Ceramic zakuthupi: katundu, kupanga zipangizo zamakono, ntchito

The mbiya choyamba anaonekera kale anthu aphunzira mmene smelt zitsulo. miphika wakale ndi mitsuko kuti akatswiriwa anapeza lero, ndi umboni za izo. Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu ceramic ali wapadera katundu kuti ndizipange izo m'madera ena chabe irreplaceable. Tiyeni tiyendere limodzi makamaka ziwiya zadothi, kulankhula za ulimi ake ndi zochita zake.

mwachidule

mankhwala Ceramic akamagwira sintering zosakaniza dothi ndi organic zina. Nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zochita kupanga okusayidi. Nkhani yoyamba ikufotokoza zimenezi zimajambulidwa zaka 5000 zapitazo. Panthawi imeneyi, kupanga luso ukuyenda bwino ndipo lero tili ndi mwayi mkulu-mphamvu mankhwala ceramic. Iwo ntchito pomanga kwa pamakoma, simenti, makoma a nyumba, ndi zina zotero. D.

Pali mbiya ndi crocks wandiweyani ndi porous. The kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa awiriwa ndi zolimba crock ndi madzi. zadothi ichi, matailosi pansi, etc. The crock porous - .. denga matailosi, ceramic mwala, mapaipi ngalande ndi zambiri.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Mawu "ziwiya zadothi" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "dongo." Mwachibadwa, kupanga mankhwala aliwonse ntchito mtundu wa kusakaniza. Mu limawonjezera popanga zipangizo kutengera ndi ofunika pa mapeto. Pa dzanja woyamba, ndipo kenaka, ndi wapadera makina mbiya linali lofika mwapadera. Kenako nkhani ceramic zipolopolo mu ng'anjo pa kutentha.

M'mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zawo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi khwimbi la mbiya, kupenta ndi glazing. Dziko loyambirira lomwe lakwaniritsa yapadera kwambiri za ntchito imeneyi, amaona Egypt. Ndi ulimi wa ziwiya zadothi unakhazikitsidwa mu malo oyamba. mankhwala anali opangidwa ndi coarse ndi bwino wosanganiza matope, koma umisiri tsogolo bwino. Today njerwa anapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi chikasu, omwe ankati ankagwiritsa ntchito pomanga mapiramidi wa Memphis.

Zikamera wa zadothi

Kwa nthawi yaitali mu China ntchito zinthu monga yade. Ilo linali lokongola, koma osalimba kwambiri ndi zovuta kusamalira. Patatha zaka akufunafuna njira anapezeka. Zadothi ndi losavuta kwambiri popanga. Komabe, pali ena mokoma. Mwachitsanzo, Mica ndi tsvaoku, limene lili mu "miyala China", anali n'kukhala ndi ufa wosalala kusungidwa kwa zaka zoposa 10. Ankachita zimenezi pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu wakhala malleable kwambiri. Woyamba katundu dongo mu China anali ziwiya mkulu ndi elongated. Ali pamwamba opukutidwa ndi buluu kapena mdima wobiriwira. Recent ofunika kwambiri.

Masiku ano, anthu akukhulupirira kuti China ndi dziko limene zadothi wakhala anagawira Ambiri. Izi ndi zoona, ngakhale wakhala ambiri ku Ulaya, koma anaonekera apo kenako, ndi kupanga ake zachitika yaitali.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya ziwiya zadothi

Pakali pano, ntchito ya dongo ndi gulu chachikulu. Choncho, zinthu mbiya akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ziwiri:

• zoumbaumba unglazed (terracotta ndi mbiya);
• Khoma (majolica, faience, zadothi, fireclay).

Terracotta - Italy kuti "anaphika lapansi". Zamgululi anapangidwa ndi dothi akuda ndi analembedwa porous. Terracotta kupanga Miphika, mbale, komanso zidole ndi matailosi.

Mbiya ziwiya zadothi ndi kovuta ndondomeko. Pofuna kuti madzi asalowe, kupukuta n'kofunika. Ndiye mankhwala a pansi moraine. Chifukwa chaichi, iwo anachoka mu uvuni utsi otentha mpaka ozizira. Masiku ano, mitundu ya ziwiya zadothi, mbiya makamaka, ali otchuka kwambiri. Izo ntchito ku nyumba kwa kusungiramo mkaka, zipangizo zambiri kapena kukongoletsa ndi.

Koma mtundu chachiwiri - zoumbaumba Khoma, apa China wotchuka kwambiri ndi dothi. Zoyambazo ndi zodula ndi nthawi yambiri kubala, wachiwiri - zothandiza ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo. Akusiyana pakati pawo chifukwa chakuti mankhwala zadothi kuchepa dongo ndi zambiri zina zapadera. Komanso, zadothi ndi akuunika kuwala, mosiyana ndi zadothi.

pa refractories

Zamgululi ndi zosakaniza refractory dongo. Malinga cholinga iwo chingathe kupirira kutentha wa 1 300 2000 madigiri Celsius, ndipo ngakhale apamwamba. Ntchito yapadera ceramic ng'anjo. zipangizo Refractory mu chiwerengero chachikulu ntchito mu ndondomeko zitsulo. Kumeneko ntchito yomanga ng'anjo kuphulika ndi aggregates.

M'pomveka kunena kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha mphamvu refractory sanataye, koma kuchuluka. Izi zimatheka chifukwa kukhalapo mu refractory oxides, silicates, ndi borides. Iwo ntchito kulikonse, pamene pali njira mkulu-kutentha. Nthawi zambiri zidzachitika woboola pakati, mwachitsanzo mawonekedwe a mankhwala ena, nkuti, njerwa. Pasanathe amafunika ntchito refractories unshaped monga ufa.

Mbiya zomangamanga

Ubwino wa zipangizo ceramic ndi m'matangadza zawo alibe malire. Pamodzi ndi omasuka kupanga ndi durability mkulu wa mankhwala, tsopano ndi chofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga. Ngati inu kutenga zipangizo pakhoma, kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu kuno ndi dongo njerwa.

N'chimodzimodzinso matailosi ceramic, zomwe, ngakhale zikamera wa ma polima popanda kutaya pansi. Iye akadali ntchito zida malo ndi chinyezi mkulu ndi kutentha. Mwa zipangizo moyang'ana tithe woyamba chipika konkire.

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, 4% kuwonjezeka kupanga matailosi structural dongo ndi njerwa. Pakuti kupanga awo akufunika kusintha kochepa m'mafakitale njerwa, kumene ndalama ali recouped mu chaka choyamba cha malonda. Lina zoumbaumba dzenje akhala wotanganidwa udindo waukulu ndipo anagulitsa bwino kwambiri kuposa njerwa mwachizolowezi.

zipangizo Special ceramic

mankhwala zimenezo zimaphatikizapo mipope mwaukhondo ndi zimbudzi. Woyamba m'magulu atatu lalikulu:

• wa zadothi molimba (porous crock);
• zadothi ukhondo (sintered crock);
• semiporcelain (semisintered crock).

The chofunika mankhwala ndi ukhondo - ndi kukana kuti kuwononga makina, kutentha kukana. Chiphunzitso ayenera anakhalabe mu dongosolo wosamalitsa, ndi N'chimodzimodzinso luso. Iwo amagwiritsa akatswiri yekha ziwiya zadothi uvuni ndi zipangizo apamwamba yaiwisi. Pakuti ware ukhondo pazikhalanso limalephera, zimbuzi bathtubs, radiators, etc. A njira kuonetsetsa kuti atsimikizire khalidwe la mankhwala - .. Kuwunika pogogoda pa alumikizana ndi. Phokoso akhale woyera ndi opanda rattling. Izi zikusonyeza kuwomberako pa kutentha bwino ndiponso kusapezeka kwa ming'alu.

Koma mipope kuchimbudzi, iwo ayenera wandiweyani caked crock. machubu Ceramic amapangidwa ndi awiri a 150-600 mm. Kawirikawiri glaze yokutidwa mkati ndi kunja. Pakuti mankhwala amenewa amakhala ndi kukana mkulu mapangidwe ndewu ndi yosokera magetsi panopa. Ndi mtengo wololera, zomwe zimawachititsa mosavuta.

Physicochemical katundu wa ziwiya zadothi

Monga tanenera kale, mankhwala onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri yotakata: wandiweyani ndi porous. Wandiweyani madzi mayamwidwe mlingo wa osachepera 5%, porous - 5% kapena zambiri. dongo njerwa (porous ndi dzenje), dzenje zomangamanga mayunitsi, matailosi, matailosi wa denga la: Sichanzeru monga mankhwala zotsatirazi. Wandiweyani ceramic zida - njerwa msewu ndi matailosi pansi. Mu gawo ukhondo izo akukumana onse porous ndi wandiweyani ceramic.

Akulankhula za thupi katundu ndi mankhwala, tisaiwale kupanda zoumbaumba makiyi. Amakhala mu brittleness kuchuluka poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina. Komabe, kupezeka mkulu ndiponso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana kupanga nkhaniyi mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri, ndipo ngakhale moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. umisiri wamakono kulola kupeza yosalala pamwamba yomweyo pambuyo kuwombera. Ngati mukufuna kukwaniritsa mtundu wina, ndiye yikani oxides chitsulo ndi cobalt.

microstructure Features

Pa zoumbaumba Kutentha pang'onopang'ono madzi. Ndi zinthu zambiri mankhwala yosavuta zovuta. Pamene yozizira crystallization chikuchitika. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu imfa ndi timibulu oyera omwe amaonjezera kukula. Pamene misa ikamauma, kapangidwe anapanga mikrokonglomerat. Iwo mullite tirigu manowa solidified misa. Muyenera tcheru chanu kuti maatomu mpweya kupanga mtundu wa masanjidwewo. Lili zitsulo maatomu pang'ono, amene mmalo mwa interstices therebetween. Choncho, mu microstructure ndi chimakhala chogwidwa ndi nsinga amaayoni ndi covalent ndi penapake ang'onoang'ono. Mankhwala bata ndi mutendele akwaniritsa ndi kukhalapo kwa mankhwala olimba mankhwala.

Monga momwe taonera kale, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ceramic yochepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti makhiristo ndi opanda ungwiro. Lattices ndi zofooka zambiri: nyukiliya pore kukula, warping, etc. Zonsezi chatsitsa kwambiri kulimba ... Komabe, pali pano ndi zina zabwino zake. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani luso pa yonama ya mtundu winawake wa ziwiya zadothi N'kutheka kuti iyende bwino mu mphamvu. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, m'pofunika kwambiri kutsatira kutentha ndi nthawi ya mankhwala mfuti.

Makhalidwe ndi katundu wa dongo

Clay - nyanja thanthwe zimadalira pa kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka mitundu pulasitiki zinthu pamene wothira madzi. Pambuyo yowotcha - kamnevidnoe thupi. Childs, osakaniza ndi wandiweyani, makamaka wapangidwa silicates zotayidwa. Amapezeka clays ndi thanthwe monga khwatsi, feldspar, pyrites ndi hydroxides ndi carbonates wa calcium, magnesium ndi titaniyamu mankhwala.

Kaolin wa - dongo kopambana, amene amadziwika kuti tsiku. Amakhala pafupi kwathunthu kwa kaolinite. Pambuyo yowotcha tikhale ndi mtundu woyera. Zoyenerera processing plasticity zimatheka ndi kukhalapo kwa mbewu zabwino kapangidwe ka zinthu dongo (0.005 mm). Mwachibadwa, m'pamenenso lopangidwa ndi zinthu, ndi plasticity pamwambapa, ndi mosemphanitsa.

The katundu waukulu wa dongo ceramic pazikhalanso:

• plasticity - mapindikidwe popanda breakage;
• zamalumikizidwe;
• mpweya ndi moto shrinkage;
• moto kukana.

Lero, osiyanasiyana emaciated ndi zawachitikira zina kuti kusintha katundu nkhani malangizo mwina. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti mankhwala ceramic akukhala anthu ambiri paulendowo.

kupanga flowsheet

Mapangidwe zipangizo ceramic zikusonyeza kuthekera ntchito dongo m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti panali kufunika kwambiri, ndipo chotero, kuchuluka kupereka. Zomera kupanga kwambiri ntchito pa chiwembu yemweyo:

• Exploration;
• maphunziro;
• kutchukitsa ndi kuyanika;
• Kukuwotcha ndi mankhwala kumasulidwa.

Kuchepetsa ndalama ndi zambiri fakitale ndi ikumangidwa pafupi atangochimwa gawo la dothi. M'zigawo ndi njira lotseguka, kuti zakale. Chotsatira ndi kulemera maphunziro. The zopangira limayenda, wosweka ndi wothira mpaka yosalala. Kutchukitsa Tsogolo la mankhwala ceramic ikuchitika mwa njira yonyowa ndi youma. Mbali yoyamba, misa humidified kwa 25%, ndipo lachiwiri - osapitirira 12%.

Poyamba kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyanika achilengedwe. Komabe, zotsatira zimadalira kwambiri pa nyengo. Choncho, mu mvula kapena mbewu ozizira waima. Choncho, dryers wapadera ntchito (mpweya). Mbali yofunika kwambiri Kukuwotcha. Nkofunika kwambiri kusunga luso, amene ndi kobvuta kwambiri. Zikudalira kuzirala ceramic. No mwadzidzidzi kutentha dontho zimenezi zingachititse warping ndege. M'pamene angathe mumagulitsa zipangizo ceramic. kupanga zipangizo zamakono, monga momwe mukuonera, si kophweka, imakhala magawo angapo. Aliyense wa iwo ayenera kulemekezedwa. Ngati izi sizichitika, pa maalumali sitolo, tingathe ukwati.

A pang'ono za zolakwa za ceramic

Monga tanenera kale, zikuchokera zinthu ceramic si abwino. Makamaka, izi zimakhudza mphamvu ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi dongo. Aliyense kuwonongeka makina angasonyeze monga tchipisi, ming'alu ndi zina zotero. N. Ichi ndi chifungulo kulakwa. Koma pali zinthu zina zomwe kulepheretsa kufalitsa ambiri zakuthupi patsogolo pathu. Mmodzi wa iwo - kukwera mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, matailosi ceramic kwa padenga la dziko nyumba - wokongola ku mfundo zokongoletsa maganizo yankho, koma mtengo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri zosangalatsa.

Pankhaniyi, maonekedwe ake adzakhalabe osaposa zaka 5 ndi kuisamalira. Komanso pali kuchepa mphamvu, pakutchulidwa wa Moss padziko ndi m. N. Komanso, brittleness ndi brittleness kumabweretsa chakuti kuwonongeka makina zingadzetse kutayikira la denga, ndi kale anthu ochepa kusangalala. Inde, ceramic zinthu zamakono amayang'ana chidwi kwambiri, zomwe zimatheka kupyolera mitundu ikuluikulu kapangidwe ndi apamwamba kupanga. Koma zoyenera akadali mtengo, kawirikawiri zikutipatsa mafunso okhudza moyenera zosangalatsa.

kuti adzimvera

Tafotokoza katundu zofunika zipangizo ceramic. Kuchokera pa onse pamwamba, wina akhoza kunena kuti mankhwala amenewa ndi wapadera ena. izo kwagona kuti sitili kuwononga makina, iwo adzakhala nthawi yaitali. Komanso, nkhani ceramic kwa kuponyera achitsulo zomera ndi yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa akumutsutsa kutentha.

Monga momwe moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, apa zoumbaumba imathandiza kwambiri. Mafoloko ndi mipeni ndi ziwiya pophika mu uvuni, ngakhale kuti wasintha chikuoneka kwa zaka zambiri, koma akadali anapanga nkhaniyi. Zadothi, ngakhale mtengo wake apamwamba tione umenewu nsikidzi ndi chabe mmaso. Izi imakhudzanso dongo lomwe ndi kuphedwa yake ndi kovuta kusiyanitsa ku China.

Mulimonsemo m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ceramic. Izi makamaka chifukwa nkhokwe yaikulu ya dongo achilengedwe. Ake kwenikweni kwambiri, ndi chaka anayamba quarries yambiri gwero zachilengedwezi. The chachiwiri zofunika chinthu - ochezeka zachilengedwe. Kale, anthu analibe mwayi ntchito zina zilizonse zovulaza kusintha mphamvu makhalidwe a mankhwala. Lero zinthu zasintha ngakhale yovuta kwambiri. Ceramic matailosi, mosiyana angapange zomwe si zoipa thanzi. Izi imakhudzanso mbale anapanga ziwiya zadothi, imene poyerekeza ndi pulasitiki, makamaka ngati yamasika mkangano, si zoipa konse.