Anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe. Anatengera zamoyo: Zitsanzo

Biology amadziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene mwangozi anasiya gulu waukulu anthu akhoza zaka mazana angapo kupanga zonse zatsopano tione. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti pa nthawi yomweyo mu dera limodzi apitirize kukhala toyesa mitundu kholo.

Nnemalo komanso zitsanzo kumene mitundu tikukhala malo zikusintha. Nthawi zambiri pansi pa "kusintha" amatanthauza kuwonongeka kupitiriza zizindikiro kwambiri. Ngati kunja maganizo izi zosiyanasiyana zambiri chabe kufa.

ANAKULIRA kupulumuka

Asayansi anapeza kuti mitundu ali ndi mwayi wopulumuka pokhapokha ngati adzakhala mwachangu kusintha, kusinthasintha kwa mofulumira kusintha kwa zinthu. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa phyletic speciation. Mu nkhani iyi, aumbike osati olimba a zamoyo chilengedwe, komanso kukhala zatsopano zizindikiro za anthu wozindikira.

Padziko lathuli, mpaka pali mamilioni a mitundu. Kodi umenewu si umboni wa mphamvu ya moyo, masiyanidwe ake nthawi zonse? Mwatsoka, mamilioni angapo zaka zapitazo, zamoyo anali yokulirapo. Zingapo ayezi mibadwo ndi mikangano zonse nyengo zinachititsa chakuti zosiyanasiyana mitundu wathetsedwa zikuchepa. Only ndi kusintha kwambiri adzapulumuka.

Zitsanzo zofunika za zimasintha

Wanzeru ofananira ziwalo zamoyo ndi ntchito zawo kwa nthawi makedzana kukopa anthu chidwi: akuyesetsa kuti akonze glider ndi mapiko mu mawonekedwe a mbalame, kumanga ngalawa contours chokhala thupi la nsomba saltwater. Koma kwambiri kupanda wangwiro, zogwirizana machesi maonekedwe a nyama ndi zomera ndi chilengedwe cha malo awo achilengedwe.

Kumene, zitsanzo zambiri. N'chifukwa chake m'nkhani ino n'zotheka kuuza ena okha anthu amene makhalidwe a kusinthasintha malo zimaoneka kwambiri ndi bwino kutsimikizira choonadi cha Darwin.

mbalame

Choncho, munthu kale za kufunika coloration zoteteza mbalame ndi anapiye awo ndi mazira makamaka. Pa capercaillie, wakuda grouse ndi partridges (lotseguka kukaikira mazira) dzira chipolopolo pafupifupi mwangwiro zikulumikizana ndi maziko a m'midzi yozungulira. Ambiri, sapota wamkazi komanso osiyana malo ozungulira pamene kuonera pambali. The chidwi kwambiri n'chakuti akazi ndi mazira a mbalame kuti chisa m'maenje ndi malo ena obisika, kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mtundu yowala kwambiri (ndi Zinkhwe yomweyo, mwachitsanzo).

tizilombo

Ndipo kodi mbali ya anatengera kwa chilengedwe ndi tizilombo? Chabwino, iwo achuluka koposa mamembala onse a kalasi. Ife timaganiza kuti aliyense amadziwa chidwi kufanana ndodo tizilombo ndi nthambi youma. Kafukufuku m'dera ichi ntchito ndi asilikali m'dera la "nkhalango" zovala zoyera obscurant.

Komabe, matupi a mbozi ambiri ofanana kwambiri nthambi, ndi mapiko a agulugufe mukhoza kupeza mitengo masamba m'dera limene akukhala. Apa tisaiwale kuti mu nkhani iyi pali kumvana posakaniza osokonekera mawonekedwe thupi ndi osokonekera mtundu womwewo. Ena agulugufe monga iwo kufanana ndi mtunda ozungulira, ndi kovuta kusiyanitsa masamba, ngakhale osiyanasiyana pafupi. Ngati kwambiri kapena zochepa kudziwa zamoyo, ndi tingoganizira zosiyanasiyana onse a kalasi ya tizilombo. Kamodzi m'nkhalango kapena munda, inu mukuona zosaposa 2-3% ya chiwerengero chawo okwana. Ena masked.

Koma! Sitiyenera kapadera kuti zitsanzo za anatengera zamoyo osungidwa yodzibisa banal. Taganizirani za mtundu dziphunzitsiranso pamene kwambiri wachikuda, "zokongola" tizilombo monga nthawi si otchuka ndi kungofuna, monga iwo zimadziŵa edibility awo zikuchepa negative. Choncho, chickadee kapena mpheta, angapo nthawi unyamata wake kuyesera kuluma vuto la nsikidzi msilikali, moyo kuloweza caustic awo, chakupha kukoma.

Komanso, mbali ya anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe monga ndipo mimicry. zodabwitsazi ndi amatikumbutsa coloration zomuteteza, koma "pa Ayi". Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina chitetezo ndi edible angathe bwanji tizilombo kuti ndi owopsa kapena kulawa onyansa. Mwachitsanzo, osovidnye ntchentche amafanana kwambiri mavu, omwe ali ndi mantha ngakhale kuti mbalame zambiri. Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti anatengera zamoyo malo awo ndi chimodzimodzi dziphunzitsiranso, dziphunzitsiranso m'chilengedwe.

Nyama apamwamba

Zonsezi Tingaone chitsanzo cha nyama apamwamba. Ochekenera la mbidzi zikuwoneka kukuwalira kwambiri chotheka, ndizo basi izo mwangwiro motere kusinthana kuwala ndi mithunzi mu ziyangoyango udzu, amene amalola nyama izi chigoba zabwino savannah lapansi. Pakuona kutsimikizira kuti anthu wosaphunzitsidwa zina osaganizira ngakhale mbidzi poyera, kuchokera pa mtunda wa 50-70 m.

zina

Ena zolengedwa ngakhale zodabwitsa ndi aluso anatengera kwa malo organismic. Tikuyankhula zokhudza bilimankhwe, ndipo fulonda, amene angasinthe mtundu wa thupi, kutulutsa kusokonekera kwa inki organic mu chromatophores khungu. Musaiwale kuti coloration zoteteza ndi zinthu zina zoteteza kwambiri bwino awo pansi pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo reflex kutha chisankho mpumulo kaimidwe, amene Ndi mmene kwa ambirimbiri mitundu ya nyama.

Kodi mphamvu ya zamoyo?

Kwenikweni, kodi anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe? Ambiri, mu gawo yapita ife kale ndinamverera Darwin kwambiri: ngati nyama kapena chomera kupulumuka kusintha nkhanza nyengo kapena mavuto ena, ndi ana adzakhala ambiri. Choncho, chifukwa chachikulu cha anthu amoyo zipangizo zatsopano ndi monga masoka kusankha. Tiyeni uonetseni Mwachitsanzo machitidwe, kukambirana banja grouse kuti moyo mu denga m'munsi nkhalango.

mbali structural

Tiyeni kukumbukira mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe kunja mbalame izi: pa mulomo yochepa, sizitanthauza kuti n'kumamujompha mwendo kudyetsa mwachindunji kuchokera pansi nkhalango (kuphatikizapo ndi chisanu chivundikiro); pa mapazi - wandiweyani mphonje gawo lapansi, ndi chimene iwo akhoza bwinobwino kuyenda, ngakhale mu chisanu kwambiri. Features cholembera dongosolo zimawathandiza ogona, ndi mutu wace aikha mu chisanu, ndi lalifupi, mapiko yotakata kupanga grouse ochepa mbalame, limene likupezeka molunjika, pafupifupi ofukula nyamuka.

zinali zomveka ndithu kuganiza kuti makolo awo zipangizo zimenezo sizinali pamaso. Ambiri mwina, pambuyo kusintha angapo a zinthu zina zachilengedwe (corny yozizira) anawakakamiza kuti azolowere malo zikungosinthasintha, kuphatikizapo ozizira.

kusintha ndondomeko

Mosalekeza panali masinthidwe atsopano mu ndizi malo osakaniza osiyanasiyana, ndipo yoweyula chiwerengero cha anthu anapanga zambiri sakanikira ndi khola. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mbalame osiyana Chrixitu angapo zizindikiro: pa zala za munthu fimbriae anali, anthu ena adzafupikitsidwa mulomo ndi mapiko.

Kodi anasonyeza olimba a zamoyo chilengedwe? mfundo ndi yakuti pa unapangitsa interspecies amavutika kupulumuka kokha mbalame, magawo dongosolo ambiri mogwirizana ndi dziko loyandikira. Mu ndondomeko kusankha yomweyo anasiya mbewu zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri anapulumuka, ndi ndalama zokwanira kupanga anthu atsopano. The mbadwo watsopano kumabweretsa masinthidwe atsopano ndi ndondomeko akubwerezedwa kuyambira pachiyambi.

Kuika makhalidwe zothandiza ndi makhalidwe

Pakuti masinthidwe ena anali pakati pa anthu amene pomwe wotetezedwa mawonetseredwe a zizindikiro amene anaonekera kale. Mwachibadwa, mbalame imene kusintha anasonyeza, mwayi kwambiri bwino osati kupulumuka, komanso kenako kubereka. Mibadwo, zizindikiro izi zonse anasonkhanitsa, ndi kuliika pokhapokha pali wakuda grouse, amene ife masiku ano.

chiphunzitso Lamarck wa zotsutsana

Amadziwika kuti Darwin ndi mwapadera kwa mfundo zimene atapereka ndi Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Last ine ndinanena kuti zamoyo zonse ndi nkhani kusintha mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe, koma malangizo ndi zothandiza kwambiri kwa iwo. Koma palibe kugwirizana: ndi zimene zotsatira mwina amathandiza kuti spines hedgehogs?

Only chikoka cha kusankha zamoyo akhoza kufotokoza chiyambi cha chotero chipangizo kothandiza. Amaganiza kuti makolo lakutali kwambiri ezhinyh anathandiza, anaphimba zambiri ogrubevayuschim khungu. Khalanibe chimodzimodzi moyo ndi kubereka ndi kupeza phindu la anthu "protoezhey" amene ndi mwayi zokwanira kuti kwambiri nthawi ndi lolimba spines.

Other "chitsamba chaminga" Zitsanzo

Pa chimodzimodzi njira yomweyo anapita "bristling hedgehogs" ku Madagascar. Tikuyankhula zokhudza streaked ndi mitundu ingapo ya mbewa ndi hamsters nthula.

Iwo umachita anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe osachepera zizindikiro zina zodziwika bwino? Asayansi amati limagwirira kwa mtundu umenewu wa zipangizo ndi wamba m'zochitika zonse: popeza iwo amaoneka osati kamodzi, osati mibadwo imodzi kapena ziwiri. M'malo mwake, maonekedwe awo - njira yaitali ndi yovuta. Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti panjira zamoyo zinachita ladzala ndi nthambi akufa mapeto ndipo atalephera "zothetsera luso" chikhalidwe. Izi Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane.

olimba wachibale

Mu nthawi pamaso anatengera Darwin wa nyama chilengedwe anali ngati umboni agwirizana kuti kuli Mulungu, ndi nzeru amatichititsa Mlengi: akanakhoza bwanji chikhalidwe Popanda "utsogoleri" kudziletsa bungwe padziko lonse ali wololera, oyenera?

Mphamvu maganizo aliyense mbali ya chilichonse chimene chamoyo moyo wangwiro mwamtheradi ndi chimodzimodzi limafanana ndi ntchito imene anapatsidwa kwa izo. Motero, elongated Zikuluzikulu mouthparts mu agulugufe kumathandiza kuchotsa timadzi tokoma ngakhale kwambiri "zovuta" wa maluwa, zomera ndi anatengera kwa malo mu mawonekedwe a mitengo ikuluikulu pakatikati pa cacti ndi succulents ena oyenereradi chifukwa kasungidwe madzi kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mwatsoka, asayansi ngakhale ambiri masiku ano tipitirize kuona chikhalidwe ngati ziboliboli waluntha, omwe chilengedwe wangwiro ndi chosalephera. Koma! Nkofunika bwino kwambiri kuti izo siziri choncho!

Phunziro yamakono ya anatengera chilengedwe anasonyeza kuti kusintha onse ali nthawizonse wachibale, kuyambira mawonekedwe msanga kuposa kusintha kwenikweni mu zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho, ambiri mwa zinthu zikhoza kukhala zosafunika, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale zovulaza thupi, ngati dziko ndi za kusintha.

umboni ponena

Umboni wa chakuti anatengera zamoyo ndi lingaliro kwambiri, wachibale kwambiri, ndi zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

• Ena alonda mdani zimathandiza kwambiri, koma nyama zina mudzapulumutsa alibe wabwino. nsomba chakupha osangalala kudya nkhono, cones, ndi poizoni mbozi acheya monga chakudya chanu cuckoo.
• Osati nyama zonse bongo kwenikweni ali oyenera ndi mokwanira chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mmene chilengedwe. Taganizirani za njenjete, amene kusonkhanitsa mungu ndi mitundu kuwala, kuoneka bwino usiku: iwo mwamsanga kuuluka mu malawi a chimoto panja ndi makandulo, ngakhale kufa nthawi yomweyo.
• Matupi zipangizo mu malo amodzi zimene zingakuthandizeni kwenikweni, ndi zoipa ngakhalenso oopsa zinthu zina. Choncho, atsekwe, yemwe mu moyo wake sanagwe m'madzi, pali Ngati a Bakha yoteroyo.
• Beavers, zina zabwino "akatswiri" m'chilengedwe mwachangu kumanga khoma, ngakhale amatunga patsogolo ndi maiwe kusambira, chimene ndi kungotaya mphamvu.

Amatilongosolera relativity akuwonetseredwa mu nkhani ya nyama, amene dziko ili kumapeto a dziko lapansi, koma amene anayambitsa ndi munthu watsopano kwathunthu kwa iwo malo. Mwachidule, ndi chikhalidwe wachibale wa kusinthasintha kwa kwambiri ndi zikutsimikizira kuti chilengedwe si nthawi zonse osalakwitsa.