Chartism ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo osiyanasiyana, mtengo wa Chartism

Chartism anatuluka mu England ndipo anakumana pachimake mu 30s ndipo 40s wa XIX atumwi. Zinali kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe chikhalidwe kapena ndale.

zifukwa Chartism

Mawu akuti "Chartism" anatuluka pambuyo 1839 pamene hayala Anthu anali kutsatira malamulo ya ku Britain. olemba mbiri amakono komanso amavomereza kuti gululi anali chofunika zikamera maganizo chikhalidwe-demokalase. pachimake Aika anali ochuluka proletarian kalasi, amene anayambitsa mu England pambuyo mafakitale.

Zifukwa Chartism amapezeka vuto ndiye kovuta. Mu 20s ndipo 30s wa UK, ndi funde la mavuto a zachuma. Companies zinatha ndi kutsekedwa, ndipo antchito anali wopanda ntchito ndi njira aliko. Chotero kodi Chartism? Ichi chinali anachita proletariat kwa akutulukira mavuto azachuma, kuti ntchito imene anali pafupi zosatheka. Kwambiri makamaka zinali bwanji mu zigawo otukuka, mwachitsanzo mu Lancashire (County kumpoto chakumadzulo England). Blue zachilengedwe anakonza zachiwawa kuti inatha matenda, zachiwawa ndi akuba ku magolosale.

Njala ndiponso kutaya mtima anali choti gulu wamkulu wa chosakhutitsidwa, ndipo pamapeto, izo zinachitika. Zinali chitsanzo chabwino kwa antchito. Mu 1832, a bourgeoisie wapanga kusintha ya Malamulo, omwe ankaona kuti zofuna zake. Izi zimatheka ndi yosala popanda mafakitale ntchito workaholic.

Hayala anthu

Nkhani yaikulu ya Chartists - hayala Anthu opezeka mfundo zingapo. Zinali kufunika kwa othandiza chilengedwe cha amuna pansi zaka 21 zakubadwa, chiyembekezo chakuti ya Choyenereza katundu kwa anthu amene akufuna kukhala mamembala, komanso molemekeza chinsinsi. Komanso, ogwira ntchito kuti kuchepetsa akuti aphungu mpaka nthawi ya chaka chimodzi ndi maonekedwe a m'maboma ofanana visola. Mfundo zina izi za pulogalamu kumbuyo mwa bourgeoisie lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chinali kufunika kwa othandiza ofanana ndi chinsinsi. Podziwa zonse zimene awa, savutika kumvetsa zimene Chartism.

The impoverishment m'kalasimo ntchito

Zimayambitsa waukulu Chartism - -conflict pakati yamalamulo ndi osauka. Mu 1934, aphungu kuti omangika malamulo okhudza ntchito kwa workhouses. mabungwe awa anali mbali ya sadaka, Kapena kuchita dongosolo ndende. Zinalengedwa kuti alimbikitse osauka ndi zigawenga ntchito kuti athandize anthu. Ndipo workhouses komanso anagwa anthu amene sanathe kutuluka kwa ulova misa kuti anatuluka pambuyo mavuto mafakitale.

Kuwonongeka kwa kantchito kwa anthu onsewa zinachititsa kuti pokwiya ndi nyumba yamalamulo ndi zosankha zake. Chifukwa china zikamera wa Chartism - Osauka Chilamulo latsopano, linakhazikitsidwa mu 1834. Mawonekedwe waukulu kumusonyeza antchito zitsanzo misa, zomwe kawirikawiri idatha kupempha akuluakulu. masauzande akhumudwa nawo zimenezi.

Pankhondo ya proletarians ndi ufulu wawo

Zionetsero Choyamba anauka zokha. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo anaima pakati pa proletarians wa Anthu amene ayamba kulenga gulu centralized. Woyamba dongosolo chinali London Ntchito Association Amuna, amene anaonekera mu 1836.

Chartism Kodi nanga kumasiyana ndi zionetsero zapitazi, amakhumudwa osauka? Izi ndi zimene otsutsa lamulo la nyumba yamalamulo anatha bungwe okha ndi kulenga anthu awo, kuti bwino kuteteza zofuna zawo. Pambuyo London, nyumba ngati anaonekera mu mizinda ina, kwayamba kufala mu England.

Ndi mzinda Association wasankha zinthu zimene anapanga maziko hayala anthu wotchuka a. Ndi nthawi, antchito anapambana thandizo manyuzipepala ambiri ndi zipangizo zina, amenenso anayamba kulimbikitsa zofuna za Chartist. Wotchuka kwambiri kusangalala chilengedwe othandiza, lingaliro la chimene lapeza ndi Echo zosiyanasiyana magazini odziwika lathu osiyanasiyana a ndale. Ngakhale ndithu anakhalabe makamaka kugwira kumanzere.

Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi moderates

Kuti bwino kufotokoza zimene Chartism, m'pofunika kutchula chakuti gulu limeneli sanachitepo monolithic. Mpheroyi mapiko awiri. Othandiza mgwirizano ndi bourgeoisie akufuna kumenyera ufulu wawo kudzera Zionetsero mtendere: misonkhano, mapemphero ndiponso akuguba. Iwo anali otsutsa ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, amene ankakhulupirira kuti kudzera miyeso kwambiri zotheka kuti tikwaniritse zolinga za gululi. njira Izi zimatanthauza nkhanza akuluakulu. Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, monga ulamuliro, anatsala.

kudzanja phiko mapiko komanso kulipira mwapadera kwa funso la Malamulo Chimanga. Anatengedwa ndi yamalamulo mu zaka zingapo pamaso pa British kuteteza alimi mpikisano yachilendo. Ichi chidachitika mwa kuyambitsa mu dziko pa ntchito kunja tirigu. zonsezi komanso kuchuluka mtengo wa buledi, amene si monga ntchito.

msonkhano Chartists

Chartist kayendedwe kwachititsa chakuti msonkhano unachitikira ku Glasgow chachikulu lonse mu kasupe 1838. Pa izo, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, izo panafika anthu 200 sauzande. Izi zinali zotsatira owoneka a Chartism. Tsopano alionse ogwira ntchito wamba mu dziko ankagwira kayendedwe kuukira.

Mu February 1839, London ndinkakhala nalo pa msonkhano woyamba ambiri a mbali ya Chartists. Iwo anali ndi pathupi njira ina oyendetsera nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo amayenera kukhala cholankhulira kwa kusakhutira otchuka. hayala kuti anali atagwirizana pa izo. Pambuyo pake anayamba ndawala yaikulu kudutsa dziko. Pempho A anasonkhana mawu antchito.

Pomaliza m'chilimwe cha 1839 chikalata anali ada mangala ku Nyumba ya Commons. Ndi nthawi iyi anali yolembedwa ndi anthu pa milioni. Komabe, yamalamulo anatembenuka makutu ku zofuna za Chartists. kupempha anakanidwa ndi ambiri akuluakulu.

kukana zida

Aphungu sindikufuna kuzindikira kuti kayendedwe Chartist - gulu ufulu wa ambiri okhala m'dzikoli. Chikadzangotha chokana kuvomereza pempho mu Britain anayamba kumenyana ogwira ntchito ndi apolisi. Kuwomberana ndi mfuti ndi kumenyana msewu akhala yachibadwa.

Atsogoleri ambiri a kayendedwe Chartist anali kumbuyo mipiringidzo. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mu 1839, anthu 10 zikwi anaukira ndende, yomwe imameretsa akuvutika ambiri. boma ochuluka itakula kukakamiza mbali kwakukulu la gululo. Pambuyo chisangalalo onse kuletsedwa.

Komabe, zimayambitsa Chartism sanali kutha. Monga kale, vuto la antchito ambiri anasiya kwambiri wolakalakika. Choncho, phiko lamanja la Chartists kusiya chiwawa ndi kamodzi anayesanso Atchule nyumba yamalamulo ndi zopempha ochepa. Latsopano hayala anagonjera mu 1842 ndi 1848.

Last hayala Chartists

The pofuna atsopano chikugwirizana ndi zochitika zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, mu 1847 anayamba latsopano mafakitale mavuto, amene anaponya mu msewu zikwi ogwira ntchito ku UK. Kachiwiri, nthawi yomweyo ku Ulaya anayamba ulimi. Woyamba anali mu Paris, kumene bourgeoisie chosakhutitsidwa anagonjetsa Louis-Philip Ine, zomwe kukanakhala kumuphwanyira ufulu wake.

Mwachitsanzo uyu anakhala opatsirana, ngakhale mphamvu ya English Chartists akhala kwambiri poyerekeza wa capitalists ndi French. Atsogoleri ambiri a kayendedwe Zionetsero anali kufukizabe zotayana mu zaka zapitazi. Choncho, onse pa hayala lotsatira, kachiwiri anakopeka mamiliyoni anasaina. Mu 1848 nyumba yamalamulo anakana pempho kachiwiri, ngakhale, ndipo anapita kwa ena angayambe kukukhulupirirani ngati Kulipira zina ntchito tirigu ndi malangizo maola ogwilira ntchito m'mafakitale.

Patapita zaka zochepa chuma British kachiwiri akwira pa phiri. Odandaula ife tataya kanthu ndipo posakhalitsa magalimoto Chartists anabwera osaonekanso. Inde, mavuto antchito sanapite kutali. Antchito anapitiriza kumenyera ufulu wawo, koma m'njira zina kuti sanali zokhudzana Chartism.

mtengo zoyenda

chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa Chartists ufulu wawo kwa zaka khumi chiyani? Mu 1842, nyumba ya malamulo anayambitsa msonkho ndalama, ndipo kenako anathetsa ntchito mbewu yachilendo, amene anachepetsa mtengo wa buledi. Bwino yaikulu ya Zionetsero tinganene kuti lamulo fakitale. Iwo anavomerezedwa mu 1847 ndipo anayambitsa maola 10 Lolemba mpaka Lachisanu kwa akazi ndi ana, omwe anali ochepa, koma chilolezo kwa proletariat lapansi.

Akatswiri ambiri ayesetsa zopanga zimene Chartism. The tanthauzo gulu limeneli zambiri amafotokoza kuti nyengo yachisanu ikupita kwa mabungwe malonda, umene unayamba kuonekera paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX.

Mtengo wa Chartism chakuti iye anali zitamuyendera kwa proletariat ku England. Kuyambira pamenepo, antchito adadziwa motsimikiza za ufulu wawo ndipo taphunzira wokha bungwe kutchinjiriza zofuna zawo.

Chartism ndi USSR

Makamaka otchuka Chartism anagula mu Soviet Union, lomwe kulenga mfundo apamwamba a kalasi proletarian. mabuku ambiri a aphunzitsi zoweta ndi chuma kufotokoza zimene Chartism. Tanthawuzo la zodabwitsazi mu sayansi Soviet mu mzere ndi Inde Marxist. Chartism ankaona ngati mtundu wa oyamba kudzutsidwa kwa kalasi proletarian.

Kuti England anali dziko loyamba ogwira anayamba kumenyera ufulu wawo ndi njira zatsopano. Chitsanzo ndi kunyanyala ambiri ndiponso kunyanyala. Antchito anasiya kusindikiza, ndi zina anabwera upandu mlanduwu pamene zipangizo mafakitale purposefully anawonongedwa.