Antarctic achipululu; m'dera zachilengedwe

Antarctic chipululu - yaikulu ndi ozizira mu dziko, yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha lalikulu kutentha ndi kusapezeka pafupifupi mvula. Iwo lili kum'mwera kwa dziko, kwathunthu agwilitse Africa chimodzi - Antarctica.

zipululu Kuli Dziko Lapansi

Dzasiya anthu onse zimabweretsa Kugwirizana ndi kutentha, ndi expanses lalikulu la mchenga ndi zitsamba yaing'ono. Komabe, mu dziko pali mitundu ya ozizira - ndi Arctic ndi Antarctic chipululu. Kuwatcha choncho chifukwa pa chivundikiro olimba ayezi ndi katundu chisanu. Chifukwa mpweya otsika kutentha sangathe kusunga chinyezi, choncho youma kwambiri.

Ndi mpweya ankaona zinthu akutikumbutsa lina kum'mwera, monga Sahara, kotero asayansi ndi adawapasa dzina "chipululu ozizira".

Mabacteria ya Arctic ndi zipululu Antarctic - ndi malire a maiko ndi zilumba azinga Pole North (Arctic) ndi kum'mwera (Antarctic), kusimba, motero, ku Arctic ndi Antarctic nyengo. Iwo wapangidwa ndi ayezi ndi thanthwe pafupifupi lopanda moyo, koma pansi ayezi, asayansi kupeza tizilombo.

Antarctica

M'chipululu Antarctic ndi miliyoni 13.8 kiyubiki mamita sq., Amene ali m'dera la ayezi Africa, limene lili mu South Pole a dziko. Mbali zonse kusamba ndi nyanja zingapo: Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian, mabanki ndi lopangidwa ndi ayezi.

Udindo Hrs ya zipululu Antarctic kuti zatenga Antarctica, anatsimikiza osati m'dera kumtunda, komanso zilumba, ili mozungulira icho. Palinso Antarctic Peninsula, jutting kunja m'nyanja yakuya dzina chomwecho. Pa gawo la Antarctica kugona Transantarctic Mountains kuti kugawa Africa m'magulu 2: kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo.

theka Western ili pa nsanja ndi Antarctic ndi mapiri mtunda utali pafupifupi 5 Km. Mu gawo ili muli mapiri, mmodzi amene - Erebus - akuchitira, ndi pa chilumba mu Nyanja Ross. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja pali oases, pamene panalibe ayezi. Izi zigwa ang'ono ndi mapiri otchedwa nunataks, ndi malo a 40 chikwi. M., ili pa Pacific gombe. Kumtunda uko ndi nyanja ndi mitsinje zimene zimaoneka chabe m'chilimwe. Total asayansi apeza 140 subglacial nyanja. Mmodzi wa iwo amaundana - Nyanja Vostok. Kum'mawa gawo - yaikulu ndi gawo ndi ozizira.

chuma mchere kuti ali mu kuya m'dzikoli: miyala zitsulo akakhala ndi sanali akakhala, Mica, graphite, makala, pali zambiri m'midzi ureniamu, golide ndi diamondi. Mu mfundo za asayansi, akatswiri a nthaka, pali miyala ya mafuta ndi gasi, koma chifukwa cha nyengo ankhanza, chuma migodi sizingatheke.

Antarctic achipululu; nyengo

The kumtunda kum'mwera ndi aakulu kwambiri ozizira nyengo, zomwe ndi chifukwa mapangidwe utuluke ozizira ndi youma mpweya. Antarctica ili mu zone Antarctic nyengo ya Earth.

M'nyengo yozizira kutentha angafikire -80 ° C, mu nthawi ya chirimwe - -20 ° C. Ndi bwino kwambiri gombe malo kumene thermometer m'chilimwe ukufika -10 ° C, amene ali chifukwa chodabwitsa zachilengedwe otchedwa "albedo" - chinyezimiro cha kutentha kwa padziko ayezi. Mbiri wotsikitsitsa kutentha zinalembedwa apa mu 1983 ndipo anakwana -89,2 ° C.

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya - osachepera pa 200 mm kwa chaka lonse, iwo amakhala yekha wa chisanu. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kuzizira kwambiri, zomwe uphwetsa chinyezi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti aitane chipululu ndi malo driest pa dziko Antarctic.

Nyengo apa pali kusiyana: pakati pa Africa zochepa mpweya (50 mm), ndi mphepo yozizira pa gombe la zochepa kwambiri (mpaka 90 m / s), ndi mpweya ndi kale 300 mamilimita pa chaka. Asayansi amati kuchuluka kwa madzi achisanu monga ayezi ndi chipale chofewa Antarctica ndi 90% ya okwana nkhokwe dziko la madzi abwino.

Mmodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri a chipululu - yamkuntho. Apa iwo kuchitikanso chisanu yekha, ndipo mphepo liwiro pa amafotokozera ndi 320 Km / h.

Malangizo ochokera ku likulu ku ntunda kumtunda kupitirizabe kayendedwe ka alumali ayezi wa glacier kusiya m'chilimwe, kupanga mathirakiti a namkholowa kuti asanduke nyanja.

Anthu m'dzikoli

Antarctica alibe nzika malinga ndi udindo wa mayiko sikuli boma lililonse. Pa dera la malo Antarctic m'chipululu zili chabe okwerera kufufuza komwe asayansi zikugwira kafukufuku. Nthawi zina pali alendo kapena zamasewera ulendo.

chiwerengero cha asayansi kafukufuku amene amakhala m'malo ogulitsira kafukufuku, mu nthawi yotentha ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu 4 zikwi m'nyengo yozizira -. Only 1 zikwi Malinga ndi mbiri yakale atsamunda loyamba apa anali American, Norway ndi British whalers, amene ankakhala pa chilumba cha South Georgia, koma ndi. 1966 whaling ndi oletsedwa.

Magawo a m'chipululu Antarctic - ndi chete achisanu, atazungulira expanses lalikulu la ayezi ndi chipale chofewa.

The biosphere a mu kum'mwera

The biosphere ku Antarctica lagawidwa m'zigawo zingapo:

• gombe la kumtunda komanso zilumba;
• chitsime ili kutali gombe;
• nunataks m'dera (mapiri pafupi siteshoni "Mtendere", malo lamapiri Victoria Land, etc ...);
• ayezi pepala m'deralo.

Olemera nyama ndi zomera ndi apanyanja zone, imene moyo nyama ndi ambiri Antarctic. Iwo kudya zooplankton madzi nyanja (krill). Land nyama pa Africa si konse.

Mu nunataks ndi oases m'mphepete mwa nyanja kukhala ndi moyo mabakiteriya, lichens ndi algae, mphutsi copepods, zina kuuluka mu mbalame. The yabwino kwambiri zone nyengo - Antarctic Peninsula.

masamba dziko

Zomera Antarctic zipululu ikukhudzana chakuti panali zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, pamene kuli ndi ku Gondwana. Tsopano iwo okha mitundu ingapo ya ndere ndi lichens, limene, mogwirizana ndi asayansi, ndi oposa 5 zikwi. Zaka.

Pa chilumba ndi zilumba ozungulira anapeza zomera maluwa, ndi oases madzi moyo buluu wobiriwira algae, amene kupanga kutumphuka ndi kuphimba pansi pa malo a.

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ndere ndi 200, ndi Moss ndi za 70. ndere ambiri kuthetsa m'chilimwe pamene chisanu thawing ndi mapangidwe matupi ka madzi, ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana, kupanga yowala Mipikisano wachikuda mawanga chokhala ngati udzu chapatali.

Anapeza mitundu 2 okha zomera maluwa:

• Pearlwort Quito, a m'banja Caryophyllaceae. Ndi therere mu "khushoni" mawonekedwe, chokongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono a mitundu woyera kapena kuwala chikasu za 5 cm.
• Antarctic tsitsi udzu banja udzu. Chimakula mu dzuwa zonse, kuti amalola chisanu, akula 20 cm.

Nyama ayezi chipululu

The zomera za Antarctic ndi osauka kwambiri chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira ndi chosowa chakudya. Nyama kokha moyo m'madera pali zomera kapena zooplankton m'nyanja, ndipo anawagawa m'magulu 2: lapadziko ndi m'madzi.

Zouluka tizilombo simutero, chifukwa champhamvu mphepo yozizira, iwo sangathe kufika pansi. Komabe, pali oases nthata, ndi wingless ntchentche ndi springtails. Only mu izi dera moyo wingless midge, ndi dziko lalikulu nyama ya m'chipululu Antarctic - izo Belgica Antarctica kukula kwa 10-11 mm (chithunzi m'munsimu).

Mu malo madzi m'chilimwe mungapeze zinyama pulayimale, komanso rotifers, nematodes ndiponso nkhanu m'munsi.

Nyama za Antarctica

The zomera za Antarctica ndi yochepa ndipo alipo makamaka woyendera nthambi m'mphepete mwa nyanja:

• anyani 17 mitundu: Adele, Imperial neri Al.
• zisindikizo: Weddell (kutalika 3 m), ndipo cynomolgus zolusa chisindikizo-nyalugwe (m ali 4, chikopa ndi akuda mawanga), nyanja mkango, zisindikizo Ross (anapatsa amapilira);
• Iwo amakhala zinsomba nyanja akudya nkhanu zing'onozing'ono, nsomba ndi matalala;
• modabwitsa yaikulu, kufika 150 makilogalamu thupi;
• mbalame zina akhazikika kuno m'chilimwe, kupanga chisa kukula ndi anapiye: gulls, albatrosses, woyera plover, cormorants, lalikulu kavalo, petrels, kumpoto pintail.

Chinyama mitundu nthumwi kwambiri - ndi penguin, limene ambiri lachifumu moyo pa gombe la Chile. Msinkhu angafikire anthu amenewa wokongola (160 cm), ndi kulemera - makilogalamu 60.

nthumwi ina ya mbalame zambiri - Adelie anyani, zazing'ono zomwe amakula masentimita 50 ndi kulemera kwa osapitirira 3 kg.

The topezeka ya Antarctic ndi kuteteza ake

Ngelezi zipululu ayezi ndi madzi ozizira a m'nyanja ozungulira Antarctica, kuimira zamoyo anthu zamoyo zimene zilipo kuno kwa zaka wamoyo. Chakudya yaikulu ya nyama - ndi timayandama.

Chifukwa kwanyengo ndi, kuwundana ndi misa chisanu Antarctica pang'onopang'ono kwawo, kufupi ndi gombe. Ice maalumali kusungunula pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuvumbula nthaka, kupanga malo abwino kwambiri kwa anthu chomera. Komabe, zikamera mitundu si mbadwa mbewu Sali olandilidwa pa dziko lapansi.

The topezeka a Antarctica ndi chipululu Antarctic ayenera kutetezedwa maonekedwe a mitundu "mlendo" wa moyo, kotero aliyense amabwera kuno wasayansi kapena alendo pochitika chithandizo kuvomerezedwa. Mu ndondomeko ya ankatenthetsa chikuchitika ndi chiwonongeko cha mbali ya zomera kapena spores.

Malinga ndi mgwirizano walemba ndi mayiko 44 a dziko, pa malire a Antarctica analetsa ntchito asilikali ndi mayesero, mu Vol. H. nyukiliya, nyukiliya zinyalala. ankaloledwa kafukufuku.