Arnold Schoenberg: zojambula ndi zojambula mwachidule, chithunzi

Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe ntchito yake, mwachidule yomwe ingadziŵike kukhala yatsopano, yakhala moyo wosangalatsa ndi wolemera. Iye adatsika m'mbiri ya nyimbo za dziko lapansi monga kusintha, adapanga kusintha, adapanga sukulu yake mu nyimbo, anasiya cholowa chosangalatsa ndi ophunzira onse a magalasi. Arnold Schoenberg ndi mmodzi mwa olemba kwambiri kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1900.

Ubwana ndi banja

September 13, 1874 ku Vienna anabadwa Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe mbiri yake idzakhala yovuta, koma nthawi zonse yogwirizana ndi nyimbo. Banja la Schoenberg linali mu ghetto yachiyuda. Bambo - Samuel Schoenberg - anali wochokera ku Presburg, anali ndi sitolo yake yaing'ono. Mayi - Paulina Nachod ndi mbadwa ya Prague, ndipo anali mphunzitsi wa kusewera kwa piyano. Arnold anali ndi ubwana wamba, palibe chomwe chinkawonetsera tsogolo lake lalikulu.

Kupeza ntchito

Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, amayi ake anayamba kuphunzitsa nyimbo za Arnold, iye anapereka chiyembekezo. Koma banja silinali ndi njira yopitilira maphunziro. Iye adadziŵa mosamalitsa sayansi yolemba. Anapatsidwa maphunziro ochuluka pa counterpoint ndi mlamu wake, wolemba wodziwika wotchuka wa ku Austria ndi woyang'anira, amene mlongo wa Schoenberg Matilda anakwatira - Alexander von Zemlinsky. Oimba ndi ochezeka kwambiri, miyoyo yawo yonse idakali ngati maganizo ndipo nthawi zambiri amathandizana ndi uphungu, kukangana za luso. Anali Zemlinsky amene analimbikitsa mnzake kuti akhale wolemba nyimbo. Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe ali ndi zaka zachinyamata, adadziwa bwino kuitana kwake, ndipo ngakhale kuti sankagwirizana nazo, adapatsa nthawi yake yonse nyimbo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito yothandiza

Banja likanakhala bwino, ndipo pamene bambo ake anamwalira, Arnold anali pa nthawi imeneyo 15, kunakhala kovuta kwambiri. Mnyamatayo amayenera kutenga ntchito iliyonse. Arnold Schoenberg ankagwira ntchito monga wogulitsa mabanki, wogulitsa zinthu, ankawongolera makanema a antchito, ndipo analemba zolemba za operettas. Koma sadasiye maphunziro ake ndi nyimbo, analemba zolembedwa zake panthawi yake yopuma. Kale mu 1898 ku Vienna, ntchito za Schoenberg zinayambika koyamba kuchokera pa siteji. Mu 1901 ananyamuka kupita ku Berlin, komwe amaphunzira maphunziro, ku Stern Conservatory iye amachitanso zolemba.

Panthawiyi anakumana ndi Gustav Mahler, yemwe adakhudza kwambiri maganizo a Schoenberg. Mu 1903 iye anabwerera ku Vienna ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito mu sukulu ya nyimbo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo amatha kulemba nyimbo, panthawiyi imalimbikitsidwa mu miyambo ya sukulu yopanga Germany kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa sitejiyi ndi sextet ya "Light Enlightened Night", ndakatulo "Pelleas ndi Mélisande" (1902-1903), nyimbo za "Gurré" (1900-1911). Arnold Schoenberg anadziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito, pachiyambi chaulendo iye panthawi imodzi ankaphunzitsa, kulemba nyimbo, kupereka nyimbo.

Zithunzi ndi nyimbo

M'ntchito ya wolemba Schoenberg, nthawi zitatu zimachokera: tonal (kuyambira 1898 mpaka 1908), atonal (1909-1922) ndi dodecaphonic (kuyambira 1923). Kusintha kwa woimba kumagwirizana ndi kufufuza kwake njira yatsopano ndi kufotokoza kwatsopano. Tsogolo lake limagwirizanitsidwa poyamba ndi kufotokozera, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe kenako amachititsa kusintha kwake. Mpakana chaka cha 1907 Schoenberg amasuntha njira yachikhalidwe ya nyimbo zakuda. Koma chaka chino pali kusintha kwakukulu m'maganizo ake, iye amaganiza zambiri zokhudza nyimbo, amalemba ntchito yophunzitsa. Pali zovuta za chinenero chake, chilakolako chofuna kusokonezeka chimawonjezeka, koma chikhalidwe chotere chikusungidwa.

Ndipo mu 1909 moyo watsopano umayamba. Mu 1911, Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe mbiri yake ikukulirakulira mu nyimbo, akuyendanso ku Berlin, komwe wakhala akutumikira kwa zaka 4. Panthawiyi anali kale woimba wodziwika ku Ulaya. Mu 1915, wolembayo analembedwera kulowa usilikali kwa zaka ziwiri. Nthawi yowonongeka ili ndi kukanidwa kwa tonal pakati pa ntchitoyi, Schoenberg amayesa mofanana kugwiritsa ntchito matani 12 a chromatic scale. Mu 1923 adalandira udindo wa pulofesa wa nyimbo ndi kuitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ku Berlin School of Music. Pomwe akuluakulu a chipani cha Nazi anayamba kulamulira mu 1933, Schoenberg anachotsedwa pamsonkhanowo, ndipo chifukwa choopa kuzunzidwa monga nthumwi ya Ayuda, adasamukira. Poyamba akupita ku France, kenako ku USA.

Nthawi yachitatu ya ntchito ya wolembayo imadziwika ndi zomwe iye amapeza. Iye akuyamba kuyang'ana ku bungwe labwino la nyimbo, nyimbo zimamangidwa ndi matani khumi ndi awiri omwe samabwereza mumzere womwewo. Kotero pali nyimbo za dodecaphonic. Pa ntchito ya Shengberg, nyengo yodzala ndi kusintha, komanso zokhudzana ndi zochitika zowonongeka komanso zamalingaliro, zinali zowonekera bwino.

Chiphunzitso cha Music

Wolembayo wakhala akuyesetsa kuyendetsa mafomu ndi zofotokozera za nyimbo zake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafika mosazindikira. Choncho, zonse zomwe adakumana nazo pamasewero ake ndi zozizwitsa zinakhazikitsidwa mu ntchito zazikulu za sayansi. Mu 1911, Arnold Schoenberg analemba ntchito yake yoyamba yophunzitsa, The Teaching of Harmony. Ali mmenemo iye adalongosola malingaliro ake okhudza kugwirizana kwa tonal, zomwe zinali zazikulu pamoyo wake wonse. Bukhu ili ndilo ntchito yokwanira yokwanira ya wopanga. Pambuyo pake akuyesetsa kulemba ntchito zingapo panthawi imodzimodzi, nthawi zonse amawongolera ndi kuwonjezerapo, sanatulutse m'moyo.

Mu 1994, ntchitoyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi, "Interconnection, counterpoint, instrumentation, chiphunzitso cha mawonekedwe". Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaganizo ndi malingaliro, pamasewero, pa machitidwe okonzekera mu counterpoint ndi zolemba sizinalembedwe ndi wolemba, koma asonyezeni momwe maphunziro ake akuyendera. "Zofunikira za nyimbo" zinasindikizidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi ophunzira a mbuye wawo. Arnold Schoenberg adapereka chithandizo chochuluka ku chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, adatha kuona kusintha kwa maganizidwe a nyimbo ndi kuyembekezera chitukuko chake kwa zaka zikubwerazi. M'zilembo zake Schoenberg akufotokoza za umphumphu wa ntchito, chitukuko cha malingaliro a nyimbo ndikufika ku lingaliro la kukonda.

Ntchito yophunzitsa

Wolembayo m'moyo wake wonse anali kuphunzitsa - poyamba kusukulu, ndiye ku chipatala ku Berlin. Ali ku ukapolo, amagwira ntchito ku mayunivesite a Boston, Southern California, Los Angeles, akuphunzitsa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi zolemba. Arnold Schoenberg adayambitsa sukulu yonse yopanga nyimbo, yomwe inatchedwa "New Viennese School." Iye adalimbikitsa ophunzira pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo, sanamuuze kuti atsatire chitsanzo chake, koma kufunafuna njira yake yokha. Ophunzira ake opambana ndi A. Berg ndi A. Webern, omwe adakhalabe okhulupirika ku malingaliro ake mpaka kumapeto kwa tsiku ndipo anakula ngati olemba odziyimira oyenerera aphunzitsi awo. Schoenberg ankatsogolera nyimbo zonse, ndipo ankasamala kwambiri polyphony, zomwe ankaganiza kuti ndizofunikira. Ndi ophunzira ake, woimbayo anapitiriza kulankhula momasuka ndipo atamasulidwa, iye anali nawo udindo wosatsutsika. Izi ndi zomwe zinamulola kuti apange gulu lonse la anthu oganiza mofanana.

Dodecaphony wa Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe mbiri yake yachidule imatha kufotokozedwa ndi mawu amodzi akuti "dodecaphony", adakhala wokonza malingaliro ndi ofalitsa uthenga watsopano mu nyimbo. Mu kufufuza kwake kalata yamalonda yochuluka kwambiri, wolembayo amabwera ku lingaliro la ma tani 12 omwe akulembedwa. Kupeza kumeneku kumapangitsa wopanga kuphunzira kuphunzira nyimboyo kachiwiri, amayesera mawonekedwe ambiri, akuyang'ana njira zatsopano za njira yake yowonjezera.

Iye amayesa zofunikira za njira yatsopano pa zidutswa za piyano, zomwe amalemba kwambiri. Pambuyo pake akupitiriza kulenga ntchito zazikulu (suites, quartets, orchestras) mu kalembedwe katsopano. Zomwe anapezazi zinakhudza kwambiri kuyimba kwa nyimbo m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Malingaliro ake, omwe sanakhazikitse kwathunthu, anatsatiridwa ndi otsatira, opangidwa, angwiro, nthawi zina kufooka. Kupereka kwake kwa nyimbo kunawonetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chothandizira kupanga mawonekedwe a nyimbo.

Ntchito zoyamba

Arnold Schoenberg anasiya choloŵa chachikulu choimba. Koma ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri ndi opera yosatha "Mose ndi Aroni", lingaliro lomwe linawoneka m'ma 2000 m'zaka za zana la 20 ndipo linapanga chisinthiko chonse ndikufufuza wolemba. Pa opera, Schoenberg anali ndi maganizo ake a dziko lapansi, moyo wake wonse. Ndiponso ku ntchito zazikulu za wopanga ndi: "Chamber Symphony", op. 9, opera "The Happy Hand", 5 zidutswa za piano, op. 23, "Ode ku Napoleon."

Moyo waumwini

Arnold Schoenberg, yemwe chithunzi chake chikhoza kuwonedwa lero mu mabuku onse pa mbiri ya nyimbo, amakhala moyo wotanganidwa. Kuwonjezera pa nyimbo, adajambula zithunzi zambiri, ntchito zake zinawonetsedwa m'mabwalo akuluakulu ku Ulaya. Anali bwenzi la Kokoshka, Kandinsky, anali membala wa Prussian Academy of Arts. Kwa moyo wake iye analemba za ntchito 300.

Arnold Schoenberg anakwatira kwa nthawi yoyamba mofulumira, chifukwa ichi adasamukira ku Chiprotestanti mu 1898. Mkazi wake anamunamizira, anapita kwa wokondedwa wake, koma kenako anabwerera kwawo, ndipo wokondedwa wake anadzipha. Mkazi wake Matilda anamwalira mu 1923, ndipo izi zinathetsa nthawi yovuta ya moyo wa wolembayo. Chaka chotsatira anakwatira mlongo wa violinist ndipo mokondwa anakhala naye moyo wake wonse. Mu 1933, adaganiza zobwerera ku Chiyuda ndipo adachita mwambowu m'sunagoge ku Paris.

Zamantha za Arnold Schoenberg

Wolembayo anali ndi luso lapamwamba, luso la masamu, koma chiyambi chopanda nzeru sichinali chachilendo kwa iye. Moyo wake wonse adatengeka ndi mantha achilendo komanso zozizwitsa. Nchiyani chinali chowopsya chokhudza Wolemba Arnold Schoenberg? Anali ndi phobia wamba - adali ndi mantha ndi nambala 13. Iye anabadwa nambala iyi, moyo wake wonse adapewa nyumba ndi zipinda zamakono pansipa. Ndiye kodi Arnold Schoenberg ankachita mantha chiyani pamapeto? Ziwerengero? Ayi, ndithudi, ankaopa imfa. Anali otsimikiza kuti adzafa pa 13, kuti chiwerengero cha 76 - chiwerengero cha 13 - chim'bweretsere imfa. Chaka chonse cha kubweranso kwake kwachisanu ndi chiwiri, iye anakhala mosakayikitsa mpaka tsiku limodzi iye adagona ndi kutsimikiza kuti lero imfa idzabwera pambuyo pake. Anakhala tsiku lonse pabedi, kuyembekezera otha lotsiriza. Usiku, mkazi wake sakanakhoza kupirira ndipo amamuletsa iye kukhala wopusa ndi kudzuka pabedi. Koma mphindi 13 pasanafike pakati pa usiku iye adayankhula "mgwirizano" ndikusiya dziko lapansi. Motero, pa July 13, 1951, dziko lapansi linataya nyimbo zake zazikulu.