Article 138 la Civil Code "aluntha Katundu". Civil Code, Part Ine, Chapter 6

Mothandizidwa ndi kampani yoyenera nthawi zonse anakonza ndondomeko yake wodzilamulira lamulo. Kutanthauza malamulo ena mtchatho limagwirira kuti mwachindunji kulimbikitsa khalidwe la anthu onse m'dziko makamaka. Mu chikhalidwe ichi m'zigawozigawo kwa chokhoza, mokwanira, kapena ngakhale chilengedwe, titero. chakuti malamulo zimatsatira n'lochepa koyamba, maubale. Mwachitsanzo, tinagulira galimoto, lendi nyumba kapena ngakhale ulendo banal ku sitolo - zitsanzo zonse mogwirizana chikhalidwe, imbaenda ku maonekedwe a mavuto ena malamulo. Tikumbukenso kuti ndi chitukuko cha anthu monga kusanduka bwino. Izi zapangitsa kuti patsogolo ukulu atangochimwa lamulo. M'mawu ena, lamanja la kanthu waperekedwa kwa ambiri zinthu. The yang'anira ya maubale ladzala ndi nyumba yatsopano malamulo, mmodzi amene ndi aluntha katundu dera. lamulo limeneli lokhudza gawo la nthambi wachibadwidwe wa chilamulo, imbaenda kwambiri mphindi yake yeniyeni.

Kodi nzeru katundu?

Tikumbukenso kuti malamulo a mayikowo - bizinesi zovuta, chomwe ndi mndandanda wa magawo malamulo. Lili ndi malamulo zinthu zikuluzikulu mogwirizana anthu. nzeru katundu ndi m`modzi wa iwo. Koma ngakhale ena bwino malamulo a mayikowo anthu samamvetsa zimene gulu anapatsidwa. Monzama kulankhula, nzeru katundu - ndi mulingo kwambiri ufulu yekha ndi munthu amene si katundu zotsatira wogwila ntchito nzeru, kapena zochitika. M'mawu ena, gulu ndi mwayi wapadera kukhazikitsa munthu amene ali mwini wa chinthu makamaka, kutaya iwo, komanso kuletsa ntchito ya zochita ofanana ndi mabungwe ena.

Mbiri ya yatsoka siyana

Tikumbukenso chakuti nzeru katundu analiko dongosolo malamulo a mayikowo si nthawi zonse. Poyamba, makampani zonse yekha asapita katundu. Tikudziwa kuyambira kale za m'chilamulo boma, kuti mu nyengo ya chitukuko, mu nthawi ya Roma unali mbali ya malamulo a mayikowo banja, amene pambuyo pake kulekanitsidwa. Mu chuma ichi aluntha chinthu lamulo malamulo okha anayamba kuganiza mu XVII atumwi, pamene iwo anayamba kuoneka zotsatira odziwika bwino ntchito za mlembi wa olemba zosiyanasiyana, ojambula zithunzi, oimba, etc., gulu kwambiri ambiri anaona kumapeto a XIX - .. Chiyambi cha m'ma XX, pamene liwiro la chitukuko muzochitika zones za moyo wa anthu wakhala dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa kwambiri. malo awo mu dongosolo la gulu nzeru katundu ufulu analandira mu 1967, pamene anatenga Stockholm Convention kukhazikitsa World aluntha Katundu Organization.

Udindo wa gulu latsopano la Russia

Tikumbukenso kuti alipo malamulo chodabwitsa lero mwachangu kukhala ndi zonse modernized m'chilamulo zoweta. Ichi ndi chifukwa amphamvu malonda malo lonse la Russia. Chakuti nzeru katundu, ndi zambiri mwachindunji, mode ake a chitetezo - mfundo yofunika kwambiri chifukwa ambiri a mayiko. Choncho, ngati Russia akufuna kukhala player kwambiri mu msika, m'pofunika kugwirizanitsa boma m'munda anapereka. Pa nthawi yomweyo kusanduka ake kwenikweni kumachitika. Ndipotu, pali chimango zolimbana zomwe nzeru katundu ndi Lamulo. Wa Civil Code kapena malamulo yapachiweniweni - chinsinsi boma lamuloli, chakudya cha zimene mokwanira anafotokoza m'nkhani anapereka siyana. Pankhaniyi, lamulo funso la ufulu aluntha katundu kuoneka ngati mmene tingathere. Mwachitsanzo, luso. 138 wa Civil Code ( "aluntha Katundu") amalankhula okha anthu a m'gulu la zinthu zimene kulongosola za lamulo la malamulo a mayikowo. Koma dera lino lili ndi kapangidwe kake nambala yaikulu ubale malamulo, amene analembedwa chosiyana ndi munda malamulo.

Zimayambitsa gulu kulekana

Pali ndalama yaikulu mfundo malinga ndi malo amene osiyana aluntha. Wa Civil Code si kufotokoza zifukwa deta, koma amachokera kwa chofunikira kwambiri za gulu maganizo. Chifukwa pali mafotokozedwe angapo chifukwa chake gulu n'kofunika kwambiri Russia lero.

• Choyamba, kuli ena zimagwirira chitetezo limalimbikitsa anthu kulenga zinthu zatsopano. Ndipotu, ngati munthu akuona kutetezedwa, ndiye sipadzakhala mantha kuti zipatso za ntchito zake kenako munthu adzaswa kapena kuchotsera.
• Kachiwiri, nzeru katundu formalizes ntchito zonse za ntchito dzina lomweli. Ndiko kuti, wolemba makamaka amapanga ubwenzi pa nthawi ya kulengedwa kwa chinthu.
• Chachitatu, ntchito laluntha pa nkhani ya chilengedwe chake malamulo adzalipidwa, zomwe zina kumapangitsa ndiAmene.
• Chachinayi, kuli nzeru katundu pa mlingo wa bungwe la malamulo idzagwira kukula chikhalidwe dziko ndi mafakitale.

Choncho, chuma ophunzira a Civil Code, tanthauzo limene limaoneka mu pepala ndi gulu lapadera lomwe likukwaniritsa kamba yeniyeni dzina womwewo wa chodabwitsa malamulo ku nthambi ya mayiko a chilamulo payekha. Izi zikutipatsa funso zomveka zimene zikukhudzana ndi purview wa bungwe limeneli?

nzeru katundu wa Civil Code

Dziwani zochita xnj anapereka m'nkhani, Institute imakhudzanso zinthu zina ndi zochitika. Nawonso, aphatikizidwa zikuchokera chinthu nzeru katundu. Choncho, malinga ndi chakudya cha Civil Code, zinthu zimenezi ndi:

• ntchito ya sayansi, mabuku kapena kuchuluka kwa luso losiyanasiyana;
• zinasokoneza makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu apadera makompyuta;
• zoyambitsidwa, zitsanzo zofunikira ndi phonograms;
• mauthenga pa TV ndi mawailesi;
• zitsanzo za mafakitale chikhalidwe kapena kusankha dongosolo;
• malonda zinsinsi, topologies madera;
• zotetezedwa, maina malonda komanso malo;
• malonda khalidwe kalembedwe.

Dziwani kuti kwa nthawi yaitali Civil Code wa Russian kulibe mbali yapadera ya malamulo chimene zonse lamanja la nzeru katundu. Monga tanena Article 138 anagwirizana yekha gulu monga mmodzi wa zinthu malonda zogwirizana. Only mu 2008 panali gawo 4 RF Civil Code, woimiridwa ndi dongosolo la malamulo malamulo asapita mu dera la nzeru katundu.

NKHANI Part 4 Civil Code

Anati buku la chilamulo anayambitsa mu dera la malamulo a mayikowo gulu la mabungwe atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera pa ufulu nzeru katundu, mbali 4 a chakudya molimba lolamulira zimenezi m'munda wa nzeru katundu. Civil Code, anakhala gwero la mabuku, co-ordinating zinthu zonse akuwuka mu dera anati.

Kupondelezedwa kwa ufulu nzeru katundu

Popeza kuti tikukhala osati mu dziko langwiro, kuvumbitsira kutero yekha m'munda wa aluntha katundu lamulo ubale, komanso kukhazikitsa njira chitetezo ake mwamsanga. Koma mapangidwe zinafunika chitetezo ulamuliro n'kofunika kuyamba kudziwa mitundu ya kuyan'anila zotheka anapereka m'nkhani gulu. Pakali pano, pali kuyan'anila zofunikira ziwiri, akuti:

• kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira kuti kudziteteza eni luso;
• kuphwanya kukopera.

Ndiko mwambo kuyan'anila za mtundu uwu wa munthu akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso wapadera chitetezo ndi cholinga cha mphamvu zawo.

Chitetezo cha aluntha Katundu wa Civil Code

Security anapereka m'nkhani ya anayambitsa ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za boma. Ndipotu, likukhudza luso la anthu chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za ntchito yawo aluntha. Choncho, pali mitundu zipangizo amakulolani kuteteza ufulu nzeru katundu. Wa Civil Code inakhazikitsa njira zotsatirazi Mwachitsanzo:

• anakakamizika kuchotsa siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo;
• kuchira chimawononga kwa wolakwayo;
• kulanda katundu onyenga;
• chiwonongeko cha katundu onyenga;
• akuphunzitsa nzeru katundu ufulu ndi njira individualization.

Mabungwe nkhani zokhudza nzeru katundu

The bungwe anati monga taonera, ndi zovuta kwambiri. Choncho, asayansi ambiri kulenga ntchito imene timaphunzira katundu aluntha. Nkhani ya Civil Code, anazipereka, formalizes yekha mabungwe zofunika ziphunzitso khalidwe. Iye, nayenso ali chinkhoswe mu mabungwe wapadera, monga Institute Federal wa Katundu Industrial, Russian State Academy of aluntha katundu.

Pomaliza

Choncho, tinayesetsa kuganizira makhalidwe a bungwe limeneli, monga nzeru katundu. Wa Civil Code amakhazikitsa mbali zake zazikulu ndi njira zoyambirira, ndipo lili ndi makonzedwe otsimikizira chitetezo chilichonse. Tikumbukenso kuti nzeru katundu amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri masiku ano, kotero chitukuko cha nkhani imeneyi onse pa malamulo ndi mlingo sayansi lofunika.