Avachinsky hillock. Makhalidwe ndi mbiriyakale.

Pafupi ndi malo ozungulira m'dera la Kamchatka Territory pali phiri la moto lotchedwa Avachinskaya Sopka. Zikuoneka bwino kuchokera mumzinda wa Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Dzina lake ndilo chifukwa cha Mtsinje wa Avacha, womwe umayenda kutali ndi phazi.

Zochitika Zachikhalidwe

Mphepete mwa phiri la Avachinskaya Sopka (ku Volchenko ya Avachinsky) ndi imodzi mwa mapiri a Kamchatka. Choyimira chokha, kutalika ndi mamita 2741 pamwamba pa nyanja. Akuimira mtundu wa Somma-Vesuvius. Ichi ndi mtundu wachikale, amachitchedwanso kuti kawiri, chifukwa khunyu kakang'ono kamamangidwa kumkalambawo. Mapiri a chiphalala cha Avachinsky ali pafupifupi mamita 400. Kutalika kwa gawo lakummawa kwa chigwa cha phirili kufika mamita 2300. Mayiko akuzungulira: 53.15 kumpoto kwa latitude, 158.51 kum'mawa. Avachinskaya Sopka pamapu ali pafupi ndi nyanja ya Pacific Ocean ndipo pafupi ndi Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Mbali yam'mphepete mwa phirili ili ndi chipale chofewa. Dzuŵa ndi firn zimangoyenda mpaka phazi. Pamtunda pali mitsinje yamkungudza ndi mwala. Pamapazi pali malo osungirako mapiri a Russian Academy of Sciences, omwe amaphunzira mapiri a Kamchatka.

Maphunziro a phirili

Nyumba za ku Volcano za Avachinsky zinakhazikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono, panthawi yaitali. Maphunziro ake anakhala zaka 30,000. Chiyambi cha njirayi imagwera pa Pleistocene. Pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo kunali kupasuka kwakukulu kumene kunapanga mapiri a somma. Kuphulika kwakukulu kumeneku pafupi ndi phiri la Avachinsky linataya pafupifupi makilomita 12 kuchokera ku miyala yamoto. Mzere wa chiwerengero cha summa wapita kuposa makilomita 4.

M'tsogolomu, mpumulo unatsatidwa ndi kuphulika kumeneku komwe kunapanga thupi la chiphalaphala. Kondomu yamakono ya Avachinsky inayamba kukula pafupifupi zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo.

Kuwonongeka kwa zaka za makumi awiri

Avachinskaya Sopka ndi chiwopsezo chophulika, ndipo m'zaka zapitazo panali 6 kuphulika. Chitsitsimutso chachikulu chachitika mu 1945. Dothi la phulusa linadzuka kufika pamtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi atatu, kenako limathamangira kumtunda ndipo limatuluka pachipale chofewa. Mtambo wa phulusa unali ndi mphezi zambiri. Kenako mabomba a mapiri aphulika anauluka, omwe anafika pamtunda wa kilomita imodzi. Kuphulika kwa mphukira kunafikira Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, komwe panthawiyo dziko lapansi linanjenjemera ndipo mbale ndi galasi zinagwedezeka. Malo ophikira phulusa m'madera ena anafika theka la mita, misewu inaphimbidwa, zomera zambiri zinamwalira. Panali zopweteka zambiri.

Pa 13 January 1991, omalizira, mpaka lero, kuphulika kwa mapiri kunachitika. Ndipo izi ziri patapita zaka 46 za nthawi ya hibernation. Panthawiyi, panali mabomba akuluakulu okwanira awiri, ndipo mphepo yam'mwamba imadzaza mtsinjewo, kenako idadutsa pamtunda mpaka kummwera.

Mkhalidwe wamakono wa phirili

The Somme (maziko) a Avachinsky amapangidwa ndi miyala ya basaltic ndi andesite, ndipo kanyumba kokha-basaltic.

Ngati mapeto ake asanathe kudzuka, mawonekedwewa amawoneka ngati chimanga, ndiye chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa 1991, chigwa cha Volcano Avachinskaya Sopka tsopano chatindikizidwa ndi lava stopper. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mapiri a mapiri, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuphulika kwotsatira kudzaperekeza ndi kuphulika kwamphamvu. Pulagi ili ndi fumaroles, yomwe imatulutsa mpweya woyaka ndi mpweya. Munda wa lava umangowonjezereka, pamwambapo pali fungo lamphamvu la hydrogen sulfide. Mutha kukhumudwa pa zidutswa za crystalline sulfure. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa mkati, kamba ka pang'onopang'ono kamadzimira pang'onopang'ono, chotero kusunthira pamunda wa lava popanda kutsogoloka kwa akatswiri a ziphalaphalazi ndi ngozi yaikulu.

Cholinga cha zokopa alendo

Choyamba cholembedwera ku phirichi chinapangidwa pa July 14, 1824 ndi gulu la anthu oyendayenda motere: G. Zivald, E. Hoffmann, E. Lenz. Ofufuza atatuwo sanathe kungokweza phiri la Avachinskaya Sopka, komanso kutenga zitsanzo za miyala.

Tsopano chaka chilichonse, alendo okwana zikwi zingapo amatha kubwereza njira ya akatswiri ofufuza zinthu, pozindikira phiri la Avachinsky. Kukhazikitsidwa kwapadera kwa Avachinsky pakati pa ena, ngakhale mapiri osangalatsa kwambiri a ku Kamchatka, akufotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwake. Kuwonjezera apo Avachinskaya Sopka ali pafupi ndi malo a Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (makilomita osachepera 30), kukwera kwa msonkhanowo sikukufuna zipangizo zamakwera kapena maphunziro apadera. Kuchokera pa phazi mpaka pamwamba pa phiri, njira imayikidwa, momwe munthu wamba amawoloka maola 6-8. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chitsime chokwera phiri chisanakhale malo apadera ("Avachinsky"). Kuyenda pamwamba pa phiri kumakhala nthawi ya April-December (nthawi yabwino ndi July-August) kumbali ya kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa cone.

Zitetezero za chitetezo

Ngakhale kuti chiwombankhangachi chikafika ku Avachinskaya Sopka (njira yodalirika, yokonzeka kumadera ovuta kwambiri ndi miyendo yamtambo), wina sangathe kunyalanyaza malamulo osavuta okhudzidwa, chifukwa izi zingathe kutsogolera alendo oyenda bwino.

Mphepo yamkuntho ya Avachinsky m'mbiri yake ya ascendancy imapha anthu ambiri. Nkhani yotereyi inachitika pa June 20, 1968. Pa tsiku limenelo panali zinthu zovuta kwambiri kuti apeze. Mphepo yamkuntho idawomba, pamwamba pa phirilo kunaphimbidwa ndi mtambo. Ngakhale izi, osadziŵa njira yolozera, oyendayenda awiri a Leningrad adayamba kukwera kwawo. Kutsetsereka ndi kofiira kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti apaulendowo anatenga mazenera awo, sanathe kugwiritsira ntchito khwalala la chiphalaphala. Mitembo yawo yowonongeka ndi yozizira inapezeka kokha pambuyo pa masiku awiri pansi pa phiri.