Mchere: mayina. Mitundu ya mchere (chithunzi)

Chilengedwe chimapatsa munthu mwayi wosangalala ndi zotsatira zake. Choncho, anthu amakhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso ali ndi zonse zomwe akusowa. Ndipotu, madzi, mchere, zitsulo, mafuta, magetsi ndi zina zambiri - zonse zimalengedwa mwachilengedwe ndipo m'tsogolomu zidzasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe abwino kwa anthu.

Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito ku zinthu zotere monga zachilengedwe. Maofesi osiyanasiyana a kristalline ndi ofunika kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakampani zomwe zimagwira ntchito zachuma. Choncho, tiyeni tione mtundu wa mchere womwe umapezeka ndi zomwe mankhwalawa ali.

Mchere: Zochitika zonse

Mu lingaliro lovomerezeka kwambiri mu mineralogy, mawu akuti "mchere" amatanthauza thupi lokha lokhala ndi zinthu zamagulu komanso kukhala ndi chiwerengero cha thupi. Kuonjezera apo, ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mwachibadwa, mothandizidwa ndi njira zina zachirengedwe.

Mchere angapangidwe monga zinthu zosavuta (mbadwa), ndi zovuta. Njira za mapangidwe awo ndi zosiyana. Pali njira zomwe zimathandizira kupanga mapangidwe awo:

• Magmatic;
• Zosakaniza;
• Zovuta;
• Metamorphogenic;
• Biogenic.

Magulu akuluakulu a mchere omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ogwirizana amatchedwa miyala. Choncho, mfundo ziwirizi siziyenera kusokonezedwa. Mchere wamapiri amatengedwa mwachindunji mwa kuphwanya ndi kukonza miyala yonse.

Mankhwalawa amatha kukhala osiyana ndipo ali ndi zinthu zambiri zosayera. Komabe, nthawi zonse pali chinthu chimodzi chofunikira chomwe chimalamulira zolembazo. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndizomwe zimakhazikitsidwa, ndipo zosawonongeka sizingaganizidwe.

Makhalidwe a mchere

Mapangidwe a mchere ndi crystalline. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lattic, yomwe ingayimirire:

• Chitsulo;
• Chithunzi;
• Rhombic;
• Tetragonal;
• Monoclinic;
• Trigonal;
• Triclinic.

Sungani mankhwalawa molingana ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi chinthu chodziwika.

Mitundu ya mchere

Mmodzi akhoza kutchula mndandanda wa zotsatirazi, zomwe zikuwonetsera kuchuluka kwa mchere.

1. Zinthu zachibadwa kapena zosavuta. Izi ndizonso zamchere. Zitsanzo ndi: golidi, chitsulo, carbon mu mawonekedwe a diamondi, malasha, anthracite, sulfure, siliva, selenium, cobalt, mkuwa, arsenic, bismuth ndi zina zambiri.
2. Halide , zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Izi ndizo mchere, zitsanzo zomwe zimadziwika kwa aliyense: mchere wamchere (sodium chloride) kapena halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides ndi hydroxides. Zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo komanso zopanda zitsulo, ndiko kuti, pakuziphatikiza ndi mpweya. Gululi limaphatikizapo mchere, omwe amatchedwa chalcedony, corundum (ruby, safire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, cassematite ndi ena.
4. Nitrates . Zitsanzo: potaziyamu ndi sodium nitrate.
5. Borates : optical calcite, emeryevite.
6. Ma carbonates ndi salt ya carbonic acid. Awa ndiwo mchere, omwe maina awo ndi awa: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, miyala yamwala, choko, marble ndi ena.
7. Sulfati : gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates ndi salt zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi acids, zomwe zimapanga mchere wosiyanasiyana. Mainawo ndi nepheline, apatite ndi ena.
9. Zosakaniza . Ma salt a silicic acid, omwe ali ndi gulu la SiO ₄ . Zitsanzo za mchere monga: beryl, feldspar, topazi, garnets, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, jadein, lapis lazuli ndi ena.

Kuwonjezera pa magulu omwe tatchulidwa pamwambawa, palinso mankhwala omwe amapanga zokhalapo zonse zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, peat, malasha, urkit, calalum oxalates, chitsulo ndi ena. Komanso carbides angapo, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Zachibadwa

Izi ndizo mchere (chithunzi chikhoza kuoneka pansipa), zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zophweka. Mwachitsanzo:

• Golide mwa mawonekedwe a mchenga ndi zida, ingots;
• Diamondi ndi graphite ndi allotropic kusintha kwa kristalo lattice wa carbon;
• Mkuwa;
• Siliva;
• Chitsulo;
• Sulfure;
• Gulu la platinamu zitsulo.

Kawirikawiri zinthu izi zimapezeka mwa mawonekedwe akuluakulu ndi mchere wina, zidutswa za miyala ndi miyala. Kuchulukitsa ndi ntchito yawo mu mafakitale ndi zofunika kwa anthu. Ndiwo maziko, zipangizo zopangira zipangizo, zomwe zimabweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapanyumba, mapangidwe, zokongoletsera, zipangizo ndi zina zotero.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Gululi limaphatikizapo miyala ndi minerals, zomwe zimachokera pachiyambi kwambiri, ndiko kuti, zimachitika kunja kwa dziko lapansi. M'kati, ndi phosphates okha omwe amapangidwa. Ma salt a phosphorous, arsenic ndi vanadium acids alidi ochuluka ndithu. Komabe, ngati tilingalira chithunzichi, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha zomwe zili mu cortex ndizochepa.

Mmodzi akhoza kusiyanitsa mitundu yambiri yamakristalo omwe ali m'gulu ili:

• Apatite;
• Vivianite;
• Lindakerite;
• Roenite;
• Carnotite;
• Paskoite.

Monga taonera kale, mcherewu umapanga maonekedwe a miyala yochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

Oxides ndi hydroxides

Gululi la mchere limaphatikizapo okosijeni onse, ophweka ndi ovuta, omwe amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, zopanda malire, mapulogalamu ozungulira ndi zinthu zosintha. Chiwerengero cha zinthu izi padziko lapansi ndi 5%. Chokhacho chimene chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa silicates, osati kwa gulu lomwe likuganiziridwa, ndi SiO2 silicon ndi mitundu yake yonse.

Mukhoza kupereka zitsanzo zambiri za mchere woterewu, koma tidzakhala otchuka kwambiri:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Columbite.
6. Spinel.
7. Lime.
8. Gibbsite.
9. Romanesheet.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (ruby, safiro).
12. Bauxite.

Mafuta

Gululi la mchere limaphatikizapo oimira osiyanasiyana, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Kotero, pali magulu awiri kapena magulu otsatirawa:

• Chithunzi;
• Dolomite;
• Aragonite;
• Malachite;
• Soda minerals;
• Bastnesite.

Chigawo chilichonse chimaphatikizidwa mu makonzedwe ake kuchokera ku mayunitsi angapo kupita kwa ambiri oimira. Pafupifupi, pali pafupifupi mineral zana ya carbonates. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi awa:

• Marble;
• Chotsitsa chamimba;
• Malachite;
• Apatite;
• Chithandizo;
• Smithsonite;
• Magnesite;
• Carbonatite ndi ena.

Ena amavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chodziwika bwino komanso chofunika kwambiri, zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera, zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini. Komabe, zonse ndizofunikira, ndipo kuchotsa kwawo kumagwira ntchito kwambiri.

Zosakaniza

Gulu losiyanasiyana kwambiri la mchere molingana ndi mawonekedwe akunja ndi manambala a oimira. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi chifukwa chakuti maatomu a silicon omwe amayambitsa mankhwala awo amatha kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maofesi, omwe amawongolera ma atomu angapo ozungulira. Choncho, mitundu yotsatirayi ingakhazikitsidwe:

• Chilumba;
• Chain;
• Tape;
• Leaf.

Mcherewu, zithunzi zomwe mungaone m'nkhaniyi, zimadziwika kwa aliyense. Ena mwa iwo. Pambuyo pake, iwo ali monga:

• Topaz;
• Garnet;
• Chrysoprase;
• Thanthwe lamwala;
• Opal;
• Chalcedony ndi ena.

Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi zamakono, zimayamikiridwa ngati zomangamanga zolimba zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini.

Mukhozanso kupereka zitsanzo za mchere zomwe maina awo sadziwika bwino kwa anthu wamba omwe sali okhudzana ndi mineralogy, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri mu makampani:

1. Datonite.
2. Olivin.
3. Murmanite.
4. Chrysocola.
5. Eudialyte.
6. Beryl.