American Chess player Bobby Fischer mbiri, chidwi mfundo, zithunzi

Mwa osewera wotchuka kwambiri, kudadziwika dziko la Chess, anthu ochepa amatha kusiyanitsa kuti nzeru zake zapadera chidwi. namatetule awo kubweretsa dziko la masewera ambiri zaluso ndi maphwando apadera. Mmodzi wa maganizo kwambiri ndi Bobby Fischer, wamphamvu Chess player wa nthawi zonse. Mlingo wa IQ yake inali wofanana 186, ali mmodzi wa mitengo apamwamba mu dziko.

zaka zoyambirira

Bobby Fischer anabadwa pa March tsiku wokongola m'banja lonse. Mu 1933, mayi wa ngwazi za m'tsogolo, Regina Wender, nathawa Germany kuti Soviet Union, pamene m'dziko lake Nazi atayamba kulamulira. Chifukwa nthawi zina ankakhala m'dera la wochezeka dziko, kumene anakumana mwamuna wake watsogolo Gerhard Fischer. Mu 1938, banjali anapereka ukwati ofunda, ndipo patapita kanthawi anapita ku US.

Mu maiko, ndi Bobby Fischer anabadwa pa March 9, 1943. Patatha zaka 2, bambo anasiya banja pamene anabwerera ku Germany. Mayi kudziletsa ophunzira mnyamata ndi mlongo wake wamkulu, Joan. Msungwana ndipo anapereka mbale wake Chess choyamba, ndiye dziko lonse zasintha iye. Joan ndi Robert (Bobby Fischer) anayamba kuphunzira malamulo ndi kusewera pamodzi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mwanayo anakhala zambiri kumizidwa mu dziko la Chess.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, banja ankakhala ku Brooklyn. Tsiku lililonse, achinyamata Bobby kwa maola ochepa anakhala mu payekha, kusewera yekha mu chikondi masewera. Izi zayambitsa nkhawa mayi, ndipo anaganiza kupeza bwenzi sparring mwana wake. Osadziwa kumene kutembenukira, anaganiza ikani malonda mu nyuzipepala. Wogwila "Brooklyn Eagle", osati otsimikiza zimene gawo kuika mawu amenewa, anaganiza atumiza kwa munthu waluso utolankhani Chess. Kunapezeka kuti Hermann Helms, amene anayankha malonda ndi nkhani mayi wa Bobby Brooklyn Chess club.

Woyamba Chess club ndi mphunzitsi wa

Kutsata nthawi yaitali payekha, wosewera achinyamata kuphunzira zidule onse a masewera. Brooklyn club watsegula mwayi kwa iye. Bobby Fischer, yemwe yonena posachedwapa zidziwike kwa onse, kuyamba kuphunzitsa ndi Carmine Nigro. Munthu uyu panthawiyo anali pulezidenti wa gululi. Young Bobby anakhala m'dera limeneli pafupifupi onse tinkasangalalira.

Pamene gululi chinatsekedwa achinyamata Chess player anapempha mayi ake amugwile ku paki, "Washington Square." Pa imeneyo kunali kupita mafani onse masewerawa - kuyambira wamng'ono mpaka lalikulu, kuchokera strata osiyana siyana. Bobby Fischer anabadwa kusewera Chess, anali kale kuonekera mu zaka. Chaka chotsatira iye Adadzadzidwa chinkhoswe mu Hortonskom kalabu, komanso kangapo mwezi ophunzitsidwa luso ndi ophunzitsidwa kuyendera Dzhona Kollinza. Pa nthawi imeneyo iye anachezeredwa ndi osewera mpira ochuluka ndi GMs. Zinali kunyumba kwa mphunzitsi wodziwika Fisher anayamba kuwerenga mabuku apadera okhudzana ndi masewera.

oyamba kugonjetsedwa

Kuphunzira m'makalabu osiyana, Robert nawo mpikisano onse, omwe inachitika kumeneko. kunkhondo woyamba tinganene kuti kupambana machesi mpikisano m'dera mu m'badwo wa 10. Iwo kwambiri anaimirira pakati anzake si kalembedwe masewera, komanso kukhumba kukhala zabwino.

Uthenga wa wanzeru player anayamba mogwirizana kuchokera Chess yaing'ono ya America. Bobby anayamba kukopa tcheru ndi zaka 13 wakhala akuitanidwa kuti thupi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, iye anali nawo masewera munthawi yomweyo pamene adani ake ena a gulu lanyonga anali mwakamodzi. chochitika chimodzi choterocho malo Cuba, kumene iye anali atapita pamodzi ndi Regina Wender, mayi wake. grandmasters wotchuka anapempha wamng'ono prodigy kusewera masewera, chimene Robert nthawi kugwirizana, ndi mwayi zinthu zatsopano ndi kumvetsa nzeru za olamulira.

Mu zaka 16, Fischer anaganiza kusiya bungwe maphunziro, n'cholinga choti kwathunthu yekha kuphunzira ndi kusewera Chess. Iye paokha kunyumba anakonza masewera kufanana angapo yekha. Inafikira zipinda ya bolodi, iye alternately wadutsa kuchokera wina kwa mzake, potaya ndi kuganizira ukusunthira mbali zonse.

thupi

M'chaka cha 1956 anali US junior ndime imene achinyamata Bobby Fischer ali Championship wake woyamba, ndipo anakhala wopambana wamng'ono wa mpikisano. Pambuyo kuti panayamba thupi zimene iye ku Chess korona, munthu ndinalota kuyambira ali mwana.

Mu 1958 mtsikanayu Yugoslavia zonal masewera. Kumeneko anakumana ndi grandmasters ambiri akutsogolera. Onse tinkasangalalira Fischer ntchito pa chitukuko cha njira zatsopano komanso wosatha ukatuluka mwa chipinda chake. ophunzira ananena kuti kuyang'ana munthu limaoneka ngati simpleton, koma pamene zifika ku gome, onse akuti masewera.

Zinali chigonjetso Yugoslavia anabweretsa Robert mwayi kupikisana pa milingo apamwamba. Mu 1959 anatenga opita mpikisano mnyamata prodigy anakumana kwambiri Chess osewera a dziko. Mwakemo m'dziko lachilendo, iye analibe wothandizira, wachiwiri kapena mbali inayo. Zonse zochita anagwira paokha. Daily yopuma Bobby anali atakhala mu chipinda kusewera Chess wake, pamene adani ake anali olondola mode, lalikulu kukayenda ulesi. Fisher anapanga zambiri zolakwa, komabe anatenga malo 5, amene Chilimbikitsidwabe mbiri ndipo watsegula chiyembekezo waukulu.

Mu 1961, ndime yotsatira chikuchitika mu mzinda wa kutuluka magazi. Atakula ndi lokonzedwa bwino American Chess player Bobby Fischer Umapeza pafupifupi Party ndi mfundo lachiwiri. Zomwezo anali pang'ono anasowa Spassky, ndi prodigy wamng'ono akutenga mu 1966 kuti Piatigorsky Cup, umene unachitika mu Santa Monica.

thupi wotsatira anabweretsa Robert, kutchuka kwambiri mu dziko la Chess. Iye anapambana ambiri a machesi ndi anagwirizira 1 kapena 2 malo. kalembedwe wake wa kusewera amakhala wodzidalira ndi amphamvu. Ndi kuphunzitsidwa ndi unakhazikitsidwa kale Moody, zachiwawa ndi zoipa chikhalidwe cha namatetule anafika ku mpikisano waukulu wa moyo wake. Pa zaka 29 iye anali kulimbana ndi grandmaster wamphamvu wa USSR.

Game ndi Borisom Spasskim

Mu 1972, Bobby Fischer, wamphamvu US player amene anali kupambana nkhondo mutu dziko. Goliyati anali Boris Spassky. Masewerawa akuti ndi ndime ya zaka zana wabweretsa kwambiri za chikondi osati osewera dziko, komanso padziko lonse, amene anaona nkhondo. Inali nthawi ya chidani nkhondo, ndipo ambiri chipani zogwirizana Spassky ndi Fischer nkhondo pakati pa maufumu awiri akuluakulu.

machesi unachitikira mu Reykjavik. Kale maminiti loyamba la masewera anasonyeza kuti tingayembekezere zonse player wa American. Zonsezi zinayamba anali 5 pm, Spassky anali wokonzeka nakhala kuyembekezera pa chiyambi. masewera chinayamba, grandmaster Soviet zimapangitsa osayamba, ndi kumadula pa Chess koloko. Onse amayembekezera mu zerani chachiwiri.

Mphindi atatha, Bobby Fischer, ngwazi US, kodi siziwoneka. Spassky kudzaweruza, mwachionekere, kufunsa panjira patsogolo, ndiyeno nkubwera mu chipinda, Robert. Zimenezi si kwambiri sabata tikambirana nyuzipepala onse m'dziko. Kale pa nthawi imeneyo grandmaster American anafotokoza yekha ndi kusewera mtundu wake wa khalidwe eccentric ndi sizimadziwika. Choncho, masewera anatsatira dziko lonse lapansi, kupatula atasemphana kosaoneka machesi masiku.

Fisher anapita pa masewera kupyola mu mndandanda wa zigonjetso. Kwa zaka zambiri anali kukonzekera mpikisano uwu, kutaya Spassky mu mpikisano ali aang'ono. Soviet grandmaster M'malo mwake, atalandira mutu ngwazi anakhala zochepa chidwi linaperekedwa kwa maphunziro ndi kusewera. Kenako, mmene zotsatira.

Panthawiyi mtanda poyamba. Bobby Fischer, kukula kwa umene unali pafupi 185 masentimita pamwamba tebulo, atakhala pa mpando wake, limene linali mwapadera anabweretsa kwa ndime izi. Zinakhudza onse: mababu kuunika, ndi kulira kwa kamera shutter, ndipo pamaso pa anthu, kaya akhale a udindo ndi ntchito zawo.

Ngakhale izi, chipani bwino, koma pa nthawi ina Fischer akalakwitsa, mukhoza kokha woyamba, ndipo wotaya. Izi zinachititsa kuti iye anakwiya kwambiri, ndipo anayamba kuwafunsa ku okonza kwa paparazzi onse ndi zida zawo akhala akuchoka pa malo a. Kukhala akanizidwapo, ndi grandmaster American kuchotsedwa, kusiya kuti apitirize nkhondo. Machesi kunapezeka kuti chisokoneze, ndi chigonjetso mu masewera wachiwiri basi amaitcha kuti Spassky.

Patapita miyezi 1.5 Bobby Fischer koma anavomera kuti kumaliza machesi, koma nakopa okonza kusuntha masewera kuti malo abwino kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti chipinda chaching'ono kuti masewera a tenesi tebulo. Party Chachitatu ndi onse wotsatira kale Tiyerekezenso osiyana. Ndipo pamapeto wopambana American. Bobby Fischer, dziko la khumi ndi ngwazi, dzina laulemu anali kudikira zaka 15 kuyambira kugonjetsa osewera onse US.

Mozungulira machesi yomweyo anapita kwa kukomeza. oimira Soviet Chess Association akufuna fufuzani mpweya, kuunikira ndi armchair, kumene iye anali Mpulumutsi, kutchula chakuti player ndi opangidwa zotsatira za mankhwala kapena mphepo. Ndikatha kumfunsafunsa bwino gulu lonse la mbali zonse za umboni wa mfundo imeneyi sizinapezekebe.

Nkhondo yomaliza

Atalandira mutu wa dziko ngwazi Bobby Fischer, yemwe anachita chidwi ndi nkhani yonena za osewera novice ndi akatswiri, amachoka chophimba ndi kusiyiratu kwa kanthawi. Mu 1975, iye ankayenera kuti akaonekere masewera ndi Anatoliem Karpovym, kutsimikiza mutu wake. Koma GM komanso kunyalanyaza chochitika.

nthawi yaitali palibe zokhudza osewera kwambiri Chess zalembedwa. Limatisonyeza mmene mobisa munthu Bobby Fischer. pamoyo wake amadziwikanso sikukudziŵika. Nthawi inu mukhoza kumva kuti anali m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko.

Mu 1992, lapadziko lonse la rematch pakati Spassky ndi Fischer anali bungwe. Unafunikira ndalama zambiri, mphoto dziwe anali pa US $ 3 miliyoni. masewera Izi anapima kuti patha zaka 20 cha machesi Spassky - Fischer, amene anapita mu mbiri ya Chess dziko.

The rematch anaganiza kuchita Yugoslavia. Koma America ali ndi dziko panthawi imeneyo kobvuta asapita ndale, ndi Unduna wa Zachuma Fischer anaopseza ziletso. Koma zimenezi sizinaletse GM, ndi mosemphanitsa, ngakhale ndinayamba. Akapuma ake ku Chess mu 1975, iye amangokhalira kudzudzulidwa ndondomeko Washington ndi maboma onse US.

masewera zabwino, otsutsa unachitikira 30 masewera, ndi wopambana Bobby Fischer anatuluka kachiwiri. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, akatswiri onse mawu amodzi anauzidwa kuti mlingo wa osewera onse sali yemweyo. Koma Grandmaster ndinaganiza machesi ndi Championship nthawi zonse wanena kuti sanataye wopambana wake korona, monga mdani wamphamvu kuposa iye, iye sanali nawo.

moyo

Bobby Fischer, wina moyo sikukudziŵika, zoyenera masewera onse nthawi. Pamodzi ndi atsikana zimakhala sindinamuwonepo. Mu kuyankhulana pa Games Olympic mu 1962, anagawana ndi atolankhani ena mokoma. Pa nkhani ya akazi, ananena kuti kufunafuna chipani yabwino. Koma Ine kusankha America, chifukwa, mu maganizo ake, ali kwambiri palokha ndipo mwadala. maso ake anauzidwa pa atsikana ku East.

Tsiku lina, pamene 17 wazaka Fisher nawo mpikisano wa, mpikisano wa anamutuma kuti mkazi amene anali wokhoza captivate ndi prodigy mwana. Nthawi yonse ya mpikisano, iye ankasewera zoipa, kuyambira nthawi zonse kwaulere anakhala ndi wokonda latsopano. Zotsatira zake zinali zakuti waluntha player anali pa malo m'munsi tebulo mgwirizano. Linali phunziro labwino kwa achinyamata Robert, ndipo kuyambira chikondi chomwe anali nacho chinali masewera Chess.

Bobby Fischer: Chidwi Mfundo

Pa moyo wake, wotchuka Chess player chiriri osati kwa masewero ake anzeru. Atalandira mutu, zosowa zake ndi zokhumba anakula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuyiimba iyo sanayambitse pamaso 4 pm, chifukwa iye ankakonda kugona. Ndipo patsogolo mpikisano anali kukhala wotsimikiza kutenga kusambira mu dziwe kapena kusewera tenisi pa bwalo.

American Chess player Bobby Fischer imatengedwa osati waluntha player, komanso wotchuka kwambiri akhate nthawi imeneyo. Atalandira mutu atayamba kuchita chiwembu dziko ndi kuwerenga za izo mabuku ambiri ndi nkhani. Patapita nthawi kuwonekera atolankhani a mawu ake nkhanza Ayuda, America ndi Africa.

Pambuyo akugonjetsa Borisom Spasskim mu 1972 Bobby Fischer anakhala wopambana dziko. Ndi idzatha Mapangano makampani ambiri otchuka, amene pasanapite nthawi waukana. Otchuka anayesera kuti achite maphwando ndi zikondwerero. Ambiri onse alimbane kuphunzira kwa iye masewera. Koma patapita kanthawi ngwazi yotchuka Bobby Fischer, chithunzi zipsera Mabaibulo onse adzatchedwa woukira ndi deserter.

Robert nsanje masewera, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti masewera Chess kulabadira pang'ono. Choncho, adafunsira kugwira nawo mpikisano mpweya chindapusa, kutchula chakuti osewera simukhala boxers ang'onoang'ono ndi akatswiri ena a khalidwe la anthu ambiri. Maganizo lopambana player wabereka zotsatira ndi kupeza katswiri anayamba kukopa amaonetsa kwambiri kwa zowonetsera ndi mafani.

Mmodzi wa kutukula chiphunzitso Chess ndi wolemba nkhani zambiri pa masewero ndi Bobby Fischer, chithunzi cha amene angapezeke mu mabuku a nkhani imeneyi. Iye anaphunzira mtanda wa thupi mwamuna ndi mkazi amaona kuchokera kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana, kuwulula i zofunika ndi masitepe kunkhondo m'tsogolo.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu GM anali chosowa nthabwala, ndipo atatero kugula 157 masuti. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali mu umodzi wa masewera ndi mdani wa Bobby Fischer anafunsa za maonekedwe ake okongola komanso yokongola, ndipo mwachindunji mmene akufuna. Iye anayankha kuti 150 zidutswa, koma anali nthabwala, kuti Robert sanamvetse. Koma ngwazi amayenera kukhala wopambana zonse, ndipo anawonjezera kuti zovala zake zovala 157.

Fisher anaima namatetule wake osati masewera a Chess. Iye anali Polyglot ndipo amadziwa kulankhula zinenero 5. Ankakonda mabuku nthawi zonse kuwerenga mabuku oyambirira. Kumbali ya ndalama, Iye adali bata. Tikhoza kunena, Fisher sanafune iwo, si wokhometsa zinthu luso zinthu zabwinozabwino, analibe chidwi ndi zakudya mkulu ndipo amasangalala ndi anthu onse olemera. Koma, ngakhale, iye anali mtengo wapadera kwa anthu, mafani ndi atolankhani.

Mkubwela kwa makompyuta ndi Intaneti pa malo onsewo, ambiri Chess ambuye anayamba ankapita thupi danga amagetsi. Tenepo iwo hadakwanise kupeza mdani woyenera, ndi kupeza njira zatsopano kupereka atsopano mwayi wophunzira odziwa. Mmodzi English player wa mkulu kalasi Naydzhel Short ananena kuti iye amachita pa Intaneti ndi Fischer. Kumene, akulu mbuye sanali kulemba dzina lake, koma kalembedwe kusewera zinaonekeratu kuti izi ndi izo.

maganizo kwakukulu

Bobby Fischer, tsiku la kubadwa amene chinachitikira ndi nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, mnyamatayo anayamba kulowerera ziphunzitso chiwembu ndi mabuku ndale. Pambuyo kupeza mutu dziko wanena boma US. Koma kudana ndi Ayuda, chikominisi, ndi ing'onoing'ono kugonana anayamba kubwerera mu 60s lapansi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mayi ake anali mu Soviet Union pa msonkhano ndi Ninoy Hruschevoy ndi kuchita zonse pa wailesi. Zimenezi zinachititsa Fisher kwa matenda a chiwewe ndi zambiri kuvutika kudana naye.

Iye ankakhulupirira kuti dziko lonse athamangadi Ayuda, iwo onse opanga zisankho maudindo ndi mabungwe onse. Iye anakhulupirira kuti kuyesetsa panopa kuti kuchotsa ndi kuyeretsa America anthu osafunika. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti kwenikweni umayenda magazi awo! Kwawo, iye ankaona wachinyengo, ndi deserter. The loudest wa ankazindikira ndipo anavomereza zochita zigawenga motsutsana United States September 11, 2001. Iye ananena kuti nthawi yamba America, ndipo iye akufuna kuti akhale mboni ya mmene dziko lino idzapita ku nkhope ya dziko.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Pambuyo masewera ndi Borisom Spasskim Fischer anali kubisala kwa chilungamo. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi chiletso boma US pa nawo kwambiri player Chess mu mpikisano mu dziko lino. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ziletso ndi Yugoslavia chifukwa cha nkhondo Balkans akhala anayambitsa. Koma Fischer sankasamala za izo, koma iye sakanakhoza kubwerera kunyumba, ngati iye akhadikhira bwalo ndi zaka 10 m'ndende.

Kumenya pa chochitika chikumbutso, anatenga ndalama, mbaenda Switzerland. Nthawi yochepa mu dziko anasamukira ku Hungary. The Federal Bureau anapereka chilolezo kwa amangidwe grandmaster lapansi. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti Fischer anakabisala, woyamba mu Philippines, ndiye mu Japan ndi nthawi anasamuka ku malo.

Popeza America Grandmaster sakanakhoza kubwerera, iye anaganiza thawirani kunyumba kwa makolo ake. Bobby Fischer, ndi Chess player, chithunzi chimene anaika mabuku wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko, tsopano thandizo la nyumba yatsopano. Iye amagonjera ndi pempho kwa nzika ku Germany, koma anakana. M'katikati mwa chilimwe 2004, anamangidwa mu ndege Japanese pamene akuyesera kuti achoke m'dzikolo. US Extradition Pangano amafuna kupereka Fischer.

Pakali pano, maloya la ngwazi zakale akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nzika ku Iceland, kumene adasandutsa mpikisano wake losaiwalika ndi wopambana. Mu April 2005, Anagwirizana. Robert Fischer mwalamulo anadzakhala nzika ya dziko lino, kuti pasipoti ndi kuyenda ku Japan ku nyumba yatsopano.

Reykjavik ndi pochitika zaka zomalizira za grandmaster kwambiri. Mu 2007, Fisher anavomereza kuchipatala ndi matenda a "Kulephera chiwindi". Chithandizo sizinathandize, ndipo mu January 2008, sanakhale kwambiri ndi zapadera player wa nthawi zonse. Iye anapanga masewera ambiri zaluso ndi kupita nawo ku gawo lina.

Kwa zaka zambiri asanamwalire Bobbi Fisher anakhala yekha ndipo analandira ulamuliro mabuku ake, amene ananena machesi wake ndi ankaphunzitsidwa luso la kusewera Chess. A abwenzi angapo kukamuona nthawi ndi anakhalabe.