Chilinganizo ammonia. Ammonium hydroxide - amadzimadzi amoniya

nitride wa hydrogen - - amoniya imodzi yofunika kwambiri mankhwala a asafe ndi wa hydrogen. gasi opanda mtundu koma ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala. Mipweya akuganizira amoniya chilinganizo - NH _3. Kuwonjezeka kuthamanga kapena kuchepa kutentha kwa nkhani kumabweretsa ake kukhala madzi colorless. Amoniya mpweya ndi njira zake ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani komanso ulimi. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito 10% hydroxide ammonium - ammonia.

Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi. Pakompyuta amoniya chilinganizo

A nitride molekyulu wa hydrogen kumaoneka ngati piramidi, m'munsi mwa amene asafe amakondanso maatomu wa hydrogen atatu. N-H chomangira kwambiri magetsi. Asafe ndi chilakolako kumangako awiri elekitironi. Choncho, kuneneza zoipa amasonkhana pa N maatomu, zabwino - lolunjika pa haidrojeni. Kumvetsetsa kwa ndondomekoyi kupereka chitsanzo cha molekyulu, ndi makompyuta ndi structural chilinganizo cha ammonia.

Nitride wa hydrogen ndi sungunuka kwambiri madzi (700: 1 pa 20 ° C). Kukhala zayamba ufulu mapulotoni kumabweretsa mapangidwe a haidrojini "milatho" angapo kuti kugwirizana pakati molekyulu ndi. Features ya kapangidwe ndi mankhwala chomangira amatsogolera chakuti amoniya mosavuta liquefied amayamba kuthamanga kapena kutsitsa kutentha (-33 ° C).

Chiyambi cha dzina

Mawu akuti "amoniya" anadziwana ndi anthu ammudzi kusukulu 1801 pa malingaliro a Russian sayansi Ya Zakharova, koma chinthu bwino kwa anthu kuchokera kalelo. Mpweya ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala anamasulidwa pa kuvunda kwa muli mankhwala ambiri organic, mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni ndi urea mu kuwonongeka salt ammonium. Azambiriyakale zimapangidwira amakhulupirira kuti chinthu unatchedwa akale mulungu Aigupto Amun. Siwa (Amoni) ndiwo malo mu Africa North. Atazungulira m'chipululu laku Libya bwinja la mzinda wakale ndi kachisi, pafupi ndi yomwe pali miyala ya mankhwala enaake ammonium. mankhwala mu Europe, amatchedwa "mchere a Amoni." Iwo anasunga miyambo imene anthu a malo a Siwa kumanunkha mchere mu kachisi.

nitride wa hydrogen

English sayansi ndi wasayansi R. Boyle mu zatsopano anatentha manyowa ndi kuona mapangidwe utsi woyera kuchokera swab choviikidwa mu acid amathiridwa ndi chifukwa anadzetsa pa ndege mpweya. Mu 1774, wina sayansi British J. Priestley kutenthetsa mankhwala enaake ammonium ndi laimu slaked ndi gaseous allocated. Priestley otchedwa pawiri "mpweya zamchere", chifukwa njira zake katundu anasonyeza m'munsi ofooka. Analandira mafotokozedwe zinachitikira Boyle, mmene amoniya ali anachitira ndi hydrochloric acid. Olimba mankhwala enaake ammonium woyera limapezeka pa kukhudzana wa reactants mamolekyulu mu mlengalenga.

Mankhwala opangidwa amoniya choikidwacho pa 1875 K. Berthollet ndi ku France amene anachititsa kuyesera pa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu mu zigawo zake constituent ndi nthendayo za magetsi. Kufikira tsopano, zatsopano Priestley, Boyle Berthollet ndi kubereka zasayansi kubala nitride hydrogen ndi mankhwala enaake ammonium. Industrial njira yapangidwa 1901 ndi H. Le Chatelier, anapatsidwa setifiketi ya njira ya kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala a asafe ndi wa hydrogen.

A njira ya ammonia. Chilinganizo ndi katundu

The amadzimadzi njira amoniya ndi ambiri opezeka mu mawonekedwe a hydroxide - NH ₄ HA. Iye akusonyeza katundu wa soda ofooka:

• dissociates mu ayoni NH ₃ + H ₂ O = NH ₄ HA = NH ₄ ^{+ +} HA ^_-;
• phenolphthalein njira Madontho a kapezi;
• ali anachitira ndi asidi ndi kupanga mchere ndi madzi;
• precipitates Cu (o) ₂ monga chinthu chowala buluu pamene wothira salt zamkuwa sungunuka.

The mgwirizano mu anachita la ammonia ndi anzake madzi amene anathawira kwa zipangizo poyambira. Preheated nitride wa hydrogen yoyaka bwino mu mpweya. Zimachitika asafe makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuti zamoyo diatomic yosavuta mankhwala N2. Kuchepetsa katundu komanso akusonyeza amoniya mu anachita ndi okusayidi mkuwa (II).

Tanthauzo la ammonia ndi njira

Nitride a haidrojini ntchito yopanga salt ammonium acid nitric - mmodzi wa mankhwala zikuluzikulu za malonda mankhwala a. Amoniya ndi zopangira kwa koloko (monga njira nitrate). Haidrojeni zili nitride m'mafakitale njira kuikapo maganizo ukufika 25%. Mu ulimi, ntchito amadzimadzi ammonia. Chilinganizo madzi fetereza - NH ₄ HA. thunthu mwachindunji ntchito monga kuvala pamwamba. njira zina patsogolo asafe nthaka - kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa ku feteleza ammonium, chlorides, phosphates. Mu mapangidwe mafakitale ndi malo ulimi si analimbikitsa kusunga pamodzi feteleza munali salt ammonium ndi alkalis. Pamene breakage ma CD chuma kungachititse chiyani wina ndi mzake kupanga ammonia ndi kumasula mu malo mpweya. pawiri poizoni limakhudza anthu dongosolo kupuma, chapakati mantha dongosolo. The osakaniza la ammonia ndi mpweya, ndi zachiwawa.