Dongosolo Bretton Woods: mmene onse anayamba

A osiyanasiyana zina akatswiri amadziwa kuti kale panali dongosolo Bretton Woods, dziko Nthawi muyeso wa golide, pamene libisi akhoza momasuka umasinthanitsidwa golide. Britain panthawi imeneyo anali amphamvu padziko lonse, kotero akanatha ntchito zimenezi. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha mu 1914, pamene pa 1 nkhondo World m'bwalolo ndalama anadza ndalama US, amene yafalikira North ndi Latin America.

Mu 1922, pofuna anapangidwa kulenga malo ndalama ndi muyeso wa golide pamaziko a zanyengo chisanadze nkhondo. Mu 1925, England anayamba muyezo golide mapaundi, golide wotetezedwa ndi kusunga ndalama (madola US). Komabe, mu 1929, ku America panali ngozi pa katundu kuwombola, ndipo mu 1931 mantha anayamba mu London msika chuma, kenako anatenga mapaundi mbali yachiwiri pambuyo dola. Mu 1931, 1933 mu UK ndi USA motero anali anathetsa golide muyezo, ie, mitengo kuwombola anayamba akuyandama, amene anali ngati maziko kachitidwe tsogolo Ndalama Zakunja. Kuyesa kulenga golide mpandadenga ndalama ku Ulaya alephera (mu 1936, kugwa kwa "Golden Block" M'gululi mayiko, kuphatikizapo France, Netherlands ndi ena.).

Pakutha pa makumi anai zaka za m'ma 20 chifukwa mavuto azachuma wa mmasate ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mu dziko pali kufunika updating kwakukulu a zachuma. Ndipo mu nkhani imeneyi, msonkhano Bretton Woods, limene anaganiza kuti akazike ndalama za maiko 44 dola, ndi dola akambirane mu 1944 - ndi golide pa mlingo wa $ 35 pa Troy nusu (31.1034 magalamu). Pambuyo II World nkhondo mu United States anakhala gawo lalikulu la katundu padziko lonse wa golide, umene anapereka dziko m'munsi utsogoleri dziko. Mu December 1944, dongosolo Bretton Woods anayamba kugwira ntchito yake.

Pa msonkhano mu 1944 izo anakonza kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu awiri kuti adzapereka ntchito supervisory, ndi kupereka mayiko - ophunzira pangano zikutanthauza kuti olimba wa ndalama dziko. Amenewa anali International Monetary Fund ndi Bank Mayiko kwa kumanganso ndiponso Development. Dongosolo Bretton Woods envisaged kuti chida yomaliza malipiro mayiko akanali golide kuti ndalama zoweta ankagulitsa momasuka, kuti ndalama dziko ndi mlingo amodzi kwa dola, ngati mabanki chapakati kukhala mlingo uwu (+ - 1 peresenti).

Komabe, ndi nkhokwe za golide za m'ma 70 anali adagawanso ku malo ena ndalama (Europe, Asia), ndipo motero linathyoka Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Triffin kuti nkhani ya ndalama ayenera ingalemetsedwe ndi nkhokwe ya golide wa dziko, amene wapanga nkhani imeneyi. Dongosolo Bretton Woods anayamba kutaya kufunika kwake, amene walimbikitsa nkhambakamwa, osakhalitsa muyeso kuwombola yachilendo ya maiko nawo, mavuto ndalama mu 1967. Izi amalenga preconditions kusintha kwa alipo dongosolo lonse ndalama zimene United States zaka zambiri thandizo mwankhondo, monga nkhokwe za golide, zofanana ndi umuna wa madola, iwo akhala kumeneko zaka zambiri.