Chigwirizano - ndi chiyani? Zizindikiro za boma losagwirizana

Mtundu umodzi wa boma ndi mtundu wa boma momwe dzikoli lagawidwa m'magulu angapo olamulira omwe alibe udindo wa boma. Koma nthawi zina, madera ena a dziko angakhale ndi ufulu wodzisankhira popanga zisankho. Zizindikiro za boma losagwirizana ndizo mayiko ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu amodzi. Koma ngakhale pano pali zosiyana ndi zina za China, zomwe, ngakhale kuti ndi gawo lolimba komanso anthu ambiri, zimaonedwa ngati mgwirizano. M'mayiko oterewa, pali malamulo amodzi, lamulo limodzi ndi malamulo. Mabungwe apamwamba kwambiri ndi ofanana ndi mabungwe onse a boma. Pakalipano, kuchuluka kwa mabungwe odziimira pa dziko lonse lapansi ndi ogwirizana. M'mayiko amenewa ndi United Kingdom, France, Spain, Ukraine ndi ena ambiri. Posachedwa, nthawi zambiri timamva kuti akutchulidwa za boma. Chimene chiri, tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

Kusagwirizana ngati mawonekedwe a boma

Musanayambe kutanthauzira tanthauzo la "boma lokhazikika" mwatsatanetsatane, nkofunikira kutchula mitundu yomwe ilipo ya boma la boma. Mwachidziwitso, mawonekedwe a boma ndizoyendetsa dziko, maiko ndi maiko a dziko, zomwe zimasonyeza mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo, mabungwe a boma ndi apakati, komanso pakati pa mitundu yosiyana ndi mitundu yomwe ikukhala m'dera lomwelo.

Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a boma akuwonetsa mitu ya boma, udindo wawo walamulo ndi kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wawo pakati pawo, kodi zofuna za anthu ochepa omwe akukhala m'dera lomwelo zimakhudzidwa bwanji, komanso momwe zimakhalira pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi boma lokhalokha .

Koma mawonekedwe apadera a dziko mu dziko lopatsidwa zimadalira malo a malo, maiko awo, komanso zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo chuma, chikhalidwe, mbiri ndi chikhalidwe.

Mitundu ya mitundu ya boma

Pakalipano, pali mitundu itatu ya machitidwe a boma:

1. Federation. Fomu iyi ya boma ikuimira kugwirizana kwa anthu ambiri omwe analipo kale (kapena kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri m'mayiko) m'madera (zigawo) kudziko limodzi mwadzidzidzi. Zitsanzo zodziwika kwambiri za bungwe la federal ndi Russian Federation (kuphatikizapo zipangizo 85, zomwe 22 ndizofalitsa, zigawo 4 zokhazikika ndi chigawo chimodzi chodziimira), United States (maiko 50 ndi madera angapo osonkhana mwachindunji), India (29 akuti, dera lalikulu ndi 6 mgwirizano ) Ndipo ena.

2. Chipangano. Fomu iyi ya chipangizo ndi gulu la boma la mayiko ambiri odziimira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, palibe mndandanda wa chipangano chatsopano, ndipo ali ndi zida zake zokha, ndalama ndi malamulo. Bungwe lokhalo lomwe liripo ndi Switzerland (koma posachedwa ilo linapeza zizindikiro zonse za federation). Komanso, EU, Union of Russia ndi Belarus, bungwe la Eurasian likuona kuti mgwirizanowu uli wodabwitsa.

3. Mgulu umodzi. Ndi chiyani? Funso limeneli silipereka mpumulo kwa miyandamiyanda ya anthu, makamaka posachedwapa ndi kuphulika kwa malo osiyana pakati pa maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ichi ndi chigawo chimodzi cha boma chomwe chagawidwa m'zinthu zoyendetsera ntchito, zomwe zilibe ulamuliro uliwonse ndipo zili pansi pa akuluakulu apakati. Pachifukwachi, mayiko ogwirizana amagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri.

Gulu lophatikizana lokhazikika la boma

Maphunziro a boma amodzimodziwa ndi maiko omwe ntchito za mphamvu zikuchitidwa pamsinkhu wamba okha ndi oimira mphamvu omwe amavomereza ndikuvomerezedwa ndi boma lalikulu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, dziko lokhazikitsidwa ndi boma lingapereke ufulu ku mabungwe apansi a boma pansi. Zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za mayiko ogwirizana ndi chipangizo chachikulu ndi United Kingdom ndi Denmark. Kuwonjezera apo, zizindikiro za centralization ndizofunikira m'mayiko a Africa, kumene mphamvu ya pansi ndi ya mafuko ndi mabanja. Ngakhale kuli koyenera kuti lero maiko oterewa ndi osowa.

Chigawo chosagwirizana: ndi chiyani?

Okhazikitsa malamulowa akuphatikizanso maiko omwe malamulo apereka kuti ziwonetsedwe za matupi a boma ndi boma lokha. Ndipotu, maphunziro a boma akhoza kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ali ndi nyumba yawo yamalamulo, maofesi ndi boma. Madera akuluakulu omwe poyamba anali odziimira okha kapena omwe ali ndi ufulu wokwanira kuti athetse nkhani zina. Kuwonjezera apo, madera amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala pamodzi ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe. Malamulo a dziko lokhazikika angathe kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mavuto azachuma, maphunziro, chithandizo chaumoyo, kayendetsedwe ka anthu ndi mautumiki a anthu. Ndipotu, nkhani zimasandulika kukhala mayiko osiyana a boma, omwe ali ogwirizana pa zifukwa zina mu bungwe limodzi. Mayiko okhala ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino akuphatikizapo France ndi Spain.

Mayiko osagwirizana

Mayiko osakanikirana ali ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka kwa boma komanso zochitika zapadera pa boma pa maphunziro a boma. Ndipotu, mayiko osakanikirana akuphatikizapo mayiko awo, malo ena omwe ali ndi ufulu wokhazikika komanso omwe angathe kuthetsa ntchito pawokha. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zovomerezeka zingathe kukhazikitsa maiko ndi mayiko ena, kulemba zochitika zosiyanasiyana, chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za mayiko ogwirizana a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi Italy ndi Norway.

Kwa mayiko ndi mawonekedwe a chipangizo chimodzi, mbali zingapo zosiyana ndizo khalidwe.

Kugawanika kwapakati pa mapangidwe amodzi a boma

Monga lamulo, dziko lirilonse lagawanika kukhala madera ang'onoang'ono, omwe amagawanika kukhala madera ang'onoang'ono a boma lokha. Dzina la zigawo likhoza kukhala losiyana, koma tanthauzo lake ndi lofanana m'mayiko onse padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko omwe kale anali a USSR mumagulu awo ali ndi zigawo zazikulu, zomwe zigawanika, zimagawidwa m'zigawo ndi m'midzi. Chigawo ichi sichiri mwangozi. Zigawo zimapangidwira kumalo a zofuna za mbiri yakale, malo omwe alipo komanso chitukuko cha zachuma. Gawoli lolamulira likulola akuluakulu a boma kuti athetse vutoli mdziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwe zimachitika m'mayiko amodzi

1. Otsatira onse a machitidwe a boma akugonjetsedwa ndi lamulo limodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, lamulo lalikulu lingathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa boma ndi boma lokha, motero kumapereka dera linalake.

2. Mabungwe ogwirizana a boma. Mphamvu ya purezidenti wa dziko ndi nyumba yamalamulo m'dziko lonse lapansi silingatheke. Kuwonjezera apo, akuluakulu apakati ali ndi mphamvu zodziimira okha atsogoleri a boma.

3. Ngati mayiko ena amakhala m'madera a boma (ang'onoang'ono mu chiwerengero), ndiye kuti amaloledwa kukhala ndi ufulu.

4. Mabungwe onse apadziko lonse akulamulidwa ndi akuluakulu apakati. Olamulira a boma sangathe kujowina nawo mgwirizano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kugwirizanitsa zokhazokha ndi zigawo zina za boma pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zimaloledwa.

5. Atsogoleri a boma alibe ulamuliro wa boma, choncho, zigawo zilibe zida zawo, ndalama ndi zinthu zina zapadera.

6. Chiyankhulo cha boma chikugwirizana mu maphunziro onse a boma.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mapangidwe a boma la ogwirizana

Anthu ambiri amafunsa funso ili: "Mgwirizano umodzi: ndi chiyani, momwe umapangidwira?". Tiyeni tiyesere kuyankha funso ili. Mgwirizanowu umapangidwa malinga ndi zinthu zambiri. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo.

1. Zomwe zimakhalapo m'dera la chikhalidwe chimodzi ndi mtundu umodzi, omwe ali ndi chinenero chimodzi, chipembedzo chimodzi, maganizo ofanana ndi mbiri yakale.

2. Makhalidwe abwino polenga dziko logwirizana chifukwa chachuma. Mayiko omwe amagawana malire amodzi pamodzi ndi kusagwirizana kwa miyambo yazinthu zingagwirizanitse mgwirizano wadziko. Zowonadi, ziyenera kuzindikira kuti izi zimafuna ndalama imodzi, mgwirizano umodzi wogwirizana, malamulo amodzi, komanso mgwirizano wothandizira ndi kugawa kwa ntchito.

3. Kuthamangitsidwa kunja kwa mayiko atatu. Pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika za boma za mayiko ena, mayiko omwe ali ndi malire omwe amachitira limodzi ndi zikhalidwe komanso mbiri yakale angathe kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano umodzi.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusagwirizana kwa boma

Kwa funso: "Ndi boma liti lomwe liri logwirizana?", Anthu ambiri adzayankha kuti awa ndi mayiko ogwirizana ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo sakuwonetseratu kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu. Komabe, izi siziri zoona. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe amodzi m'masiku ano amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Zina mwa zikuluzikulu, zomwe zimatchedwa kudzipatula, ndiko kuti, chofunikira cha dera limodzi kuti chizindikire ulamuliro wake, chikhoza kusankhidwa. Taganizirani zomwe zimakhudza kusagwirizana pakati pa boma.

1. Kusakanikirana kosakondweretsa chifukwa chachuma. Chitsanzo chabwino pankhaniyi ndi Italy. Zaka zaposachedwapa, kumpoto kwa dzikoli akulengeza za ulamuliro wawo, makamaka kayendetsedwe kake kafala ku Venice. Madera amenewa ndi ofesi ya chuma cha dziko, ndikuthandizira madera osauka.

2. Mbiri yakale, chikhalidwe ndi chinenero cha mbali zina za boma. Pankhaniyi, chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi Ukraine, chomwe chili ndi zigawo zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, madera akummwera ndi kum'mwera kwa Ukraine ali ndi mgwirizano wozungulira ndi Russia. Kumadzulo kwa dziko, zofanana ndizo. Kotero, Transcarpathia ili ndi mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe chofala ndi Hungary, Bukovina - ndi Romania, ndi Galicia - ndi Poland. Koma, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'mbiri ndi chikhalidwe, Ukraine ili ndi zizindikiro zogwirizana.

3. Zochepa za moyo ndi zosakhutira ndi mfundo imeneyi. Pankhani iyi, Sudan ingatchulidwe monga chitsanzo. Mkhalidwe wochepa wa moyo wachititsa kuti madera akummwera a dziko, omwe kale anali ndi ufulu wambiri, adasankha kuchoka ku dziko lalikulu. Tisaiwale kuti kumadera akum'mwera kwa Sudan kuti pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya zachuma zimayambira. Zotsatira zake, izi zachititsa kuti pakhale dziko latsopano pa mapu a ndale a dziko lapansi, Southern Sudan.

4. Anthu osawerengera za ndale, omwe amalola kuti "atsogoleri a ndale" a m'maderawa azifalitsa chidziwitso chokhazikitsa dziko lolamulira.