Amene adalamulira pambuyo pa Paulo 1 ku Russia. Olamulira a Russia

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mpando wachifumu wa ku Russia unasokonezeka kwambiri: usiku wa March, chaka cha 1801, gulu la alonda omwe ankatsogoleredwa ndi bwanamkubwa wa St. Petersburg ndipo mkulu wa apolisi apolisi PA Palen analowa m'chipinda cha Mfumu Pavel Petrovich ndi kumupha, Zotsatira zake zomwe mwana wa Emperor Alexander anakwera ku mpando wachifumu.

Ulamulilo unayamba ndi kupha

Mayi wa Tsar wakuphedwa - Catherine II - adafuna kumupangitsa kukhala wotsatila ntchito zake. Ndi chifukwa chake N. Paulin, wolamulira wapamwamba pa nthawi yake, anali mphunzitsi wamkulu wa Paulo. Koma chilangocho chinanena mosiyana. Paulo ankafuna kutsogolera mzere wake. Anali wolakalaka komanso wolakalaka, monga olamulira a ku Russia ambiri. Zaka za ulamuliro wa mfumuyi zinali zochepa, koma adatha kudana nazo.

Kwa alonda olimba mtima sizinali zatsopano kugonjetsa mpando wachifumu wa olamulira omwe sankawakonda. Ndipo Biron, yemwe ali ndi nthawi yake, ndi mnyamata wina dzina lake Ivan VI Antonovich, yemwe ndi mfumu ya Russia, ndi chitsanzo. Zidawachitikira ndikugwedeza mzimu kuchokera kwa mfumu yosasamala - mwazi wa Tsar Peter III wakuphedwa m'manja mwao.

Mbiri yonse yaifupi - kuchokera kwa Peter Wamkulu mpaka Nicholas 2 - ili yodzaza ndi ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu, koma pakadali pano panali tsatanetsatane ina yomwe inapereka kupha munthu wapadera. Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti mwana wa Paulo, wolowa ufumu ku Alexander, adadziwa kuti chiwembucho chikonzekera. Ngakhalenso popanda kutenga nawo mbali pamudzi wodzipatulira, pa nkhaniyi adakhala wosasamala, koma parricide, ndipo usiku uno, pa March 12, 1801, chikumbumtima chake chonse chinali kuyaka moyo wake wonse.

Alexander 1: zaka za boma

Pamene korona wa Ufumu wa Russia unakhazikitsa Alexander Alexander, anali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi. Ngakhale kuti anali wachinyamata, adayamba kuganiza ndikupanga kusintha kosavuta. M'nyumba yake yosungiramo katundu, Alexander anali woimirira wa absolutism, monga agogo ake a Catherine II. Iye sanalowe pa malo olimba a serfdom, koma adawona lonjezo la maphunziro patsogolo. Pogwiritsa ntchito iye, panakhazikitsidwa zipatala zambiri zamaphunziro, kuphatikizapo Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum wotchuka.

Ntchito ya mfumu yachinyamata inasintha dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka boma. Mmalo mwa makoleji akale a Petrine, malinga ndi chitsanzo cha European, mautumiki adakhazikitsidwa. Ngakhale kuyesayesa kwenikweni kunaperekedwa kuti apereke nkhanizo kukhazikitsidwa, koma anakhalabe chimodzi mwa zolinga zabwino. Atafika pachigawo chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wa Aleksandro, anakhazikitsa ndondomeko m'gulu la asilikali, kuphatikizapo njira yovuta kwambiri yolembera malo otchuka a asilikali a Arakcheyev.

Wophunzira wandale ndi woipa wamkulu

Zaka za ulamuliro wa mfumuyi zinagwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo za Napoleonic. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1905 ndi mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi French unatsogoleredwa ndi M.I. Kutuzov, zonse zomwe Alexander adagonjetsedwa, ndipo pazimenezi ndi mlandu wakugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a Russia ndi Austria pa nkhondo ya Austerlitz. Iye sanali mtsogoleri wamkulu, koma anali ndi mphatso ya wandale wodalirika.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mkhalidwe uno, Emperor anamaliza mu 1808 mtendere wopindulitsa ndi Napoleon. M'zaka zomwezo, Finland, Bessarabia ndi Eastern Georgia anaphatikizidwa ku Russia. Ngakhale kuti dzina la Alexander I likugwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi nkhondo ya 1812, chiyeneretso chake chogonjetsa chiri chochepa, mwinamwake, pokhazikitsa ndondomeko yovuta ku Napoleon ndi kusasokonekera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ankhondo, zochitika bwino ndi MI Kutuzov.

Imfa yomwe inayambitsa nthano

Alesandro 1, amene zaka zambiri za boma zidatsatana ndi ndondomeko yovuta yapakhomo ndi yachilendo ya dziko, kumapeto kwa ulamuliro nthawi zambiri ankalankhula za chilakolako chofuna kubwezera ndikudzipereka kwa Mulungu. Ichi chinali chifukwa chake pambuyo pa imfa yake, yomwe inatsatira mu 1725 paulendo wopita ku Taganrog, kunamveka mphekesera kuti bokosi lokhala ndi thupi la munthu wina linabweretsedwa ku likulu, ndipo wolamulira yekha m'mapikisano a m'nkhalango osamva dzina lake mkulu Fedor Kuzmich zamalivaet sin Parricide, yomwe zaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi zapitazo, adamkweza pamwamba pa mphamvu. Kaya mtunduwu uli ndi maziko sudziwika lero.

Ulamuliro watsopano umene unayamba ndi chisokonezo

Onse omwe adalamulira pambuyo pa Paulo 1 ku Russia anali mafumu a mtundu watsopano wa ku Ulaya. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa Mfumu Nicholas I, yemwe mu 1825 analowetsa mchimwene wake pampando wachifumu. Ngakhale kuti boma linali lolimba, lodziwika bwino ndi anthu a Kum'maŵa, adachita khama kuti akhazikitse dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Monga mchimwene wake, kuchokera ku Nicholas I mutu wakuti "mfumu ya Russia yense" adawazidwa ndi mwazi wokhetsedwa. Ndiponso iwo anali alonda, nthawiyi akuyankhula poyera pa December 14 ku Senate Square ya likulu. Pofuna kuthetseratu chisokonezo m'tsogolomu, Nikolai anapanga njira zowonongeka, zomwe zinamupangitsa kukhala mbiri monga gendarme ndi strangler ufulu. Pogwirizana ndi iye, adatchuka kuti "Dipatimenti Yachitatu" - apolisi achibisika, omwe amachititsa anthu otsutsa.

Ndondomeko yake yachilendo inali chiwonetsero chathunthu cha mkati. Zochitika zodziwika m'mbiri ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas Woyamba ndizo: kuponderezedwa kwa zipolowe za Polish ndi Hungary, nkhondo ndi Turkey mu 1828-1829, nkhondo ndi Persia ndipo potsiriza, ntchito yapakati ya Crimea yomwe sanapulumutsidwe mpaka imfa yake pa February 18,

Mfumu Yokonzanso

Pakati pa omwe adagonjetsa pambuyo pa Paulo 1 ku Russia, ulemerero wa munthu wopitiliza kusintha kwambiri unapezedwa ndi wodzozedwa wotsatira wa Mulungu - Emperor Alexander II. Mosiyana ndi abambo ake, adayesa kubweretsa mzimu wake wa ufulu waumulungu ndi umulungu. Chofunika kwambiri pa mbiri yake ndi kuthetsa serfdom, kotchulidwa mu 1861.

Kuwonjezera apo, mbiri ya ulamuliro wake ikuphatikizapo: kuchotsedwa kwa midzi ya nkhondo ndi kusintha kwa asilikali, maphunziro apamwamba ndi apamwamba, ndalama, komanso zemstvos ndi milandu. Palibe ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo omwe analamulira Russia pambuyo pa Paulo woyamba kuti asinthe boma la boma mochuluka, komabe wokonzanso wamkulu anafa m'manja mwa anthu ake. Anayesa kupha anthu asanu ndi awiri, omwe omalizira, omwe adachita pa March 1, 1881 ndi gulu la zigaŵenga Narodnaya Volya, adam'taya moyo wake.

Mfumu yamtendere ndi wokonzanso wotsutsa

Mwana wake, komanso Alexander, anakwera ku mpando wachifumu pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake, adalandira dzina lenileni la mfumu ya mtendere. Nkhani yapadera m'mbiri ya boma la Russia - kwa zaka zonse za ulamuliro wake dziko silinayambe nkhondo imodzi, ndipo palibe mmodzi wa asilikali ake adagwa pa nkhondo. Malingana ndi zomwe iye amakhulupirira, Alexander III anali Slavophile ndi wothandizira "njira yapadera" yakukula kwa Russia. Izi zinamupangitsa kukhazikitsa zinthu zingapo zotsutsana ndi cholinga chosungira maziko a zakale, zochitika zakunja za dzikoli.

Anamwalira, ngakhale ngakhale zaka makumi asanu. Pofuna kukhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu komanso yodabwitsa, tsar anadwala matenda a impso, omwe amachititsa kugonjetsedwa kwa mtima ndi mitsempha pamapeto pa moyo. Imfa yake pa September 21, 1894 inali chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa woimira wotsiriza wa Nyumba ya Romanovs. Dzina ndi dzina la mfumu, yemwe anamaliza mzera wa zaka mazana atatu - Nicholas II Alexandrovich.

Otsatira a mzerawu

Kukonzekera kwake, komwe kunachitika mu 1896, kunachititsa masoka omwe anachitika m'munda wa Khodynka, komwe kunadzala anthu zikwi zikwi omwe adalandira mphatso zomwe zidalonjezedwa, chikondwerero choopsa, chomwe chinapha anthu 1,379 ndikuvulala pafupifupi 1,000. Mwa anthu, iwo amawoneka ngati olakwika, ndipo kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa chochitikacho kunapitilira zaka zonse za ulamuliro wake.

Nicholas II, monga oyang'anira onse oyambirira a Russia ndi Russia, tiyenera kuganiziridwa ndi ife m'zaka za zana lake. Iyo inagwera kulamulira boma, lomwe linapanga gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi la Dziko, mu nthawi yovuta kwambiri ya mbiri yake. Izi ndi zaka pamene, pamodzi ndi chitukuko chitukuko cha zachuma, chisokonezo chaumphaŵi chomwe chinasinthika kuwonjezereka katatu chinakula, chomalizira chake chinakhala choipa kwa ufumu woweruza ndi ufumu wonsewo.

Mphamvu za Rasputin

Koma pa nthawi yomweyo iye, monga olamulira onse a Russia ndi Russia, ali ndi udindo ku boma la boma lomwe linali chifukwa cha ulamuliro wake. Tsoka lomwe linathera nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Romanovs makamaka chifukwa cha zisankho zolakwika pazinthu zapakhomo ndi zakunja - ofufuza ambiri amakono akufika pamapeto otere.

Monga olamulira oyambirira a ku Russia, omwe zaka zambiri za boma zinali ndi zipolowe ndi zosokoneza, Nicholas II analimbikitsanso panthawi imodzimodziyo mu gulu lankhondo ndi kupembedzera kwa Mulungu. Kotero, iye analibe chikhulupiriro mu "wokalamba woyera" - Grigory Rasputin, yemwe mphamvu yake inachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kale mu ufumu womwe unalipo kale. Zaka zotsiriza za ulamuliro zikudziwika ndi kutentha kwasodzi kwa atumiki ogwirizana ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma. Izi zinali zoyesayesa kuyendetsa dziko kunja kwa masautso, motsogoleredwa ndi uphungu wa munthu wachikulire, wouziridwa kudzera mwa mkazi wake - mtsogoleri, Alexandra Fedorovna.

Mfumukazi yotsiriza ya ku Russia

Ngati muyang'ana mndandanda wa omvera a ku Russia, mungakhale otsimikiza kuti ambiri mwa iwo adasiya kukumbukira bwino m'mbiri yawo. Uwu unali ulamuliro wa Catherine, ndi Elizabeth Petrovna, yemwe analamulira zaka zosiyana , koma omalizira awo, Alexandra Feodorovna, anali ndi mwayi wokamwa chikho chowawa cha chidani chotchuka. Anamunamizira kuti anali wonyengerera, wachinyengo, komanso kuti adaumiriza mwamuna wake kukoka Russia ku nkhondo yomwe sikunayamikiridwe ndi anthu wamba. Iye anamaliza mndandanda wa omvera a ku Russia.

The Revolution of February 1917 inakana Nicholas II wa mpando wachifumu. Anasiya izo ndipo kenako, pamodzi ndi banja lake, adagwidwa panyumba m'nyumba yachifumu ya Tsarskoye Selo. Posakhalitsa Boma Loyamba Linatumiza ku ukapolo ku Tobolsk, ndipo mu 1918 ndi chisankho cha Mabolshevik banja lachifumu linapezeka ku Yekaterinburg. Kumeneko, m'chipinda chapansi cha nyumba ya Ipatiev, usiku wa July 17, 1918, banja lonse adaponyedwa pamodzi ndi mtumiki ndi Botkin adokotala.