Chidule: "Kolyma Stories" (V. Shalamov)

Taganizirani za kusonkhanitsa kwa Shalamov, komwe adagwira ntchito kuyambira mu 1954 mpaka 1962. Timafotokozera mwachidule nkhani zake. "Kolyma Stories" ndi nkhani zomwe mbiri zawo zimalongosola za msasa ndi ndende ya akaidi a Gulag, zochitika zawo zoopsa, zofanana, zomwe zimaweruzidwa. Wolembayo akuganizira kwambiri za njala ndi chidziwitso, kufa kwakukulu ndi kuchira, kufooka, kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe ndi kuwonongeka. Ponena za mavuto omwe Shalamov anakumana nawo, mudzaphunzira zambiri powerenga mwachidule. "Kolyma Stories" ndi chidziwitso chomwe amamvetsa zomwe wolembayo adakumana nazo zaka 17, zomwe adakhala m'ndende (1929-1931) ndi Kolyma (kuyambira 1937 mpaka 1951). Chithunzi cha wolemba chikufotokozedwa pansipa.

Tombstone

Wolembayo amakumbukira anzake omwe anali kumisasa. Sitidzalemba mayina awo, pamene tikulemba mwachidule. "Kolyma nkhani" - zojambula zomwe zojambulajambula ndi zolembazo zimagwirizana. Komabe, wakupha onse amapatsidwa dzina lenileni m'mabuku.

Kupitiriza nkhaniyo, wolembayo akufotokozera momwe akaidi anamwalira, zomwe zimapweteka kwambiri, amalankhula za chiyembekezo ndi khalidwe lawo ku "Auschwitz popanda zitsulo", monga Shalamov adawatcha ma kampu ya Kolyma. Ndi ochepa okha omwe anatha kupulumuka, koma kuti apulumuke komanso kuti asawononge makhalidwe - ku magulu.

"Moyo wa Engineer Kipreev"

Tiyeni tiganizire nkhani yotsatirayi, yomwe sitingathe kufotokozera, kupanga mwachidule. "Kolyma Stories" ndi mndandanda yomwe mlembi, yemwe sanagulitse kapena kupereka wina aliyense, akunena kuti iye yekha anagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yotetezera kukhalapo kwake. Ndi kuti munthu akhoza kuima, ngati ali wokonzeka nthawi iliyonse kufa, akhoza kudzipha. Koma kenako amadziwa kuti amangodzimangira yekha malo abwino, popeza sudziwika momwe mungakhalire pa nthawi yovuta, ngati simungakhale ndi mphamvu zokhazokha, koma ndi mphamvu ya thupi.

Kipreev, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi, amene anamangidwa mu 1938, sanangokwanitsa kulimbana ndi kufunsa ndi kukwapulidwa, komabe anamenyana ndi wofufuzirayo, chifukwa cha zomwe adaikidwa m'chipinda cha chilango. Koma akuyesera kuti amupereke umboni wabodza, poopseza kuti am'manga mkazi wake. Kipreev amapitiriza kutsimikizira kwa aliyense kuti si kapolo, monga akaidi onse, koma mwamuna. Chifukwa cha talente (adapanga zida zowonongeka za X-ray, akupeza momwe angakonzere mababu opsereza), munthuyu amatha kupeŵa ntchito zovuta, koma osati nthawi zonse. Ndi chozizwitsa chokha chomwe amakhalabe ndi moyo, koma chikhalidwe sichimamulola kupita.

"Patsikuli"

Shalamov, yemwe analemba "Kolyma Stories", zomwe zili ndi zochepa zomwe timakondwera nazo, zikuwonetsa kuti kuipitsidwa kwa msasa kumakhudza kwambiri. Idachitidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tidzalongosola m'mawu ochepa ntchito imodzi kuchokera kumsonkhanowu "Kolyma nkhani" - "Patsikuli." Chidule cha chiwembu chake ndi ichi.

Akuba awiri amakonda masewera. Imodzi imatayika ndikupempha ngongole. Anatsutsidwa pa nthawi ina, amalamulira wophunzira wam'ndende wosayembekezereka yemwe anali pakati pa owonerera, kuti apereke sweti. Iye amakana. Iye "amatha" mmodzi wa akuba, ndipo thukuta limafika poyera.

"Usiku"

Timapereka kufotokozera ntchito ina kuchokera ku "Colyma Stories" - "Usiku". Chidule cha izo, malingaliro athu, chidzakhalanso chosangalatsa kwa owerenga.

Akaidi awiri akugwedezeka kumanda. Apa thupi la mnzawo linaikidwa mmawa. Iwo amachotsa nsalu kuchokera kwa munthu wakufa kuti asinthe mawa mawa ndi fodya kapena mkate kapena kugulitsa. Kusayera zovala za wakufayo kumalowetsedwa ndi lingaliro lakuti, mwina, adzatha kusuta mawa kapena kudya pang'ono.

Ntchito zambiri mumsonkhanowo "Nkhani za Kolyma." "Akalipentala", chidule cha zomwe tinasiya, chikutsatira nkhani yakuti "Usiku". Tikukupemphani kuti mudzidziwe nokha. Chogulitsacho n'chochepa. Maonekedwe a nkhani imodzi, mwatsoka, samalola kufotokoza nkhani zonse. Komanso ndithu ntchito yaying'ono kuchokera ku "Colyma Stories" - "Zipatso". Chidule chachidule ndi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, malingaliro athu, nkhani zimaperekedwa m'nkhaniyi.

"Muyeso umodzi"

Chotsimikiziridwa ndi wolemba ngati akapolo ndi mtundu wina wa chiphuphu. Wundende, womangidwa ndi iye, sangathe kugwira ntchito yowonongeka, ntchito imakhala yozunzidwa ndipo imayambitsa kupha pang'ono. Dugayev, zek, imakhala yofooketsedwa ndi maola 16 ogwira ntchito. Amathira, kylit, amanyamula. Madzulo woyang'anira amayesa zomwe wachita. Chiwerengero cha 25%, chotchedwa woyang'anira, chikuwoneka chachikulu kwambiri Dugaev. Mapewa ake, manja ake, mutu wake ndi zopweteka kwambiri, ndipo ana ake amatha. Wundende samamva ngakhale njala. Pambuyo pake akuitanidwa kwa wofufuza. Amamufunsa kuti: "Dzina, dzina, dzina, nthawi." Asilikali tsiku lililonse amatsogolera wogwidwa kumalo osamva, akuzunguliridwa ndi mpanda wokhala ndi waya wotsalira. Usiku, phokoso la matrekta limabwera kuchokera kuno. Dugayev akuganiza chifukwa chake anabweretsa kuno, ndipo amadziwa kuti moyo watha. Amanong'oneza bondo pokhapokha kuti adavutika tsiku losafunikira.

"Mvula"

Mukhoza kukamba za nthawi yaitali motere, monga "Nkhani za Kolyma." Chidule cha mitu ya ntchitoyi ndi chisonyezero chabe. Timakumbukira nkhani yotsatira - "Mvula".

Tiyeni tidziŵe moyo wa msasa wa wogwira ntchito m'dzenje la Rozovsky, wolimba mtima amene adalenga Shalamov ("Kolyma Stories"). Chidule cha ntchito "Mvula" yoperekedwa kwa iye ndi iyi. Ngakhale kuti chiopsezo chopangidwa ndi mlondayo, Rozovsky akuyitana wopeka nkhani amene akugwira ntchito pafupi kuti agawane naye vumbulutso lake. Rozovsky anamvetsa kuti palibe cholinga m'moyo. Koma asanakhalepo, amene moyo wake wataya mtengo wake wonse, amatha kuyendetsa pakhomopo, wolemba nkhaniyo amam'thamangira ndikumuwombola kuchitapo kanthu choipa komanso chosasamala, akuwuza anthu omwe Rozvsky anadwala. Pambuyo pake wam'ndende amayesa kudzipha podziponya pansi pa trolley. Pambuyo pa mlanduwu, amatumizidwa kumalo ena kukagwira ntchito.

"Sherry Brandy"

Wolemba ndakatulo, yemwe ankatchedwa wolemba ndakatulo woyamba wa zaka za m'ma 1900 m'dziko lathu, amwalira. Amagona pabedi, m'munsi mwa mzere wawo. Wolemba ndakatulo akufa kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zina sopo amabwera kwa iye, mwachitsanzo, kuti wina amaba mkate kuchokera kwa iye, wolemba ndakatulo anaika pansi pa mutu wake. Iye ali wokonzeka kufunafuna, kumenyana, kulumbira ... Komabe, izi siziri choncho. Akamaliza kudya tsiku ndi tsiku, amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zonse, amamwa, amang'amba komanso amang'amba mano. Pamene wolemba ndakatulo amwalira, satulutsidwa kwa masiku ena awiri. Anthu oyandikana nawo akugawidwa amakhala ndi moyo wamoyo. Amakonza kuti akweze dzanja lake ngati chidole cha chidole.

"Kusokoneza mankhwala"

Merzlyakov, mmodzi wa anthu okondeka omwe amasonkhanitsa "Kolmyskie Stories", zomwe timakambirana mwachidule, ndizovala zazikulu, pamagulu amodzi amamvetsa zomwe akupereka. Iye amagwa, sangakhoze kuima ndi kukana kutenga logi. Choyamba anamumenya, kenako - amamuyendetsa. Amamutengera kumsasa ndi ululu wammbuyo ndi nthiti yosweka. Atachira, Merzlyakov samaleka kudandaula ndikudziyerekezera kuti sangathe kuwongolera. Amachita izi kuti achepetse kutuluka kwake. Amatumizidwa ku dipatimenti yopanga opaleshoni ya chipatala chachikulu, kenako ku dipatimenti ya zamanjenje kukayesa. Merzlyakov ali ndi mwayi wolembedwera kwaulere chifukwa cha matenda. Amayesetsa kuti asaululidwe. Koma Pyotr Ivanovich, dokotala, yemwe kale anali wodziwika kale, amamufotokozera. Anthu onse mmenemo amalowetsa akatswiri. Amathera nthawi zambiri akuwonetsa omwe amadziyesa. Pyotr Ivanovich akuyembekezera zotsatira zomwe zidzabweretsere mlandu ndi Merzlyakov. Dokotala poyamba amamupangitsa anesthesia, pamene ndizotheka kuti asamange thupi la Merzlyakov. Patangopita sabata, wodwalayo akulamula kuti atenge mankhwalawa, kenako amamupempha kuti adziwononge yekha.

"Kutsekemera kwa Typhus"

Andreev amagwidwa, ndikudwala ndi typhus. Mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo poyerekeza ndi ntchito ku migodi imamupatsa mpata wopulumuka, womwe iye sanayembekezere. Ndiye Andreev amasankha kukhala pano motalika momwe angathere, ndiyeno, mwinamwake, iye sadzatumizidwa kwambiri ku nkhope ya golide, kumene imfa, kumenyedwa, njala. Andreev samayankha kuitanidweko asanayambe kubwezeretsedwa kuntchito. Amatha kubisala motere nthawi yaitali. Pang'onopang'ono kutengeka ndikutaya, kutembenukira kukufika, potsiriza, Andreev. Koma zikuwoneka kwa iye tsopano kuti adagonjetsa nkhondo ya moyo, ndipo ngati pakalipano zatumizidwa, ndiye pazomwe akupita, pafupi ndi bizinesi. Koma pamene galimoto yokhala ndi gulu la akaidi omwe anapatsidwa yunifolomu yosayembekezereka yozizira, imayambitsa mzere wolekanitsa kutali ndi pafupi ndi maulendo, Andreev akuzindikira kuti chilangocho chimamuseka iye.

Mu chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa - chidutswa cha nyumba ku Vologda, kumene Shalamov ankakhala.

"Aneurysm wa aorta"

M'mabuku a Shalamov, matenda ndi chipatala ndizofunika kwambiri pa chiwembucho. Ekaterina Glovatskaya, mkaidi, amapita kuchipatala. Kukongola kumeneku kunakopeka Zaitsev, dokotala wogwira ntchito. Amadziwa kuti ali pachibwenzi ndi zek Podshivalov, yemwe amadziwana naye, yemwe amatsogolera kukongola kwa amateur, adokotala akuganizabe kuyesa mwayi wake. Monga mwachizolowezi, amayamba ndi kuyezetsa kwa wodwalayo, ndi mtima womvera. Komabe, chidwi cha amuna chimalowetsedwa ndi chithandizo chamankhwala. Ku Glovatsky amapeza aortic aneurysm. Ndi matenda omwe kusuntha kulikonse kungawononge imfa. Atapatsidwa lamulo lolekanitsa okondedwa, akuluakulu aboma adatumiza kale mtsikanayo kundende ya amayi. Mutu wa chipatala pambuyo pa lipoti la adokotala za matenda ake ndikutsimikiza kuti iyi ndi chiwembu cha Podshivalov, yemwe akufuna kuti amugwire. Msungwanayo amamasulidwa, koma amamwalira akunyamula, monga Zaitsev anachenjeza.

"Nkhondo yomaliza ya Major Pugachev"

Mlembiyo akutsimikizira kuti pambuyo pa ndende yaikulu ya nkhondo yakudziko ladziko lapansi adayamba kufika m'misasa, omwe adamenya nkhondo ndikupita nawo ku ukapolo. Anthu amasiyanasiyana: omwe angathe kutenga zoopsa, molimba mtima. Amangokhulupirira zida zokha. Ukapolo wawo ku msasa sunawawononge iwo, iwo sanawonongeke mpaka atataya chifuniro chawo ndi mphamvu zawo. "Cholakwika" chawo chinali chakuti akaidiwa anagwidwa kapena kuzungulira. Mmodzi wa iwo, Major Pugachev, zinali zomveka kuti anabweretsedwa kuno kuti afe. Ndiye akusonkhanitsa mwamphamvu ndi kutsimikiza, wodzisankhira yekha, akaidi omwe ali okonzeka kufa kapena kukhala omasuka. Kuthawa kumakonzekera nyengo yonse yozizira. Pugachev anazindikira kuti okhawo amene amatha kupeŵa ntchito yowonongeka angathe kuthawa atapulumuka m'nyengo yozizira. Mmodzi mwa iwo, opanga chiwembu amayamba kulowa muutumiki. Mmodzi wa iwo amapanga kuphika, winayo amakhala mlimi, kukonzanso katatu zida zotetezera.

Tsiku lina lachisanu, pa 5 koloko m'mawa, iwo adagogoda pa ulonda. Kapoloyo amavomereza wophika mkaidiyo, yemwe, monga mwachizolowezi, anabwera kwa mafungulo a masewera. Wophika amamugwedeza, ndipo wamndende wina amasintha yunifolomu yake. Ndi anyamata ena omwe adabwerera kanthawi pang'ono, chinthu chomwechi chikuchitika. Ndiye zonse zimachitika molingana ndi dongosolo la Pugachev. Okonzawo adalowa mu chipinda chotetezera ndikugwira chida, akuwombera msilikali. Iwo ali ndi chakudya ndi kuvala yunifolomu ya nkhondo, kuthamangira mwadzidzidzi omenyana ndi mfuti. Akudutsa pamtunda wa msasawo, amaimitsa galimoto pamsewu, oyendetsa galimoto amachoka ndikupita, mpaka mafuta atha. Kenaka amapita ku taiga. Pugachev, atadzuka usiku pambuyo pa miyezi yambiri ya ukapolo, akukumbukira momwe adathawira ku Germany kumka 1944, anadutsa kutsogolo, anadandaula mu dipatimenti yapadera, kenaka anaimbidwa mlandu woweruza ndi kuweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 25. Anakumbukiranso momwe nthumwi za General Vlasov zinafika ku msasa wa Germany, amene analembera anthu a ku Russia, akutsimikizira kuti asilikali omwe anagwidwa ndi ulamuliro wa Soviet anali opandukira Amlandland. Ndiye Pugachev sanakhulupirire iwo, koma posachedwa adatsimikiza izi. Amayang'ana mwachikondi kwa anzake omwe akugona pafupi. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, nkhondo yopanda chiyembekezo imayamba ndi asilikali omwe adayandikira othaŵa kwawo. Akaidi amamwalira pafupifupi onse koma amachiritsidwa pambuyo povulazidwa kwambiri kuti aponyedwe. Pugachev yekha amatha kuthawa. Iye anakwera mu chimbalangondo, koma iye akudziwa kuti iye adzapezedwanso. Iye samva chisoni chifukwa cha zomwe anachita. Kutsirizira kwake kotsiriza kuli mwa iyemwini.

Kotero, ife tinayang'ana zochitika zazikulu kuchokera ku chosonkhanitsa, cholembedwa ndi Varlam Shalamov ("Kolyma Stories"). Zachidulezi zimapereka owerenga ku zochitika zazikulu. Zambiri zokhudza iwo mungaziwerenge pamasamba a ntchito. Msonkhanowo unalembedwa koyamba mu 1966 ndi Varlam Shalamov. "Kolyma Stories," mwachidule mwachidule chimene mumadziŵa tsopano, adawonekera pamagazini a New York a New York.

Ku New York mu 1966, nkhani 4 zokha zinasindikizidwa. Nkhani yotsatira, 1967, 26 ya wolemba uyu, makamaka kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha chidwi chathu, inatuluka kumasulira kwa Chijeremani mu mzinda wa Cologne. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake iye sanafalitse mu USSR chigawo cha "Kolyma Stories" Shalamov. Chidule cha machaputala onse, mwatsoka, sichiphatikizidwa mu mtundu umodzi wa nkhani, popeza pali nkhani zambiri mumsonkhanowu. Choncho, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mudzidziwe nokha.

"Mkaka Wofukiza"

Kuwonjezera pa zomwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, tidzakambirana za ntchito imodzi kuchokera ku "Colyma Stories" - "Mkaka Wophimbidwa". Chidule chazotsatira zake.

Shestakov, yemwe ankadziwana naye nkhaniyo, sankagwira ntchito pamgodi pamaso, popeza anali katswiri wa sayansi, ndipo anamutengera ku ofesi. Anakumana ndi wolemba nkhaniyo ndipo adalengeza kuti akufuna kutenga antchito ndikupita ku Black Keys, kupita kunyanja. Ndipo ngakhale kuti omalizawo anazindikira kuti izi ndizosatheka (njira yopita kunyanja yayitali kwambiri), komabe anavomera. Wolemba nkhaniyo anaganiza kuti Shestakov akufuna kuti apereke onse omwe adzachite nawo izi. Koma mkaka wolonjezedwa wolonjezedwa (kuti ugonjetse njira, uyenera kubwezeretsedwa) unamupweteka. Atafika ku Shestakov, adadya zitini ziwiri za zokomazi. Kenako adalengeza kuti anasintha maganizo ake. Patapita sabata, antchito ena anathawa. Awiri mwa iwo anaphedwa, atatu adatsutsidwa m'mwezi umodzi. Ndipo Shestakov anasamutsidwa ku minda ina.

Tikukulimbikitsani kuti tiwerenge ntchito zina pachiyambi. Shalamov "Nkhani za Kolyma". Chidule ("Zipatso", "Mvula" ndi "Zithunzi za Ana" tikulimbikitsanso kuti tiwerenge pachiyambi) zimangotengera chiwembucho. Ndondomeko ya wolemba, maluso ojambula angaganizidwe pokha podziwa ntchitoyo.

Sichikuphatikizidwa mumsonkhanowu "Kolyma Stories" "Sentence". Sitinafotokoze chidule cha nkhaniyi chifukwa chaichi. Komabe, ntchitoyi ndi imodzi mwa zodabwitsa kwambiri pa ntchito ya Shalamov. Fans ya talente yake idzakhala ndi chidwi choliwerenga.