Dongosolo Bretton Woods

Dongosolo Bretton Woods unakhazikitsidwa mu 1944. Dzinali amachokera ku malo kumene msonkhano unachitikira, mzinda wa Bretton Woods. Oimira mayiko osiyanasiyana amaona kuti n'koyenera kusintha zina ndi njira analipo a moyo. Palinso lagwirizana la International Monetary Fund (IMF) ngati thupi zolimbana udindo kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwa dongosolo.

Dongosolo International Monetary - akonzedwa ubale omwe apanga chifukwa cha ngongole, Pamudzi ndi zinthu zina pa kugula ndi kugulitsa katundu pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana. The yoika latsopano zinachitikadi kuti akhazikitse zisathe Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama, izo zinakonzedwa kupereka elasticity kusintha ake ndi kuchepetsa tanthauzo la muyeso wa golide.

The Bretton Woods dongosolo ndalama amakhala ndi mfundo yakuti:

• Kupembedza muyeso wa golide kuwombola, kuti, monga ndalama kwa malipiro pakati limati anadutsa dollar US American, ndipo zaikidwa iye mapaundi chabwino ndi mtundu.
• Anasunga golide parity ya ndalama. Izi zikutanthauza kuti golide zopezera kuwombola ndalama pepala pa mlingo lokhazikika.
• Mawu oyamba a amodzi kusinthitsa ndalama ndi mtundu wa kupatuka chovomerezeka kuchuluka kwa gawo limodzi.
• Kuonetsetsa mtendere la maphunzirowa. Ikani njira monga revaluation ndi devaluation imene ikuchitikira ndi boma, ngati n'koyenera.
• Ndipo ndithudi, kulengedwa kwa IMF ndi World Bank kuti atsogolere ndondomeko ya mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndipo mothandizana ndi mnzake.

Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti m'dziko kusintha mlingo kuwombola ndi gombe lapadera. Mu chochitika cha zinthu zoti akumane Mwachitsanzo, kulera mlingo mawerengedwe wagawo ndi mulingo kosati, iye anamasulidwa ku msika ambiri ndalama, potero kuchepetsa kufunika kwa izo. Ndipo zimenezo, zinthu n'zosiyana unkachitika pamene iwo umagwera.

Pamene wopereka Bretton Woods Conference, lingaliro lenileni linali kupereka State kuthekera wodzilamulira azolowere mu maphunziro likusintha mofulumira. Udindo umenewu makamaka anatumikira golide muyezo. Komabe, zochitika zasonyeza kuti mphamvu ya udindo anapatsidwa sunakhalitse, chifukwa kuyambira 1950, yogwira chitukuko cha mavuto pa dziko lonse.

Choncho, pamene msika chuma zikuchepa chinawonjezeka mlingo boma amasankha munthu yachiwiriyo zomveka vutoli izi: kapena kudalira mphamvu ya ndondomeko ya ndalama kapena kulowa latsopano mlingo lokhazikika. Ngati zokonda njira yachiwiri, pali kusintha malamulo ndalama zimene zingathandize kubwerezabwereza zochitika chowawa m'tsogolo. Monga ulamuliro, akakumana ndi vuto, boma sanayese n'komwe kusankha yeniyeni mokomera njira iliyonseyo. Ndipotu kanthu zingachititse kuwonjezeka kwambiri chiwerengero cha ulova mu dziko, limene boma sanali wokonzeka.

The Bretton Woods dongosolo ndalama chifukwa cha kusintha njira mayunitsi ndalama, pamene Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama ya golide anakhalabe pa mlingo chomwecho pa nthawi yonse ya machitidwe a dongosolo. Iwo amalankhula za ntchito zopanda nzeru ndi mphamvu alipo, monga malo golide imatengedwa kuti atithandize, chifukwa mtengo wake sanataye nthawi.

Choncho, dongosolo Bretton Woods ntchito m'mayiko membala wa IMF kwa pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu ndi zotsatira ankayembekezera sanam'bweretsere. Ichi ndi chifukwa kutsutsana kwambiri, zomwe chinaikidwa pa nthawi ya gulu lake. Dongosolo lonse inamangidwa pa maziko a linga la dola US ndi olimba a ndalama za maiko ena poyerekezera ndi izo. Komabe, zisathe kusinthitsa ndalama zikanatheka pokha pokha mwana'yo ndi kuchepetsa ndalama m'munsi, mwachitsanzo dola US. Kutha kwa dongosolo zinachitika chifukwa chitukuko yogwira kufufuma pa mlingo lonse.