Alalia - ndi chiyani ichi? Alalia: ntchito ndende

Alalia akusowa kulankhula kapena kutengeka kwake kwa ana omwe ali ndi nzeru zenizeni komanso kumva. Matendawa ndi zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa madera a ubongo pamene akubadwa. Ikhozanso kuwonekera chifukwa cha mchitidwe wamanjenje kapena kupsinjika kwakukulu ku gazi lomwe mwanayo akukumana nalo panthawi yomwe mwanayo asanabadwe. Poyambirira, Alalia ankatchedwa kumva zovuta kumva ndipo sankachiritsidwa nkomwe.

Alalia akhoza kukhala osiyana, kuyambira wovuta kwambiri, pamene mwanayo salankhula mpaka zaka 12, kuti akhale wofatsa, wongowonjezera chidziwitso chodziwika bwino.

Alalia ndi matenda okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa ubongo, zomwe zimawonetseredwa pa kusowa kwa mwana kulankhula. Ndikofunika kusiyanitsa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lakumva komanso nzeru . Ana omwe ali ndi alalia amatha kumvetsera mawu ndi kuzindikira zambiri. Kukula kwa maganizo kungasokonezedwe mwa mwana kokha chifukwa cha kusiyana, kudziletsa kusamvetsetsa, kulephera kuphunzira maphunziro ndi zofooka.

Kulemba

Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya alalia - kumva ndi magalimoto. Kuphwanyidwa konseko kumathandiza kuthetsa njira yowonjezera. Kawirikawiri, podziwa nthawi yeniyeni komanso kutsata ndondomeko zonse, ana amatha kulowa sukulu ya sukulu.

Sensory Alalia

Vutoli limakhala ndi vuto loyamba la chilankhulidwe chakumvetsera. Sensory alalia imapezeka chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa zigawo zapakati za ubongo zomwe zili kumbali ya kumanzere, yomwe imatchedwa malo a Wernike.

Ana omwe ali ndi senseri alalia samvetsa bwino mawu kapena amazimvetsa m'njira yochepa. Iwo amatha kuyankha mokwanira zizindikiro zomveka, kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe (rustle, knock, creak, etc.). Mukulankhula kwa ana omwe ali ndi sensory alalia, pali echolalia - ichi ndi kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa mawu a anthu ena. Choncho m'malo moyankha funsolo, mwana woteroyo akhoza kubwereza funsolo.

Kupita ku sensory alalia ndiko kuphwanya kumva kwa phonemic, komwe kumadziwika mosiyanasiyana. Izi zikhoza kukhala mtheradi wosakhala kusiyana kwa zilankhulo kapena zovuta zawo, zomwe zimawonekera m'mavuto osiyanitsa pakati pa phokoso lomwe lili phokoso losiyana koma loperewera m'kupelera (barrel-barrel, lac-lac).

Mwana yemwe ali ndi sensory alalia ndi ofunika kutumiza nthawi yake kuti akambirane ndi akatswiri: otolaryngologist pa kafukufuku wamvekedwe, katswiri wa opaleshoni ya maganizo ndi wolankhula.

Mwachizoloŵezi, milandu ya alalia ndizochepa, ndipo mtundu wodwala wodwala ndi wochuluka kwambiri-mawonekedwe apangizo.

Mtundu wachiwiri

Mitundu ya alalia ndi zovuta zedi, zonse zomwe zimalankhula komanso zosalankhula. Mitundu ya alalia mwa ana imapezeka kangapo kuposa sensory alalia . Kodi vutoli ndi lalikulu bwanji?

Alalia. Kuzindikira ndi zizindikiro

Kutulutsa mawu m'galimoto ya alalia kumagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zake zonse: lexico-grammatical ndi phonetic-phonemic mbali. Zikuganiza kuti vuto loyamba limayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zigawo zam'mbuyo zamagalimoto mu ubongo, ndipo chachiŵiri - kusokonezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka zigawo zapakatikatikati pa malo oyendetsa njinga zam'mlengalenga m'mphepete mwa chigawo chachikulu cha dziko lapansi, kumene zimachokera ku minofu ndi mitsempha yomwe imayambira pamene kayendetsedwe kake kakuyang'ana.

Mwana ali ndi Alalia, zimakhala zovuta kupanga zoyendetsa bwino zamagetsi. Matendawa ndi ofanana, kuyambira pamlomo apraxia (kufa ziwalo), kutsirizika ndi kusokonezeka motsatizana kapena kusintha. Palinso kusowa kochita kayendetsedwe kake.

Kawirikawiri ana omwe ali ndi magalimoto alalia chifukwa cha malingaliro ochepa okhutira amatha kugwira zinthu zina chabe za mawuwo ndipo sangathe kuzigwirizanitsa ndi chikhalidwe chofanana. Kumvetsetsa kosawerengeka ndiko kuwonetseredwa kwachiwiri kwa kupititsa patsogolo maganizo kwa munthu. Ana omwe ali ndi motor alalia kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mawu ochepa, koma mawu odziwika bwino ndi ovuta kwambiri.

Ndi motor alaila, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zingasokonezedwe:

• Kuzindikira mauthenga a mawu;
• Kulankhula kwa chinenero cha kulankhula;
• Bungwe lachidule la mawu - mawu oimba.

Tsopano ganizirani zomwe motor alalia ali nazo zizindikiro. Masalmo kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto lomwelo amayamba pang'onopang'ono ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika m'mawu. Chifukwa cha umphaŵi wa zida zamakono ndi zamasinthiti, amawoneka m'malo mofanana kapena osiyana, mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa - kutsuka, kapu, kapu, nyundo. Chigwirizano cha ziganizo ndi ziganizo ndizochepa.

Pazigawo zoyambirira za kulankhulana, mwana wotere sakusowa kuyankhulana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ogwirizana, omwe amachitidwa chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana kwa ntchito zonse komanso zoyankhula. Choncho, nthawi zambiri mwanayo amagwiritsa ntchito nkhope, manja ndi mawu a monosyllabic pokambirana ndi munthu wamkulu.

Zizindikiro zosafunika kwambiri za matenda

Ana omwe ali ndi motor alalia sanangotulutsa mawu okha, komanso amagwira ntchito zamaganizo komanso zamagalimoto. Kawirikawiri pali chizindikiro cha matenda a ubongo, mosiyana kwambiri: kuchoka ku ubongo wosagwirizana ndi matenda aakulu. Kawirikawiri kuchepa kwa thupi ndi kowonjezera somatic kufooka kwa thupi kumatchulidwanso.

Ana omwe ali ndi motor alalia kawirikawiri amakhala ovuta, amakhala ndi kayendedwe kabwino, kayendetsedwe kawo kamakhala kochepetseka kapenanso kuchepetsedwa. Zochita zamagetsi zachepetsedwa, chiyero sichikwanira, chokhazikika ndi chophatikizana chikuphwanyika. Makamaka kuwonetseka kuphwanya kwa luso lapamtunda wamagalimoto.

Ana omwe ali ndi motor alalia, ntchito zapamwamba (kukumbukira, kulingalira, kuganiza, ndi zina zotero) nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosasinthika pamlingo wodzipereka komanso kuzindikira.

Nthawi zingapo, makhalidwe omwe ali ndi umunthu komanso makhalidwe omwe ali nawo pamtunduwu amatha kukhalapo. Ana omwe ali ndi motor alalia amadziwika chifukwa chodzipatula, kudzikayikira, kusakwiya, mkwiyo, ndi chizoloŵezi chotha.

Pali mtundu wina wa matenda - okwana, kapena osakaniza-motor alalia. Ndi njirayi, zonse zomwe zimamveka komanso zoyendetsa galimoto zimasokonezeka. Ngati mwanayo ali ndi sensory-motor alalia, sangathe kuyankhula. Kuonjezera apo, wodwalayo samamvetsa mawu omwe amauzidwa.

Kodi ndi zizindikiro zotani za alalia? Matendawa ndi ovuta kudziwa. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mavuto monga autism, kutaya kumva, nzeru, ndi zina zotero.

Kugwira ntchito ndi ana omwe ali ndi alalia nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuphunzitsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo ndi mankhwala omwe amalankhula ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti atsegule mawu pa cerebral cortex.

Kodi matendawa amawoneka motani?

Chifukwa chachikulu cha alalia ndicho kuwonongeka kwa ubongo panthawi ya chitukuko cha intrauterine kapena chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mwanayo.

1. Pa nthawi ya intrauterine, chitukuko cha ubongo chingakhudzidwe ndi matenda, hypoxia, kusakwanira koopsa, zizoloŵezi zoipa za amayi. Ubongo wa ubongo wa mwanayo ukhoza kuchitika pakubereka. Izi zikuphatikizapo hypoxia, kupweteka kwa kubadwa, hypothermia.
2. M'chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mwana, ubongo umatha chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana pogonana kapena zovulala za craniocerebral.

Zizindikiro

Alalia, yemwe amadziwa kuti ndi njira yovuta, nthawi zina amadziwika bwino ndi matenda ena. Ndikofunika kuti musakhale wogontha kapena kuchepetsa maganizo. Mu alalia, mwanayo amatha kugwira ntchito zovuta m'madera ena a ubongo. Ntchito yaikulu ikuwonetsedwa ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa zigawo ziwiri za ubongo: malo olankhulira a Brock ndi Wernicke, omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga malankhulidwe awo ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo.

Zizindikiro za motor alalia

Zizindikiro za matendawa zikhoza kudziwika:

• Kusakhala ndi luso lodzikonda;
• Kuthamangitsidwa: ana samangodumpha pamlendo umodzi, sangathe kuyenda pa bolodi, nthawi zambiri amakhumudwa, sangathe kuvina nyimbo ndi nyimbo;
• Kusiyanitsa njira zingapo zowonjezera kalankhulidwe kachisokonezo ichi: kuchoka kwathunthu kwathunthu kufikira kutheza kulankhula ndi mawu;
• Mwana nthawi zambiri sangathe kufotokoza maganizo ake ndikupempha kanthu;
• Pali chidziwitso cholankhula kwa wodwalayo;
• Mwanayo amamvetsa tanthauzo la mawu, koma osati mapeto, prefixes, prepositions.

Zizindikiro za sensory alalia

Zizindikiro za matenda amtundu uwu zingakhale ngati zotsatirazi:

• Mwanayo samvetsa tanthauzo la mawu omwe wamva;
• Palibe kugwirizana pakati pa chinthu china ndi kapangidwe ka zomveka;
• Kukhalapo kwa echolalia (kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kwa mawu).

Kukonza vuto

Taganizirani momwe kukonza alalia kumapangidwira. Popeza ndi vuto lachipatala-lingaliro, njira yowonjezereka yopanga zolankhulidwe zolankhulirana ndi kukula kwa umunthu wonsewo kumafunika. Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito logopaedic iyenera kuchitidwa motsutsana ndi maziko a chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maganizo. Alalia ndi matenda ovuta, omwe sali ovuta kuwunikira.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ntchito yolangiza

• Ntchitoyi makamaka ikuyambitsa mapangidwe, cholinga choyankhulana, ndondomeko ya mkati.
• Ndalama zimaperekedwa kwa luso lamagetsi: ana amaphunzira mtundu, kupweteka, kusewera ndi zojambulajambula, zomangiriza, etc.
• Kuwongolera kukulankhulana kwa ana omwe ali ndi alalia ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito maselo ndi logarithmics. M'magulu awa, nyimbo, kulankhula ndi kayendetsedwe kamodzi zimagwirizanitsidwa mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndikupanga kulankhula-magalimoto. Komanso pali chitukuko cha kukumbukira komanso kukula kwa ana.
• Pofuna kuyankhulana, nkofunika kuti muzilankhulana momasuka kwa mwanayo: ntchito ndi mawu (kubwereza, kusonyeza, dzina), mawu ndi mawu.
• Ndikofunika kukhazikitsa owerenga - zooneka, zolembera komanso zovuta.
• Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe a masewera okha.
• Ndiloyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowonetsera: zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, zipangizo za chilengedwe, zithunzi, zotsatizana za zochita ndi kulankhula, ndi zina zotero.
• Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ziyenera kulumikizidwa ku ndondomeko ya chilankhulo, kufotokoza kwa dikishonale, chitukuko cha mawu ndi chiyankhulo, kupanga mawu.

Maziko oyamba

1. Pa gawo loyambirira la ntchitoyi, ntchito yolankhulana imayambika ndipo mawu osasamala ali odzaza, osowa kumvetsetsa.
2. Kenaka, mawu ndi zokambirana zimapangidwa.
3. Gawo lachitatu, chidwi cholipilira chimaperekedwa kuzinthu monga chiyanjano, maluso oyankhulana, komanso kuwonjezera, zilembo zamagalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito mawu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama. Njira yoyamba - masoka: chiwonetsero cha zinthu, zithunzi, zochita, zochitika. Lachiwiri ndilo mawu: kugwirizana kwa mawu atsopano ndi omwe kale amadziwika ndi kufanana kwawo ndi kutsutsana.

Gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa dikisitanthauzira, yomwe ikuphatikizapo kusankha zinthu kuti muchitepo, mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza kapena kunena yemwe akuwuluka, akuthamanga, akukwawa. Njira zoterezi ndi izi: kutchula zigawo zapadera zonse, mwachitsanzo, gudumu, kuwunika, kuwongolera; Kusankhidwa kwa mawu amodzi okha, zizindikiro, zizindikiro; Kulingalira kwa zinthu molongosola; Kusintha kwa mawu ochepetsetsa, ndi zina. Komanso, kufanana ndi kukonzanso kwa dikishonale pamitu yambiri (zinyama, zomera, zidole, zamasamba, zipatso, banja, ndi zina zotero) zimapanga luso logwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ena a zilembo (vuto, Ndipo ena).

Ngati mwana ali ndi alalia, kodi ntchito yothetsera iyenera kuchitidwa moyenera? Pochita zinthu ndi zinthu, ana ayenera kuyeserera ndi mawu, kutanthauza kuyendetsa ntchito iliyonse ndi mawu: Ndimatsanulira madzi, kutsanulira madzi, kutsanulira madzi mu botolo, kuwomba pamadzi, ndi zina. Odwala panthawi imeneyi amatha luso loyankha mafunso ndi kuyesera Afunseni, bwerani ndi ndondomeko yoyamba kuti mumve mawu amodzi, ndiyeno muyambe kufotokoza, pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zojambulidwa, kulingalira ndi kupanga mapepala muzofotokozera, kuyerekeza makhalidwe a zinthu zingapo, ndi zina. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mayankho osiyanasiyana ndi ofunika akulimbikitsidwa , Zomwe zimathandizira kuti afufuze mwachangu ndikusankha mawonekedwe ovomerezeka a mawu ofunikira, amachititsa chidwi ndi zolankhula monga njira yolankhulirana.

Mwachidziwikire, mwanayo samasulira malamulo aliwonse, chidziwitso pa galamala sichidziwika. Njira yopangira mankhwala imapereka mawonekedwe a masewera okha ndi machitidwe abwino omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri m'mawu-kusintha ndi mawu, kupanga mapulani.

Ntchito yonse pamagulu a zilembo zimachokera pa zotsatirazi: mwanayo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa momwe wolankhulirana amalankhuliramo chitsanzo, kenaka akuphatikizidwa potsata ntchito yolankhula.

Ngati mwanayo ali ndi motor alalia, kodi makalasiwa amapangidwa bwanji? Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ma grammatical structures ndi ana omwe ali ndi alalia ali ndi zochitika zinazake, popeza mapangidwe a mfundo zonse akuchitika pokhapokha pa njira zenizeni za kusanthula ndi kusinthasintha, zomwe zimabweretsa kutsogolo ndi zofunikira zofunikira.

Nthawi zonse, ntchito yaikulu ya ntchitoyo iyenera kuoneka, yomwe ikuphatikizapo kupanga mapangidwe oyankhulana ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa njira zogwirizanirana ndi mwanayo. Gawo lotsatira lingaganizidwe kukhala kusintha kuchokera pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku zokambirana mwachinsinsi ndi kulankhula kwaumulungu mu chitukuko cha zolinga zofotokozera. Kuti achite izi, mwanayo amamuuza zomwe adawona kapena kutumiza zina.

Kalatayo imalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mawu ndi mawu, komanso mwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba mwanayo ndi alalia kuyang'anira ndikukonza zolankhula zake. Maphunziro a ana oterewa ndi ocheperapo, ndipo amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono komanso njira zamakono. Kawirikawiri ana omwe ali ndi matendawa podziwa kulembera kalankhulidwe kawonekedwe amawonetsa dyslexia ndi dysgraphia yachiwiri.

Kodi muli ndi mwana alalia? Kuchiza ndi kukonza komwe kumakhala? Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kuthetsa vutoli ndikutsegula mbali zina za khungu ndi mitsempha yotsika yamakono yamakono. Madera oterewa ndi maumboni a zigawo za ubongo. Chifukwa cha kukakamiza kwawo, mapeto a mitsempha amayamba. Njira iyi ya chithandizo alibe maziko a sayansi, chotero, pakukonza matendawo mothandizidwa ndi chithandizo chake, pangakhalebe zotsatira zochiritsira, motero, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolankhulirana yolankhulana nthawi zonse sikungakhale koyenera.

Njira Zowonjezeredwa

Ngati wodwalayo ali ndi alalia, wogwira ntchito ndi wolankhula ndizofunika kwambiri. Ayenera kuchitidwa nthawi zonse. Kupaka minofu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pamalankhulidwe oterowo, monga alalia. Mankhwalawa amawathandiza kupangitsa minofu yomwe ikugwira nawo ntchito yomanga bwino. Kuti muchite izi, misala ndi chithandizo cha zala kapena apadera a logopedic probes.

Mankhwala othandizira odwala amathandizanso ana omwe ali ndi alalia. Mwa njira zazikulu - laser-, madzi-, magneto-, acupuncture.

Kutsiliza

Kulankhula Alalia kumafuna chithandizo chautali kwambiri komanso njira yowonjezera. Kawirikawiri, mankhwalawa amachitika muzipangizo zamakono ndi masukulu, kumene ana omwe ali ndi vuto la kulankhula amalidziwa. Ngati pali zotsatira zothandizira, pali kuthekera kwa kusamutsira ana ku sukulu yonse.

Nthawi zina, kuchotsa ndi chilangizo alalia mwana amatenga zaka zingapo, kenako amafuna nthawi yoyenera ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula kukhala zotsatira zake. Ngakhale patapita bwino ntchito achire ana ambiri ankafunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuthetsa dysgraphia ndi matendawa. Mwana ndi alalia akufunika thandizo maganizo ndi kuthandizidwa. N'zovuta mabwenzi atsopano ndi kumva bwino mu timu. Ana ena nacho nkhawa polankhula ndi anzawo, zomwe zingachititse kuti waukali, ndi kusokonezeka kwa manjenje. Choncho, mwana ndi alalia thandizo polimbana kuopa kulankhulana, kudzipatula.