - muyeso wa muyeso. Onse inu muyenera kuchita - ndi kuyesetsa kusintha dongosolo. A m'malo wathunthu dongosolo la Pakufunika kwambiri lotuluka chuma ndi thupi.
Zilibe kuthetsa zaumbanda kupanda zaumbanda chilungamo. Ndiko kuti, pakati pake penipeni? Ndi dongosolo la chilango delinquents zaumbanda, komanso kuteteza ufulu wa ana ndi makolo amene sangathe kulimbana ndi maudindo awo. Koma ayenera anagwira ntchito yophunzitsa pa njira ndi njira maphunziro. Ngati ana kukula mu chikondi ndi chisamaliro, upandu zaumbanda adzakhala yafupika kwambiri. Iwo likukhalira kuti m'pofunika kusintha si chilango dongosolo. Ntchito iyenera kuperekedwa maphunziro a makolo achinyamata. Ndipo ndi ntchito tikhoza kusamalira yothandiza.
Kukana dera chilungamo zaumbanda
The oyamba a zoyamba za chilungamo zaumbanda ku Russia anachititsa namondwe wa maganizo ndi malankhulidwe. Malinga ndi otsutsa luso, malamulo Western kwathunthu zikutsutsana dziko malingaliro, uzimu ndi miyambo zayambika m'zaka. Anthu Russian, akukhulupirira kuti mwana ayenera kulemekeza makolo. Makolo ndi ana ayenera kukhala pa maziko ofanana. Koma malinga ndi mfundo Western, ana ali ndi ufulu wofanana monga makolo. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti izi kudzabadwira ku destabilization mabanja, masukulu ndi anthu onse. Yosayenera ophunzira mwana sitichedwa zochita chigawenga.
Motsutsa zaumbanda dongosolo chilungamo Western chitsanzo wotere kanjedza odziwika bwino monga mtolankhani Mikhail Leontyev, Ammayi Ekaterina Vasilieva, mlangizi ndale Anatoly Wasserman. Malinga ndi andale, umisiri zaumbanda amakonda unagawanika anthu Russian m'magulu awiri.
Sewerolo zoipa zimene matupi chilungamo zaumbanda
Russia kale anapezerapo ntchito woyendetsa za zaumbanda chilungamo. Iwo anali zotsatira zoipa. Kwenikweni, kupondereza ufulu wa makolo. Banja lililonse ntchito njira zawo za maphunziro. Malinga ndi mfundo Western mwana chilungamo zaumbanda angasankhe zimene adzachite ndi momwe angachitire pa nkhani ina. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, makolo si amaletsa izo. Zimenezi kungasokoneze kwambiri pa chitukuko cha umunthu mwana.
Kunadzetsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri milandu walekana ndi ufulu makolo, chilungamo ana. Kodi kudziteteza ku mkhalidwe umenewu, akuluakulu si nthawi zonse mukudziwa. Nthawi zambiri, chigamulo atengedwa ndi bwalo si mu mtima wa banja. Pa nthawi yomweyo amadwala akulu ndi ana omwe. Kukhazikitsa mfundo chilungamo zaumbanda komanso kumachititsa kuchuluka kwa milandu kupanda makhalidwe kwa ana. Ngakhale zingatanthauze, ayenera kukhala zosiyana. The mwana, opanda chisamaliro cha makolo, akuyamba kuti zochita zoipa.
Mphamvu za boma zaumbanda
Malinga ndi akatswiri, zotsatira zoipa zimapezeka chifukwa patsogolo kwambiri a mphamvu amene ali mbali ya kapangidwe ka tiana ta a (chikhalidwe ogwira ntchito, makhoti). Komanso molakwa anamasulira ufulu wa mwana. Mwatsoka, zaposachedwapa kwambiri adakula oyamba kusalankhula za akuluakulu zaumbanda vuto la mabanja ena. Kale pali milandu kumene ana anachotsedwa mabanja awo ngakhale zosamveka za izo. Mwana ndi mavuto mu malo oyamba.
Malinga mumaganiza Western, akuluakulu zaumbanda amathanso ulembedwe makolo bwanji polera mwana. Ndipotu Ulaya ankakhulupirira kuti mwamuna wamng'ono limakula ndi chimafotokozera anthu, ndipo makolo kumathandiza sekondale. Choncho, mayi ndi bambo kuli zimakhudza mwana aliyense osati zamaganizo kusukulu, aphunzitsi, madokotala.
kusintha zina m'munda wa zaumbanda
lamulo Western ndi ndondomeko ya chilungamo zaumbanda sangathe bwanji chitukuko cha boma Russian. Polera anthu abwinobwino, ife angofunika kukonzanso lamulo banja alipo. Ntchito zokhudzana ndi kuteteza mabanja ndi ana, ayenera umalimbana kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mimba, kuthandiza mabanja ikuluikulu, ana amene anatsala popanda makolo. A ntchito yapadera ayenera kukhala mu uliwonse sukulu. yothandiza ayenera kukhala ntchito yake mwachangu, koma osati azitengapo.
chidwi ziperekedwe kwa mabungwe ndende ana. M'pofunika kupeza poyamba pa zonse, chifukwa mwanayo anapita upandu. Nthawi zambiri, ana zochita oletsedwa anachita atamwa akulu. Prisons ayenera ntchito kuthandiza ana kuphunzira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndiponso chilungamo.
Mawu oyamba a mfundo yatsopano zaumbanda simungakhoze kuchita popanda mbali zachuma. mwatcheru ziperekedwe kwa ndalama ya ndalama zochepa ndi mabanja akuluakulu. Izo ziyenera kulimbikitsa ndiAmene ana amasiye banja mtundu. Ngati banja adzakhala chakudya quality, ana avala ndi mutawaveka nsapato, akanakhoza bwino bwino nthawi tchuthi yotentha, silingakhale funso kupanda makhalidwe kwa ana.
kuti adzimvera
Ziyenera kukhala chilungamo zaumbanda mu Russia? Onse ana ndi makolo bwino ngati kwambiri ndi boma. Komabe, chidwi ayenera kupita kwa kukula kwa banja lonse. mfundo Modzikhulupirira chilungamo zaumbanda, ntchito m'mayiko ena kumadzulo, osati abwino kwa anthu Russian.
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